-- MacBain, Alexander -- An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language -- Gairm Publications, 1982 -- Published by Gairm Publications, 29 Waterloo Street, Glasgow G2 6BZ -- Tel. 041-221 1971 -- Printed by Clark Constable (1982) Let, Edinburgh -- ISBN 0 901771 68 6 -- 1st edition - 1896 -- 2nd edition (revised) - 1911 -- Photolitho Reprint of 1911 edition - 1982 -- -- Lines beginning, like this one, with two hyphens are not part of the -- original text, but contain added documentation, page numbers, etc. -- -- Typographic representation in ASCII -- [...] italics -- <...> bold -- @G[...] Greek (always italics) -- @+[...] superscript (Seems to be used only for volume nos in journal refs) -- / acute on preceding letter -- \ grave on preceding letter -- ^ circumflex on preceding letter -- @" umlaut on preceding letter -- @, cedilla on preceding letter -- @. dot below preceding letter -- @- macron(?) (horizontal line) above preceding letter -- @~ tilde above preceding letter -- @o ring above preceding letter -- @u breve(?) (tiny `u'-like mark) above preceding letter -- @n semi-circle like inverted breve above preceding letter (Greek) -- @' comma above preceding letter (Greek) -- @` backward comma above prededing letter (Greek) -- @g a curly lower case `g', distinct from an ordinary `g' -- @? other accent (to be inserted later) on preceding letter -- @ae "diphthong" `ae' character -- @oe "diphthong" `oe' character -- @th `thorn' character -- @dh `eth' character -- ?? a character which cannot be identified, or appears wrong, -- or something needing sorted out later -- ++ dagger mark (indicates obsolete word) -- -- Greek alphabet transliteration -- alpha a nu n -- beta b xi x -- gamma g omicron o -- delta d pi p -- epsilon e rho r -- zeta z sigma s -- eta c tau t -- theta q upsilon u -- iota i phi f -- kappa k chi h -- lambda l psi y -- mu m omega w -- The letter j also occurs in Greek words quoted in the Dictionary. -- -- Lines of the text are strictly adhered to, except that words split -- across successive lines by a hyphen are recombined and inserted -- on the first line. -- Punctuation is moved out of quotes where the logic of parsing dictates this, -- e.g. "sharp bush or tree"; where the book has "sharp bush or tree;". -- If a word referred to (i.e. an italicised word) has a capital letter -- purely because it is at the beginning of the sentence, I have changed -- the capital letter to lower case. -- Punctuation is corrected in the relatively small number of instances where -- it is obviously incorrect according to the conventions used elsewhere in -- the dictionary. -- -- Comments added to the original text have put put on separate lines, -- beginning with three dashes and the initials of the commentator. e.g. -- ---KPD: More likely to be from ... -- Initials used: -- KPD Kevin P. Donnelly -- JP John Phillips -- -- Suggestions for future modernisations: -- - Change "aspirate" to "lenite" -- - Change "small" to "slender" -- - Change the likes of "see next word" to an explicit cross-reference. -- This is needed if the dictionary is going to be updated, or -- supplementary words merged, or the dictionary stored in a database. -- (Such instances have been marked with ">>" to facilitate future -- editing.) -- - Standardise references, which usually contain a volume number in -- superscript (@+). -- - Standardise the following abbreviations: -- "Cor.", "Corn." for Cornish -- "Sl.", "Slav." for Slavonic -- "D.of L.", "D.of Lis." for Dean of Lismore -- -- Air a chur air a' riomhadair aig Caoimhi/n Pa/draig O/ Donnai/le -- Earraid House, Biggar Road, Du/n E/ideann, EH10 7DX, Alba -- Ag to\iseachadh 1990-03-14; criochdaichte 1990-10-10 -- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- --page xiii ABBREVIATIONS 1. LANGUAGE TITLES Ag.S. Anglo Saxon Arm. Armenian Br. Breton Bulg. Bulgarian Ch.Sl. Church Slavonic Cor. Cornish Corn. Cornish Dan. Danish Dial. Dialectic, belonging to a dialect Du. Dutch E. Early, as E.Eng.= Early English Eng. English Fr. French G. Gaelic Gaul. Gaulish Ger. German Got. Gothic H. High, as H.G.= High German Heb. Dialects of the Hebridees Hes. Hesychius I.E. Indo-European Ir. Irish Ital. Italian L. Late, as L.Lat.= Late Latin Lat. Latin Lett. Lettic Lit. Lithuanian M. Middle, as M.Ir.= Middle Irish Mod. Modern N. Norse N. New, as N.Slav.= New Slavonic N.H. Dialects of the Northern Highlands O. Old, as O.Ir.= Old Irish O.H.G. Old High German Per. Persian Pruss. Prussian Sc. Scottish Sl. Slavonic Slav. Slavonic Slov. Slovenic Span. Spanish Sw. Swedish W. Welsh Zd. Zend or Old Bactrian 2. BOOKS AND AUTHORITIES A.M`D Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelic Songs], with vocabulary Atk. Atkinson's Dictionary to the [Passions and Homilies from the Leabhar Breac], 1887 Arm.,Arms. Armstrong's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1825 B.of Deer Book of Deer, edited by Stokes in [Goidelica], 1872 Bez.Beit. Bezzenberger's [Beitra@"ge zur Kunde der Idg. Sprachen], a German periodical still proceeding C.S. Common Speech, not yet recorded in literature Celt.Mag The [Celtic Magazine], 13 vols., stopped in 1888 Con. Coneys' [Irish-English Dictionary], 1849 --page xiv Corm. Cormac's Glossary, published in 1862 and 1868, edited by Dr Whitely Stokes D.of L. [The Dean of Lismore's Book], edited in 1862, 1892 Four Mast. Annals of the Four Masters, published in 1848, 1851 Fol. Foley's [English-Irish Dictionary], 1855 Hend. Dr George Henderson, Lecturer in Celtic Languages and Literature in the University of Glasgow H.S.D. The Highland Society's [Dictionary of the Gaelic Language], 1828 Inv.Gael.Soc.Tr Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, still proceeding L.na H. [Lebor na h-uidre], or the Book of the Dun Cow, an Irish MS of 1100 Lh. Lhuyd's [Archaeologia Brittanica], 1707 Lib.Leinster Book of Leinster, an Irish MS of 1150 M`A. Macalpine's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1832 M`D. Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelick and English Vocabulary], 1741 M`E. M`Eachan's [Faclair], 1862 M`F. M`Farlane's [Focalair] or Gaelic Vocabulary, 1815 M`L. M`Leod and Dewar's [Dictionary of the Gaelic Language], 1831 Nich. Sheriff Nicholson's Gaelic Proverbs O'Br. O'Brien's [Irish-English Dictionary], 1768 and 1832 O'Cl. O'Clery's Glossary, republished in [Revue Celtique], Vols. IV, V, date 1643 O'R. O'Reilly's [Irish English Dictionary], 1823 Rev.Celt. [Revue Celtique], a periodical published at Paris, now in its 17th vol. R.D. Rob Donn, the Reay Bard; sometimes given as (Suth.) Rob. Rev. Chas M. Robertson, author of pamphlets on certain dialects of the Scottish Highlands S.C.R. The [Scottish Celtic Review], 1 vol., edited by Dr Cameron, 1885 S.D. [Sean Dana], Ossianic Poems by the Rev Donald Smith Sh. Shaw's [Gaelic and English Dictionary], 1780 St. Dr Whitley Stokes; see "Authors quoted" Stew. Vocabulary at the end of Stewart's Gaelic Collection Wh. John Whyte, Inverness; sometimes entered as (Arg.) Zeit. Kuhn's [Zeitschrift f. vergl. Sprachforschung], a German periodical still proceeding An asterisk (*) denotes always a hypothetical word; the sign (++) denotes that the word is obsolete. The numeral above the line denotes the number of the edition or the number of the volume. --page 1 AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE , vocative particle, Ir. [a], O.Ir. [a/],[a]; W., Corn., Br. [a]; Lat. [o]; Gr. @G[w@]? , his, her, Ir., [a], O.Ir. [a/], [a/i] (accented), W. [ei], Br. [e], Celtic [esjo], [esja^s]; Skr. gen. [asya/], [asya^s]. The gen. pl. is , their, O.Ir. [a n-], Celtic [esjon] (Stokes gives [esan]=Skr. gem. gen. pl. [a^sa^m]). , who, that (rel. pron.). In G. this is merely the verbal particle [do] of past time, used also to explain the aspiration of the future rel. sentence. Oblique cases are done by [an], [am] (for [san], [sam], O.Ir. [san], [sam]), the neut. of art. used as rel. (cf. Eng. [that]). The rel. locative is sometimes done by the prep. [an], [am]: "An coire am bi na caoraich" (1776 Collection, p112). , out of, ex: see . , from, in the advergs , , , ; Ir., O.Ir. [an-], as [anuas], etc.; Celtic [a(p)ona], a derivative from I.E. [apo], whence Lat. [ab], Gr. @G[a@'po/]; Ger. [von], from, is the exact equivalent of the Celtic. The before [si\os] and [suas] is due to analogy with [a ni\os], [a nuas]. , in to, as in , , , , , is the prep. , in, into, q.v. , as in , &c., and before verbs, is the prep. , q.v. , the, at; see [an], the, and [ag], at. , or , fie! The Ir. [ab ab], M.Ir. [abb] is an interjection of defiance, [obo], of wonder; cf. Lat. [bab@ae], Gr. @G[babai/]. Hence doubtless M`A.'s [abab], dirt. , abbot, Ir. [ab], O.Ir. [abb], W. [abad]; from Lat. [abbas], [abbatis], whence also Eng. [abbot]. Hence [abaid], abbey. M.Ir. [apdaine], abbacy, in M.G. "abbey lands", whence placenames Appin, older Abbathania (1310), Abthein (1220), "abbey lands". --page 2 , syllable, utterance; E.Ir. [apad], proclamation: [ad-ba-], Celtic [ba], speak; Lat. [fatur], [fama], Eng. fame. , ripe, Ir. [abaidh], M.Ir. [abaid], E.Ir. [apaig], [*ad-bagi], O.Ir. [apchugud], autumnatio; [*ad-bog-], Celtic root [bug], as in [bog], q.v.; [ad-bach], root of Eng. [bake]; Gr. @G[fw/gw]. The W. [addfed] is from a root [met]. , colic (M`A.): , say, so Ir., O.Ir. [epiur], Celtic [a/d-bero^]; Lat. [re-fero]; see root in [beir]. , a brat, trifling, impudent person: , expert (M`A.); from Sc. [apert]? See [aparr]. , confluence; only in Pictish place names: O.Gaelic (B.of Deer) [abbor]; W. [aber], O.W. [aper], Celtic [ad-bero-], root [ber]; see [beir]. Modern Gaelic pronounces it (so in 17th cent.), which agrees with the O.W. [oper]; this suggests [od-bero-], "out flow", as against the "to flow" of [ad-bero-]. The [od] is for [ud], allied to Eng. [out]. Aporicum: [*ati-boro-n] (Holden). , bold; see [abair] above. , dictionary (Shaw); from [abair], q.v. , talkative, bold; from [abair] q.v. , hand net; from Norse [ha/fr], pock-net. Also , q.v. Spelt less correctly and . , bark of dog; an onomatopaetic word. , river, Ir. [abhann] (gen. [abhann], now [aibhne]), O.Ir. [abann], W. [afon], Br. [auon], Gallo-Brit. [Abona]; Lat. [amnis] ([*ab-nis]). Root [abh]; Sk. [ambhas], water; Gr. @G[a@'fros] (@G[o@'/mbros], imber) (Zim. Neu., 270). , sport, irony; see the following word.>> , humour, sport, Ir. [adhbhachd]: , terrier, Ir. [abhach]; from [abh], q.v. Cf. E.Ir. [abacc], dwarf; W. [afanc]. , rumour, false suspicion: , custom, Manx [oaysh], Ir. [abhest] (O'R.), [abaise] (O'B.), [ad-beus]? M.Ir. [a/baisi] (pl.). See [beus], custom. Ascoli compares the O.Ir. [-abais] of [duabais], teter, and [suabais], suavis. Meyer suggests from N. [avist], abode : unlikely. , an orchard, apple-tree, M.Ir. [aball], apple-tree. See [ubhal]. , silly jest (M`A.): , Satan, Ir. [aidhbherseo/ir], E.Ir. [adbirseoir]; from Lat. [adversarius] (Eng. [adversary]). Also . , a jest; [a\bhachd]. , wafer, so Ir., O.Ir. [obla], g. [oblann]; from Lat. [oblationem], an oblation. --page 3 , eyelid; see [fabhra]. , spinning, produce of distaff, Ir., M.Ir. [abhras], O.Ir. [abras], gestus, E.Ir. [abras], handiwork, spinning, [abairsech], needlewoman. Corm. (B) [abras], who derives it from L.Lat. [abra], ancilla. , the slackening of a sail, hoisting sail (N.H.); from Norse [ha/lsa], clew up sail, from [ha^ls], neck, allied to Lat. [collum]. Eng. [hawser] is also hence. Also . , a cow's stomach, tripe (H.S.D.), , cow's throttle (M`A.); borrowed evidently from a Scandinavian compound of [ha/ls], neck. Cf. [abhsadh] above. , a mangled carcase, Ir. [ablach], carcase: [*a/d-bal-ac-], from root [bal], [bel], die, I.E. [gel], whence Eng, [quell]. Irish has [abailt], death, O.Ir. [epeltu], [atbail], perit, from the same root and prefix; the first of them appears in our Gaelic dictionaries through Shaw. From Gaelic comes Scotch [ablach]. , (M`A. and H.S.D.), an oar-patch on a boat's gunwale; see [aparan]. , April, so Ir.; founded on Lat. [Aprilis] (Eng. [April]). The form is due to folk-etymology, which relates it to [braon]. , apostle, Ir. [absdal], O.Ir. [apstal], W. [apostol]; from Lat. [apostolus], whence Eng. [apostle]. , a pain, stitch; [*a/d-conti-]; see [urchoid]. , sigh, complaint, E.Ir. [acca/ine], W. [achwyn]; [a/d+caoin]; see [caoin], weep. , anchor, Ir. [ancaire], O.Ir. [ingor]; from N. [akkeri]: , anchorage, from N. [akkarsaeti], "anchor-seat". From Lat. [ancora], whence Eng. [anchor]. , acre, Ir. [acra]; from Eng. [acre]; Lat. [ager]. , gentle; Ir. [acarach], obliging, convenient, which shades off into [acartha], profit; W. [achar], affectionate; [a/d-car-]; see [ca\r], friendly. M`A. has , moderate in price, indulgence, which belongs to . , lumber. , profit, so Ir.; see [ocar], interest. , axle-tree; borrowed word from Sc. [ax-tree] of like meaning - Eng. [axle], &c. , but, Ir. [achd], O.G. (B.of Deer) [act], O.Ir. [act], [acht], [*ekstos], possibly, from [eks]=[ex]; cf. Gr. @G[e@'kto/s], without. For the change of vowel, cf. [as], from [eks]. The Welsh for "but" is [eithr], from [ekster]; Lat. [exter-]. , interjection of objection and impatience; founded on above with leaning upon [och], q.v.>> , a field, so Ir., O.G. [achad], O.Ir. [ached] (locative?) campu lus (Adamnan), [*acoto-]; Lat. [acies], [acnua], field. --page 4 , prayer; dialect for [achuinge], q.v. , dwarf, sprite. , statute, so Ir., M.Ir. [acht]; from Lat. [actum], Eng. [act]. , manner, condition, Ir., [achd]; same as above>>. There may be a native [aktu-] ([*ag-tu], [*pag-tu]?) underlying some meanings of the word, especially in Irish. , , methodical, expert (H.S.D.): , chase, pursuit, so Ir., M.Ir. [acclaid], fishing, E.Ir. [atclaid], fishes, hunts, pursues: [ad-claidim]; see [claoidh]. , arm-pit, Ir. [ascall], M.Ir. [ochsal], W. [cesail]. The divergence from regular philologic equivalence here proves borrowing - from the Lat. [axilla]; Norse [o@"xl], Ger. [achsel], Sc. [oxter]. , lamentation (M`L.); for [och-lan]? from [och]. , a rebuke, Ir. [achmhusa/n], E.Ir. [athchomsa/n]; cf. [aithis] for root. , supplication; also , so Ir., E.Ir. [athchuingid]; [ath+cuinge]; O.Ir. [cuintgim], peto, [con-tek-]; Eng. [thig]. See [atach]. , hunger, Ir. [ocrus], E.Ir. [accorus], [occorus]: [*ad-co-restu-], possibly the root [pres] of Lat. [premo]: [*careo] (F@+[4]. 422). , , apparatus, accoutrements, Ir. [acfuinn], E.Ir. [accmaing], means, apparatus: [ad-cumang], O.Ir. [cumang], potentia; see further under [cumhachd]. , hat, M.Ir. [at], W. [het]; from Eng. [hat], N. [hattr]. , , inseparable prefix, in force and origin the same as Lat. [ad]. It is to be separated, though with difficulty, from the [ad-] arising from [aith-] or [ath-], q.v. , shock of corn, Ir. [adag]; cf. Sc. [hat], [hot], [hut], "to put up grain in the field, a small stack built in the field"; M.E. [hutte], heap. , a haddock; from the English. , adamant, so Ir.; from the English. , , liver, Ir. [aeghe], g. [ae], O.Ir. [o/a], [ae], W. [afu], Br. [avu], root [av]/ Cf. [adha] for [ae], [cadha] for [cae]. , proverb (M`A.); rather , root [agh], Lat. [ajo], [adagio], adage; Skr. [ah], say. , flesh hook (Sh.), so Ir., O.Ir. [a/el], tridens: [*pavelo-], Lat. [pavire]? But cf. Eng. [awl], M.E. and Ag.S. [awel], awl, flesh-hook. , adulterous, Ir. [adhaltranach], E.Ir. [adaltrach]; from Lat. [adulter], whence Eng. [adulterous]. , horn, so Ir., O.Ir. [adarc: [ad-arc]; root [arq], defend, as in [teasairg], q.v.; Lat. [areceo], &c. --page 5 , lapwing, "horned bird"; from [adharc]; Dial. . Ir. [adairci/n] (P.O'C). , pillow, so Ir., E.Ir. [adart]: [ad-art]; [art], stone? See [airtein]. , , "progress" (Dict.). This is a ghost-word, made from the adverbial phrase [air adhart], which in M.Ir. is [araird], forward, bring forward; in O.Ir. [arairt], prorsum. Hence it is [air+a\rd], q.v. , halter, Manx [eistyr], Ir. [aghastor], M.Ir. [adastar]; cf. W. [eddestl], steed. , vast, awful, so Ir., O.Ir. [adbul]: [*ad-bol-]; I.E. root [bhel], swell, as in Eng. [bloom], etc. Zimmer compares it with Skr. [bala], strength. Stokes and Osthoff give root [bel], [bol], strong, big, Skr. [balam], strength, Gr. @G[be/lteros], better, Lat. [de-bilis], weak, Ch.Sl. [boliji@u], greater; whence (Osthoff) and , . , burial, Ir. [adhlacadh], O.Ir. [adnacul], sepulcrum: [ad-nank-otlo] ([*ad-nagtlo-], Zim.): root verb [nanko^], I bring; Lat. [nanciscor]; further I.E. [nenk], [enk], as in [thig], q.v. , an advocate (Macd.): H.S.D. cfs. Heb. [adhon], sustentator. , at, with inf. only; see [aig]. , , refusal, doubt; E.Ir. [ac], refusal, O.Ir. [acc], no! W. [acom], to deny. It is onomatopoetic? See next.>> , hesitancy in speech, Br. [hak],[hakal]; cf. Skr. [ac], speak indistinctly. See foregoing word.>> , plead, so Ir., O.Ir. [acre] (n.), from [ad-gar-]; root [gar], cry; see [goir]. , conversation, Ir. [agallamh], O.Ir. [acaldam], for [ad-gla/d-], O.Ir. [ad-gla/dur], I converse: for root, see [glaodh]. , a hind, Ir. [agh], O.Ir. [ag], W. [ewig] ([*agi^ko-]), Celtic [agos-]; Skr. [aja/s], buck; Lit. [oz@?y/s], goat. Zend. [azi], Arm. [ezn] (St.). , also , happiness, luck, Manx [aigh], Ir. [a/gh], M.Ir. [ada], [buada], late M.Ir. [a/d], luck, [a/dh]=sonas (P.O'C); root [a@-g-], bring; see next.>> , warlike, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/gach], [a/g], war, [*a@-gu-]; Skr. [a@-ji/s], contest; Gr. @G[a@'gw/v], Eng. [antagonist]. , essay (M`A); see [oidheirp]. , face, so Ir., O.Ir. [aged], [*agita^]; I.E. roog [ag], lead. It is usually referred to the root [oq], Lat. [oculus], etc., but the phonetics are unsatisfactory. , pan, so Ir., O.Ir., [aigen], Celtic [agina^]; Skr. [aga], water jar; Gr. @G[a@'/ggos], a vessel. , and so Ir., O.Ir. [acus], [ocus], B.of Deer [acus], O.W. [ac], Br. [hag]; allied is [fagus], near, O.Ir. [ocus], W. [agos], Br. [hogoz]: --page 6 [*aggostu-], [ad-gos-]; root [ges], [gos], carry; Lat. [gero], [aggestu-s], mound (Zimmer). Stokes refers it to the root [angh], choke, narrow; Celtic [aggu/st-], from pre-Celtic [aghnu/stu-] (Lat. [angustus]), with accent on syllable after the root - [gn] with the accent on the following vowel being supposed, as in Teutonic, to produce [gg]. The derivation from root [onk], [enk], as in [thig], is not tenable in view of the Welsh. , sheep, swan (Carm.): , huge (M`E.). See [adhbhal]. , sea, the deep; Ir. [aibheis], sea, abyss; E.Ir. [aibe/is], sea. This Stokes refers to a Celtic [abensi-s], [abhent-ti-s]; root [abh], as in [abhainn]. But cf. O.Ir. [abis], from Lat. [abyssus]: W. [affwys], bottomless pit. , boasting; , esaggerate; Ir. [aibhseach], boasting: from the foregoing?>> Another form of [aibhsich] is . , an old ruin (Stew.): , the Devil; another form of [abharsair], q.v. , spectre, so Ir.: see [taibhse]. , alphabet, Ir. [aibghitir], O.Ir. [abbgitir], from L.Lat. [abgetorium], [abecedarium], the [a], [b], [c], [d], ar alphabet. A dialectic form, , comes from the old learning system, beginning "A per se", [a] by itself=[a], Eng. [apersie]. Analogised to [caibideal] (Meyer). , proximity, Ir. [aice]; see [taic]. , a lobster's burrow, also [faiche]. , deny, Ir. [aithcheo], contradicting, M.Ir. [aithceo/d]: [*ati-ceud-](?), "go back on"; cf. O.Ir. [atchuaid], exposui, which Stokes refers to the root of [chaidh], went, q.v. , reprisal; cf. Ir. [athghabha/il]; [ath+gabhail]. ++, race, Ir., O.Ir. [aicme], W. [ach], pedigree, [*akk-], from [ak], edge; Lat. [acies]? Stokes cfs. Skr. [anka], lap, but this would give G. [a\k-] (a@-) and a W. [anc]. Norse [a/tt], family, Ger. [acht], property. , joyous carol: , confess, Ir. [admhuighim], O.Ir. [addaimim], W. [addef]: [ad-dam-]; root [dam]; Lat. [domo], Eng. [tame]. , mass, so Ir., E.Ir. [oifrend], W. [offeren]; from Lat. [offerendum] (Eng. [offer]). , at, Ir. [ag], O.Ir. [oc]; for root, see [agus]. , young or entire horse; also =[o\g+each], q.v. M.Ir. [o/c-ech], young steed (Eriu@+[2] 11). , the deep, Ir. , E.Ir. [oician], W. [eigion]: from Lat. [oceanus], Eng. [ocean]. There is also a by-form . , spirited, E.Ir. [aignech]; see [aigneadh]. Ir. [aigeanta], meditative. --page 7 , mirth, Manx [aigher]; [*ati-gar-]; see [ga\irdeachas] for root. Yet Ir. [aiereach], merry, aerial, from [aier], air, from Lat. [aer], makes the matter doubtful. Ir. [aerach] (Hyde), merry, airy. Evidently the G. is borrowed from the Lat. , ear-ring, tassel; cf. Sc. [aiglet], tagged point, jewel in one's cap; [eglie], needlework, from Fr. [aiguille], needle; Lat. [acus]. , the swift, anything quick (Carm.): , , mind, so Ir., O.Ir., [aicned]: [a/d-gn-eto-], root [gna@-], know, Gr. @G[gignw/skw], Eng. [know]. Stokes refers it to the root of [aicme], as he gives it. Ascoli makes the root [cen], as in [cineal]. The Gaelic [g] is against any root with [c]. , will; better , q.v. , , , a mark, impression, Ir. [oil], mark (O'R), M. and E.Ir. [aile], fence, boundary (Meyer). A [t] stem: [oiledaib], [*al-et]. ++, rock, Ir. and O.Ir. [ail], [*alek-], allied to Ger. [fels]; see further under [mac-talla]. , ring; see [failbhe]. , flint, precipice; from [ail], rock. , air, scent, E.Ir. [ae/l], [ahe/l]; W. [avel], C., Br., [awel], wind; Gr. @G[a@'e/lla] (St. Lec.), storm; [*avel-], root [ave], [ve], wind; Lat. [au-ra], Gr. @G[a@'c/r], Eng. [air]. , hiccup, Ir. [fail]; cf. Lat. [ha@-lo], breathe, Eng. in-[hale]. , a green: [*ag-li-]? Cf. Lat. [ager]. , porch: , blemish, reproach, O.Ir. [ail], disgrace, Got. [agls]? , mimicing (Wh.); bad [atharrais], [aith-lis], (M`A.) [aithris]. , desire, so Ir., O.Ir. [a/il], W. [ewyll], Br. [ioul], Celtic [avillo-]; root [av], desire, Lat. [aveo], Eng. [avidity]. [a/il], pleasant, [*pagli], Eng. [fair] (St. Bez.@+[20] 24). , beauty, E.Ir. [a/lde], for [a/lnde]; see [a/lainn]. , , will, desire; Ir. [a/ilgheas], E.Ir. [ailges], [a/ilgidim], I desire; from [a/il] and [geas], request, q.v. , root of the ear, hole of the ear; also [faillean], q.v. , darling, so Ir.; from [a\ille], q.v. , elecampane: cf. Gr. @G[e`leni/on], Lat. [inula]. M.Ir. [eillinn] (Rev.Celt.@+[9] 231). inula quam [alain] rustici vocant (Isidor). , shy, delicate; M.Ir. [ail] (O'Cl.), shamefaced. , high-rocked; from [aill], rock; see [mac-talla]. , diminutive creature, fairy, Ir. [aillse]; , cancer, Ir. [aillis], O.Ir. [ailsin], cancerem: , caterpillar; from above.>> , the letter A, elm; Ir. [ailm], palm (fir?) tree, letter A; borrowed from Lat. [ulmus], Norse [a/lmr], Eng. [elm]. --page 8 , stately, high; Ir. [ailt], Lat. [altus], [a\ilt] (H.S.D.). , , privative prefix; see [am-], [amh-]. See its use in (=[am-leas]), hurt, , , confusion (=[am-re/idh]), , distress, etc. (= [am-bert]). The vowel in the root is "small", and hence affects the [a] of [am]. , grief, Ir. [aithmhe/al], repentance; [aith+me/ala], grief, E.Ir. [me/la], sorrow, reproach; [*meblo-], a shorter form of O.Ir. [mebul], dedecus; Gr. @G[me/mfomai] , , proud flesh; from [aimh-] and [feo\il], q.v. , confusion, mischief: , barren, so Ir., M.Ir. [immrit], barren, E.Ir. [amrit]; [am-ber-ent-], "non-producing"; root [ber] of [beir]? , bold (Arms.); [am-meas-ichte], "un-mannerly"? See [meas]. , time, so Ir.; O.Ir. [amser], W. [amser], Br. [amzer], possibly a Celtic [ammessera^]; either a compound of [am], time ([ammensi^ra^], from [si^r], long?), or [amb-mensura], root [mens], measure, Lat. [mensus], Eng. [measure]. Ascoli and Stokes give the Celtic as [a/d-messera], from [ad-mensura]. , missing of aim, mischance: [am-mis-ith], Gaelic root [mis] of [eirmis], q.v. , heat (Dict.), light (H.M`Lean), O.Ir. [a/ne], fulgor, from [a/n], splendidus, latter a Celtic [a@-no-s]; Got. [fo^n], fire (from [pa^n]); Pruss. [panno]. Stokes suggests rather [*agno-s], allied to Lat. [ignis], Skr. [agni/], fire. , privative prefix; see [an-]. , stormy, M.Ir. [ainbthech], [*an-feth-ech], Gaelic rott [feth], breeze, from [vet], Eng. [weather], Lat. [ventus], etc. See [anfadh]. , , odd, unusual: [an-bith], "un-world-like". See [bith]. , doubt, M.Ir. [ainches], E.Ir. [ances], dubium. , a curse, rage, Ir. [aingeis], E.Ir. [aingcess], [a/nces], curse, anguish; [an+geas], q.v., or Lat. [angustia]? , flaw, so Ir., E.Ir. [anim], W. [anaf], blemish, O.Br. [anamon], mend@ae; Gr. @G[o@'/vonai], blame , a liver, liver of fish (N.H.); see [adha]. , yawning ([aineartaich], M`A.); see [a\inich] below. , passion, fury; [an-theas], from [teas], heat. , angel, so Ir., O.Ir. [angel], W. [angel], Br. [ael]; from Lat. [angelus], whence also the Eng. , light, fire, Manx [ainle], Ir. [aingeal] (Lh., O'B.), M.Ir. [aingel], sparkling: [*pangelos], Ger. [funke], M.E. [funke]; further [ong], fire, hearth; LIt [anglis], coal, Skr. [an@~ga^ra], glowing coal; I.E. [ongli], [ongo^l]; allied is I.E. [ognis], fire, Lat. [ignis]. See --page 9 Fick@+[4] 14. Skeat derives Sc. [ingle] from the Gaelic. Also , a common fire. , numbness: [ang-eal-ach-], root [ang], choke (Lat. [ango])? , perversity, malignity; from the following.>> , wicked, Ir. [aingidhe], malicious, O.Ir. [andgid], [angid], nequam, wicked, [andach], sin; [*an-dg-id], root [deg] of [deagh], good, q.v. , panting, also ; root [a@-n-], long form of [an], breath (see [anail]); Skr. [a^nana], mouth ("breather"). , vexing. , anise; from the English. M.Ir. [in ainis], gloss on "[anisum cyminum dulce]". , name, Ir. and O.Ir. [ainm], pl. [anmann], B.of Deer [anim], W. [enw], Br. [hanv], [*anmen-]; Gr. @G[o@'/noma]; Pruss. [emmens], Ch.Sl. [ime@?]; root [ono], allied to [no@-] in Lat. [nomen], Eng. [name]. , a rash fool; see [o\inid]. , beast, brute, Ir. [ainmhidhe], M.Ir. [ainmide], [*anem-itio-s], [*anem-], life, soul; Lat. [animal], etc. Ir. is also [ainmhinte], "animans". , rare; [an-minig], q.v. , rare; see [annamh]. , force; [ain-], excess (see [an-]), and [neart]. , tame, from [ainneadh], patience (Sh.); possibly from [an-dam], root [dam], tame. , virgin, E.Ir. [ander], W. [anner], heifer, M.Br. [annoer] (do.), [*andera^]; cf. Gr. @G[anqcro/s], blooming, [a@'qa/rioi], virgins (Hes.), @G[*nqar-]. , , needy: [an+di\th], want? , fury, over-fizzing: [an+steall]. , on, upon. This prep. represents three Irish ones: (a) =O.Ir. [ar], [air], ante, propter, W. [ar], [er], Br. [er], Gaul [are-], Celtic [ari], [arei], Gr. @G[para/], @G[parai/], by, before; Lat. [prae]; Eng. [fore], [for]. This prep. aspirates in Irish, and in Gaelic idioms it still does so, e.g. [air chionn]. (b) =O.Ir. [for], "super", O.W. and O.Br. [guor], Br. [voar], [oar], Gaul. [ver-]; Gr. @G[u@`pe/r]; Lat. [s-uper]; Eng. [over]. This prep. did not aspirate; it ended originally in [r] in Gaelic; as an inseperable prefix ([vero-], [viro-] in Gaul.) it aspirated, as in the modern form of old names like [Fergus], now [Fearghuis] or [Fear'uis] (gen. case). (c) =O.Ir. [iar n-], after, pre-Celtic [epron]; Skr. [apara/m], afterwards, [aparena], after; Got. [afar], after, Eng. [af-ter]. Further come Gr. @G[o@'pi-], behind, [e@'pi/-], to, Lat. [ob-], [op-]. See [iar]. --page 10 This is the prep. that is used with the inf. to represent a perfect or past participle in Gaelic - [Tha mi air bualadh]; "I have struck". , honourable; [air+beann]? , distress, so Ir., O.Ir. [aircur], pressure; cf. Lat. [parcus], sparing. , the Ark, Ir. [airc]; from Lat. [arca]. , pity, clemency (Hend.): see [oircheas]. , to watch, listen, Ir. [aircill]; see [faircill]. , a cripple; [*airc-lach], from [airc], q.v. , point (of the compass), Ir. [a/ird], E.Ir. [aird], Gr. @G[a@'/rdis], a point. Hence Sc. [airt]. , preparation, activity. , preparation, activity: , height, Ir. [a/irde], E.Ir. [arde]; see [a/rd]. , ingenious: , heed, Ir., O.Ir. [aire], Old.Brit. [Areanos], native watchers who gave intimation to the Romans (Ammianus), pre-Celtic [parja^], [par], seek; Gr. @G[pei^ra], trial; Lat. [ex-perior], Eng. [experiment]. , keeper of cattle. There is confusion in Gaelc between [a\ireach] and O.Ir. [aire(ch)], lord; the [bo/-aire], cow-lord, was the free tenant of ancient Ireland. For O.Ir. [aire], see [airidh]. G. [a\ireach] owes its long vowel to a confusion with [a\raich], rear. See [a\iridh] for root. , number, so Ir., O.Ir. [a/ram], W. [eirif], [*ad-ri^m-], Celtic [ri^ma^], number; Ag.S. [ri^m], number, Eng. [rhyme]; Gr. @g[a@'riqmo/s], number. , ploughman, herdsman; Ir. [oireamh], g. [oiramhan], ploughman, the mythic [Eremon], [Airem(on)], [*arjamon-], Skr. [Arjaman], further [Aryan](?); root [ar], plough. ++, music, harmony; [oirfid]. , silver, so Ir., O.Ir. [arget], W. [ariant], Br. [arc'hant], Gail. [Argento-], [Argento-coxus] (a Caledonian prince): Lat. [argentum]; Gr. @G[a@'/rguros]. Eng. [argent] is from the Lat. , better , hill pasture, sheiling (, in Lh. for Gaelic); cf. E.Ir. [airge], [a/irge], place where cows are, dairy, herd of cattle; E.Ir. [airgech], herdswoman [of Brigit]; Ir. [airghe], pl. [a/iri/ghe] (O'B.), a herd of cattle; [airgheach], one who has many herds; [*ar-egia]; Lat. [armentum]? But see [a\raich], rear. Norse or Danish [erg] from Gaelic equals Norse [setr] (Ork. Sag.). This Norse form proves the identity of Gaelic with E.Ir. [airge]; [airge]=[ar-agio], [*agio], herd. , worthy, Ir. [airigh] (Ulster), [airigh], nobleman (O'B.), O.Ir. [aire(ch)], primas, lard; Skr. [a/rya], good, a lord; [a^rya], Aryan, [a^ryaka], honourable man. [*parei]? --page 11 , a sleepy person; from ++[aireal], bed, M.Ir. [aired] (O'C.): , leng, Ir. [airligim], O.Ir. [airliciud], lending; from [leig], let, which is allied to Eng. [loan], Got. [leihvan], Ger. [leihen]. See [leig]. , pledge, earnest, arles; from Sc. [arles], older [erles], which, through O. French, comes from Lat. [*arrhula], dim. of [arrha], pledge. Eng. [earnest], whence W. [ernes], is probably from the same origin. See [ea\rlas]. , a strait: , hit; see [eirmis]. , a sloe, so Ir., M.Ir. [arni], sloes, W. [eirin], plums, Br. [irinenn], sloe, Celtic [arjanio-] (Stokes); Skr. [aran@.i], tinder-stick "premna spinosa", [aran@.ka], forest. , murrain in cattle: , (M`L. & D.), furniture; Ir. [a/irneis], cattle, goods, etc., M.Ir. [airnis], tools, furniture. The word can hardly be separated from the Romance [arnese], accotrements, armour, whence Eng. [harness], armour for man or horse. The word is originally of Brittonic origin (Br. [harnez], armour), from [*eisarno-], iron; see [iarunn]. , a pebble, so Ir., E.Ir. [arteini] (pl.), O.Ir. [art]; possibly Gaul. [arto-] ([Arto-briga]), [Artemia], name of a rock. , , weariness: , milk (Carm.), M.Ir. [as] (O'Dav.). , wisdom (Carm.), [ais] (O'Cl.) See [cnoc] (Carm.). , back, backwards; so Ir., E.Ir. [aiss], [daraaiss], backwards; Gaelic . The forms [ais], [rithisd] (ri\s], [thairis], seem compounds from the root [sta], [sto], stand; cf. [fois], [bhos], [ros]; may be for [ati-sta-], or [ati-sti-]. Ascoli refers [ais] to an unaccented form of [e/is], track, which is used after [tar] and [di] ([di a e/is], post eum; see [de/is]) for "after, [post]", but not for "back", as is [air ais], with verbs of rest or motion. , delivery (obstetrical), E.Ir. [asait], vb. [ad-saiter], is delivered; [*ad-sizd-]; Lat. [si@-do], [assi@-dere], a reduplication of the root [sed], of [suidhe], q.v. From [ad-sem-t], root [sem] as in [taom] (Stokes). , a ferry, Ir. [aiseog] (Fol.): , axle; it seems borrowed from Eng. [axle], Norse [o@"xull], but the W. [echel], Br. [ahel], [*aksila], makes its native origin possible, despite the absence of the word in Irish. , jollity (Sh., Arms.); see [aisteach]. , rib, Ir., E.Ir. [asna], W. [eisen], [asen], Cor. [asen]; cf. Lat. [assula], splinter, [asser], beam (Stokes). Formerly it was referred to the same origin as Lat. [os], [ossis], bone, Gr. @G[o@'ste/on], --page 12 but the root vowel and meaning are both unfavourable to this etymology. , weanling (Argyle); from [ais]? , a request (Sh.), E.Ir. [ascid]; [*ad-skv-], root [seq]., as in [sgeul], q.v. , a ridge of high mountains, Ir. [eiscir], [aisgeir] (Lh. for latter); [*ad-sker-](?), as in Eng. [skerry], G. [sgeir], q.v. Cf. W. [esgair] (Meyer). , restore, so Ir., E.Ir. [assec]; possibly=[*as-ic], "out-bring", [ic]=[enl]; see [thig], come. , , path; see [astar]. , strife; [as-si\th], [as-], privative, and [si\th], q.v. , a vision, dream, so Ir., O.Ir. [aislinge]; possibly [*ex-li/ng-ia], "a jump out of one-self, ec-stasy", the root being [leng] of [leum], q.v. Nigra suggested the root [sil], or [sell] of [seall], see, q.v.; he divided the word as [as-sil-inge], Stokes as [ad-sell-angia] (Beitra@"ge, Vol. VIII) , rehearsing, tattle, E.Ir. same, O.Ir. [a/isndi/s]l [aisne/dim], I relate; ([as-ind-fiad-im], O.Ir. [in-fiadim], I relate); [fiad]=[veid], know; see [innis]; root [vet], Lat. [veto] (Stokes), but this does not account for [i/] of O.Ir. [aisndi/s]. , a diverting fellow, Ir. [aisdeach], witty: , glad, Ir., E.Ir. [ait], O.Ir. [ait], euge! adverbium optantis: , a place, Ir., E.Ir. [a/it]. Possibly Celtic [po@-d-ti], [*panti]? root [po@-d], [ped], Lat. [oppidum], Gr. @G[pe/don], ground, Skr. [pada/m], place; as in [eadh], q.v. Stokes has referred [a/it] to the root that appears in Ger. [ort, place, Norse [oddr], O.Eng. [ord], point, Teutonic [uzd-], I.E. [uzdh-]; but this in Gaelic would give [ud] or [od]. , a shy girl, see [faiteach]. , breeze, ray, small portion. In the sense of "ray", cf. Gr. @G[a@'kti/s], ray; in the sense of "quantulum", it may be divided as [ad-tel], O.Br. [attal], an equivalent, root [tel], weight, money; see [tuarasdal]. [actualis]? , a people, a tribe (Arms.): , a thaw; [*aith-ta@--m, W. [toddi], melt; Lat. [tabes]; Gr. @G[tc/kw], melt; Eng. [thaw]. The Ir. word is [tionadh] (O.Ir. [tinaid], evanescit), Manx [tennue], the root of which is [ten], Lat. [tener], Eng. [thin]. , "re-"; see [ath-]. , fathom, O.W. [atem], filum; [*(p)etema^]; Eng. [fathom]; I.E. [pet], extend, Lat. [pateo], etc. , fire-brand, Ir., O.Ir. [aithinne]: [*aith-te/n-io-]? Root of [teine]? The root [and], kindle, as in O.Ir. [andud], accendere, --page 13 [adandad], lighting up, is also possible, [*aith-and-io-] being the form in that case. [amhailte] (Glen-moriston). , a reproach, affront, so Ir., O.Ir. [athiss]; [*ati-vid-tu-]; Got. [idveit], Eng. [twit]; root [vid], wit, know. , a disgrace; cf. [leas] in [leas-mhac]. , knowledge, so Ir., O.Ir., [aithgne], W. [adwaen]: [ati-gn-io-] for Ir.; I.E. [gen], [gna@-], [gno@-], to know; Lat. [cognosco]; Gr. @G[gignw/skw]; Eng. [know]. , command, Ir., O.Ir. [aithne], depositum, command; [imma/nim], delego, assign; W. [adne], custody; the root seems to be [a@-n] or [an], judging from verbal forms, though these scarcely agree with the noun forms. See [tiomnadh] further. , repentant, so Ir., O.Ir. [aithrech], Corn. [edreck], repentance, Br. [azrec] (do.), [*ati-(p)reko-], [*ati-(p)rekia^]; root, [prek], Lat. [precor], Ger. [fragen], ask, etc. Ascoli makes the root [reg], come (see [rach]). , tell so Ir. [*ati-ris], E.Ir. [ris], a story, [*rt-ti], [rat], [re@-t], Ger. [rede], speech, Got. [rathjo], speak, Lat. [ratio]. Cf. O.Ir. [airissim], from [iss]. , damp: , juniper, Ir. [aiteann], O.Ir. [aitenn], W. [aith], [eithin], Cor. [eythinen], O.Br. [ethin] (gl. rusco), [*akto-], I.E. root [ak], sharp, Lat. [acidus], Eng. [acid], [edge], Gr. [a@'/kros], extreme, etc. The nearest words are Lit. [a/kstinas], sting, Ch.Sl. [ostinu]. Also . [*at-tenn-], "sharp bush or tree"; from root [at], sharp, E.Ir. [aith], sharp, [*atti-], [atto-]. For [-tenn], see [caorunn]. Cf. Ir. [teine], furze. , a building, Ir. , E.Ir. [aittreb], W. [adref], homewards, Gaul. [Atrebates]; [*ad-treb-], the Celtic root [treb] corresponding to Lat. [tribus], Eng. [thorpe]. , brood, Ir. [a/l], W. [ael], [al]: [*(p)aglo-; cf. Lat. [propa^go], Eng. [propogate]. Hence , brood mare. Ger. [adel], nobility. , a brood, set, bank of oars (M`E.): , nails: [*a@-l-lach], [a@-l-], from [(p)agl-], Lat. [pa@-lus], stake; root [pag], [pa@-g], fasten, whence Gr. @G[pc/gnumi], Lat. [pango], fix, Eng. [page]. , , see [ealachainn]. , beautiful, Ir. [a/luin], O.Ir. [a/laind]; [*ad-lainn]; see [loinn]. Stokes prefers referring it to [a/il], pleasant, [*pagli-], Eng. [fair], root [pag]. But [ra-laind], pleasant, [*ad-pland] (Holden). , over; see [thall]. , wandering: , noble, M.Ir. [all], [aill], [*al-no-s], root [al], as in Lat. [altus]. , fame (either good or bad), Ir. [alladh], excellency, fame, E.Ir. [allud]; see above.>> --page 14 , fierce, wild, Ir. [allta], O.Ir. [allaid]; possibly from [all-], over, the idea being "foreign, barbarous, fierce";, cf. W. [allaidd] of like meanings, from W. [all], other. See next.>> , a foreigner, foreign, fierce; Ir. [allmharach], foreigner, transmarine; E.Ir. [allmarach]. From [all-], beyond, and [muir], sea, "transmarine" (K.Meyer). , a jerk, suspending, leaning to one side; see [abhsadh]. , a float, great buoy: , cow's throttle (M`A.); see [abhsporag]. , a stream, Ir. [alt], height , (topographically) glen-side or cliff, O.Ir. [alt], shore, cliff, O.W. [allt], cliff, Cor. [als], Br. [aot], shore; all allied to Lat. [altus]. The Gaelic form and meaning are are plssibly of Pictish origin. , mishap, ill-luck (Wh.); mischance: from [all-] and [tapadh]. , alum; from the English. , charity (Hend.), M.Ir. [almsain]. , also (Wh.), ingraft, join closely together: [alp] in tinkers' Ir., a job of work, hill; [ealp]=Sc. [imper], graft. , joint, Ir., E.Ir. [alt], [*(p)alto-s]; root [pel], whence Eng. [fold], Norse, [faldr], Ger. [falz], groove; Gr. [-pla/sios], doubled, for [pla/tios]. "air alt"= in order that (Wh.). , a grace (at food), Ir. [altughadh], O.Ir. [attlugud], rendering thanks, [atluchur bude], I give thanks: [*ad-tluko^r], root, tluq; Lit. [tulkas], interpreter; Lat. [loquor] for [tloquor]. , altar, Ir., O.Ir. [alto/ir], W. [allor], Cor. [altor], Br. [auter]; from Lat. [altare], altar, "high place". , fostering, Ir. [altrom], O.Ir. [altram], W. [alltraw], sponsor; root [al], nourish, whence Lat. [alo], Got. [alan], grow, Eng. [old]. , time Ir. [am], pl. [amanna], E.Ir. [am], [*ammen-], from [*at-s-men-], root [at], Got , privative prefix; this is the labialised form of [an-], q.v.; and being labialised, it is also aspirated into . The forms before "small" vowels in the subsequent syllable are , . , vulture, so Ir.: , fool, Ir. [amada/n]: [am+ment-], "non-minded", Celtic root [ment] ([dearmad], [farmad], etc.), mind; Lat. [mens], [menti-s], Eng. [mind], etc. The shorter root [men] is found in [meanmna]. , mischief; E.Ir. [admillim], I destroy: [ad+mill], q.v. , hindrance: [ad+mall]; q.v. But Norse [hamla], hinder. , swingle-tree; [*ad-mol]; [mol], a beam, especially "a mill shaft", E.Ir. [mol]. Cf. Norse [hamla], oar-loop. , channel, mill lead; E.Ir. [ammor], [ammbur], a trough, [*amb-or-]; Gaul. [ambes], rivos, rivers, [Ambris], river name; --page 15 Lat. [imber]; Gr. @G[o@'/mbos], rain; Skr. [ambu], water. Zimmer considers the Ir. borrowed from Ag. S. [a/mber], amphora, Ger. [eimer]; but the Gaelic meaning is distinctly against his theory. A borrowing from Lat. [amphora] is liable to the same objection. , blustering (M`A.): , blustering female; not [amarlaich]. , need (Hend.). Hend. now questions it, [aimbeairt]. , large ember of wood (Glen-moriston). , hitting, O.Ir. [ammus], an aim: [*ad-mes-]; see [eirmis]. , , profane, impure: [*ad-mesc-id-], "mixed"; see [measg]. , raw, Ir. [amh], E.Ir. [om], W. [of]; root [om], [o@-m], whence Gr. @G[w@'mo/s]; Got. [amsa]; Skr. [amsas]. , neck: [*om-a^k-a^]; Lat. [humerus], shoulder (*om-es-os); Gr. @G[w@'@nmo/s]; Got. [amsa]; Skr. [amsas]. , entanglement by the neck (M`A.); from above.>> , only, Ir. [amha/in], E.Ir. [ama/in]; cf. O.Ir. [namma/] (W. [namyn], but?) = [nan-n-ma/] "ut non sit major" (?). The main root is [ma/] or [mo/], more, with the negative, but the exact explanation is not easy; "no more than"(?). [amha/in] =[a-(a[[p]]o)+ma\in], [*mani]; Gr. @G[ma/nos], spa@"rlich, @G[monos] (St.Z.). , river; better [abhainn], q.v. , vexing; see [aimheil]. , a marsh, or [lo\n] (Glen-moriston). , looking, seeing; so Ir., M.Ir. [amarc], [amharc] =[a-(apo)+marc], Ger. [merken], perhaps Lith. [me/rkti], wink, blink (St.). Roots [marc], [marg]. , luck, Ir. [amhantur], [abhantur], from Fr. [aventure], Eng. [adventure]. , suspicion, so Ir., O.Ir. [amairess], infidelitas, [am+iress], the latter meaning "faith"; O.Ir. [iress]=[air-ess], and [*ess] is from [*sista^], standing, root [sta^], stand, reduplicated; cf. Lat. [sisto], etc. The whole word, were it formed at once, would look like [*am-(p)are-sista^], or [*am-are-sista^]. , , wild man, beast man; Ir. [amhas], a wild man, madman; E.Ir. [amos], [amsach], a mercenary soldier, servant. Conchobar's [amsaig], or mercenaries, in the E.Ir. saga of Deirdre, appear misunderstood as our [amhusgan], monsters; there is probably a reminiscence of the Norse "bear-sarks". Borrowed from Gaul. Lat. [ambactus] (=[servus], Festus), through [*ambaxus]; C@aesar says of the Gaulish princes: "Circum se [ambactos] clientesque habent". The roots are [ambi-] (see [mu]) and [ag], go lead (see [aghaidh]). Hence many words, as Eng. --page 16 [ambassador], Ger. [amt], official position, etc. Ir.J., 154, 156, has [amhas], in G. force. , affliction, Ir. [amhgar]; [am-](not) [+gar]; cf. O.Ir. [ingir], tristia, from [ga/ire], risus. See [ga\ir], laughter, for root. E.Ir. [so-gar], [do-gar], @G[*hara] (St.). , distress, dismay (Hend.). See [amhluadh]. , fool, boor, silly talker or behaver (Arg.); Ir. [amhlo/ir], O.Ir. [amlabar], mute; from [am-] (not) and [labair], speak, q.v. Cf. [suilbhir]. , bad beer, taplash: , confusion, distress: , wonderful; [*am-porios] (St.), @G[a@'/peiros]. , song, Ir. [amhra/n], [abhra/n], M.Ir. [ambra/n], Manx, [arrane]; see [o\ran]. Cf. Ir. [amhra], eulogy, especially in verse; [amhra], famous (Lec. 69). (), Dial , solan goose; from Lat. [anser]? , like, as, Ir. [amhluidh], O.Ir. [amail], [amal], O.W. [amal], W. [mal], Br. [evel]; from a Celtic [samali-], which appears in [samhail], q.v. , a trick, deceit (H.S.D., M`E. ): Cf. [aith-me/la]. , oven, Ir. [o\igheann]; borrowed from Eng. [oven]. , curled, , a curl, M.Ir. [amlach], from the prep. [ambi-], as in [mu], q.v. , (M`E.), cupboard, Ir. [amri] (O'B.), W. [almari]; all borrowed from Eng. (Gaelic from Sc. [aumrie]?) [ambry] and M.E. [almarie], from O.Fr. [almarie], from Lat. [armarium], place of tools or arms, from [arma]. , , the, Ir. [an], O.Ir. [in] (mas. and fem.), [a n-] (neut.); a [t-] appears before vowels in the nom. masc. ([an t-athair]), and it is part of the article stem; a Celtic [sendo-s] (m.), [senda^] (f.), [san] (n.). [Sendo-s] is composed of two pronominal roots, dividing into [sen-do-]; [sen], judging by the neuter [san], is a fixed neuter nom. or acc. from the Celtic root [se] (I.E. [sjo], beside [so-], allied to Ag.S. [se], the, [seo/], now [she]. The [-do-] of [sendo-s] has been referred by Thurneysen and Brugmann to the pron. root [to-] (Eng. [tha-t], Gr. @G[to/]); it is suggested that [to-] may have degenerated into [do-] before it was stuck to the fixed form [sen]. [Sen-to-] could not, on any principle otherwise, whether of accentuation or what not, produce the historical forms. It is best to revert to the older etymology, and refer [do-] to the pronominal root appearing in the Latin fixed cases (enclitic) [-dam], [-dem], (qui[-dam], [i-dem], etc.), the Gr. @G[de/], @G[-de] (as in @G[o@`/-de], this), Ch.Sl. [da], he. The difference, then, between Gr. @G[o@`/-de] and Gaelic [sen-do-s] is this: the Gr. inflects --page 17 the first element (@G[o@`]=[so]) and keeps the @G[de] fixed, whereas Gaelic reverses the matter by fixing the [sen] and inflecting the [do-]; otherwise the roots are the same ultimatley, and used for almost similar purposes. , in, Ir. [a n-] (eclipsing), O.Ir. [i], [i n-], W. [yn], Br. [en]; Lat. [in]; Gr. @G[e@'n]; Eng. [in], etc. Generally it appears in the longer form [ann], or even as [ann an]; see [ann]. , interrogative particle, Ir. [an], O.Ir. [in]; Lat. [an]; Got. [an]. , negative prefix, Ir. [an-], O.Ir., [an-], [in-]; W., Cor., Br. [an-]; Celtic [an], I.E. [n@.-], Lat. [in-], Gr. @G[a@'-], @G[a@'n-], Eng. [un-], Skr. [a-], [an-], etc. It appears before labials and liquids (save [n]) as , aspirated to ; with consequent "small" vowels, it becomes , , . Before [g], it becomes [ion-], as in [iongantas]. Before [c], [t], [s], the [an-] becomes [eu-] and the [t] and [c] become medials (as in [beud], [breug], [feusag]). See also next word.>> , negative prefix, O.Ir. [an-], sometimes aspirating; G. , disbelief, O.Ir. [ancretem], but [ainfhior], untrue; M.Ir. [ainfhi/r]. This suggests a Celtic [anas-] for the first, and [ana-] for the second, extensions of the previous [an-]; cognate are Gr. @G[a@'\nis], @G[a@'\neu], without; Ger. [ohne], Got. [inu], without. , , , prefix of excess; Ir. [an-], [ain-], M.Ir. [an-]; Ir. aspirates where possible (not [t], [d], [g]), Gaelic does so rarely. Allied are Gr. @G[a@'na], up, Got. [ana], Eng. [on]. Hence , excess; , violence; , excessive heat, etc. , dregs, refuse, also green, unripe stuff cut; from [an-abaich]. , centipede, whitlow: , defend, save; Ir. [anacail], protection, E.Ir. [anacul] (do.). This Ascoli refers to the same origin as [adnacul]; see [adhlac]. , sickness, affliction, so Ir., [an-shocair]. Ir. Jl. 156. See [acarach]. , regret (M`D): , irregularity, unusualness (Hend.), [ana-gna/th]. , breath, Ir. and O.Ir. [ana/l], W. [anadl], [anal], Cor. [anal], Br. [alan], Celtic [anatla^]; [an], breathe, Got. [anan], to breathe, Skr. [anila], wind. See [anam] also. , eaves, top of house wall: , soul, so Ir., O.Ir. [anim] (d. anmin), Cor. [enef], M.Br. [eneff], Br. [ene], Celtic [animon-] (Stokes); Lat. [animus], [anima]; Gr. @G[a@'/nemos], wind. , lust, perversity (Hend.), [ana+me\in]. , linen, Ir., E.Ir. [anairt], O.Ir. [annart], [*an-arto-]; root [pan], [pa@-n]; Lat. [pannus], cloth; Gr. [peno/s], thread on the bobbin; Got. [fana], cloth, Ag.S. [fana], small flag, Eng. [vane], [fane]. --page 18 , pride: , stormy; [*an-fadh_asta]; see [anfadh], storm. , adversity (Hend.): , now; for [an-tra^th-sa], "the time here", q.v. ++, storm; proper G. is [onfhadh], q.v. , weak, Ir. [anbhfann], M.Ir. [anbfann], [anband]; [an+fann], "excessive faint". See [fann]. , , misfortune; [an-](not)+[lamh]; see [ullamh] for [lamh]. , there, Ir., O.Ir. [and], [*anda] (Stokes); Cyprian Gr @G[a@'/nda] (=@G[a@'/utc], this, she]); Lit. [a\ndai|, newly, [a\ns], [ana\], ille, illa; Ch.Sl. [onu@u], that; Skr. [ana], this (he). , , in, Ir. [ann], E.Ir. [ind], O.Ir. [ind-ium] (in me), Celtic [endo] (Stokes); Lat. [endo], [indu], into, in; Gr. @G[c@'/ndon], within, @G[c@'/ndoqen]; Eng. [indo]. The roots are [en] (see [an]), in, and [do] (see [do]), to. In , the two prepositions [ann] and [an] are used. The form is used before the article and relative; the [-s] properly belongs to the article; [anns an], in the, is for [ann san]. ++, , a church, M.Ir. [anno/it], O.Ir. [andoo/it], mother-church. Stokes refers it to L.Lat. [antitas], for [antiquitas], "ancient church". In Scottish place-names it appears as [Annet], [Clach na h-Annaid], etc. Cf. [annone], church (O'Dav.), from Hebrew. , era, calendar, Ir. [analach], chronicle; from Lat. [annalia]. , rare, M.Ir. [annam], E.Ir. [andam]; [*an-dam-], "non-tame"; root [dam], home, home, etc.; Eng. [domestic], [tame]. Hence , rarity. , vexation, etc.; see [anlamh]. , condiment, E.Ir. [annland], W. [enllyn]; possibly [an+leann]. , , wanderer, stranger; either from [*ann-reth-ach], root [reth], run (see [ruith], [faondradh]), or from [*an-rath-ach], "unfortunate", root [rath], luck, q.v. , distress, Ir. [anrath]; [an-rath]; see [rath], luck. The E.Ir. [andro/] appears to be of a different origin. , dearer, better liked, so Ir., M.Ir. [andsa], preferable: , privative prefix; for [eu-], this is for [an-] (not), before [c] and [t]. See [an-] , joyous; see [aoibhinn]. , cause, Ir. [adhbhar], O.Ir. [adbar], [*ad-bero-n]; root [ber], I.E. [bher], whence Lat. [fero], Eng. [bear], etc. , a young person or beast of good promise, hobble-dehoy; from [aobhar], material. , ankle, O.Ir. [odbrann], W. [uffarn]: [*od-bronn], [*ud-brunn-], "out-bulge"; [ud-]=Eng. [out], and [brunn-], see [bru\], belly. --page 19 Stokes ([Academy], June, 1892) makes [od-] to be for [pod], foot, Gr @G[pou/s], @G[pod-o/s], Eng. [foot], etc. , clothes, Ir. [eudach], O.Ir. [e/tach], [*ant-ac-os]; root [pan], as in [anart], q.v. Cf. Lit. [pinti], plait, twine, Ch.Sl. [pe@?ti], wind, Lat [pannus], etc. Strachan cfs. Alb. [ent], [int], weave, Gr. @G[a@'/ttomai], weave. , face, Ir. [e/adan], O.Ir. [e/tan], Celtic [antano-] (Stokes); Lat. [ante]; Gr. @G[a@'vti/], against; Eng. [and]; Skr. [a/nti], opposite. , bladder, Ir. [e/adroma/n]; see [aotrom]. , death; see [eug]. , , face, appearance, M.Ir. [e/cosg] (O'Cl), O.Ir. [e/cosc], habitus, expression, [*in-cosc]; see [casg], check. Cf. O.Ir. [in-cho-sig], significat. , shepherd, so Ir., M.Ir. [aegaire], O.Ir. [augaire], [*ovi-gar-]; for [ovi-], sheep, see [o/isg]. The [-gar-] is allied to Gr. @G[a@'gei/rw], @G[a@'gora/], meeting place, market. , civil look, cheerful face, Ir. [aoibh], pleasant, humour, E.Ir. [a/eb], O.Ir. [o/iph], beauty, appearance, [*aiba^] (Thurneysen), mien, look, Prov. Fr. [aib], good manners. Ascoli refers it to the root of [e/ibheall] (q.v.), a live coal, the underlying idea being "shining, sheen". This would agree as to the original force with [taitinn], please, [taitneach], pleasant. , pleasant, joyful, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/ibind], [o/ibind]. See above word for root.>> , hair-lace, fillet, from root of [aodach]. , guest, Ir. [aoidhe], pl. [aoidheadha], O.Ir. [o/egi], pl. [o/egid], [*(p)oig-it]; cf. the Teutonic [*faig-i@th-], whence Norse [feigr], doomed to die, Ag.S. [fa/ege], doomed, Eng. [fey] (Schra@"der). Stokes gives the Celtic as [(p)oik-it], [poik], whence Eng. [foe] (cf. Lat. [hostis], [hospes]); but the Gaelic [gh] of [aoigh] is against this otherwise satisfactory derivation. As against Schra@"der's etymology, might be put a reference to the form found in Gr. @G[oi@'/homai], go, Lit. [eiga\], going, gurther root [ei], go; the idea being "journey-taker". Commonly misspelt . , pleasant countenance, Ir. [aoibh]. , fast, , Friday, Ir. [aoine], Friday, O.Ir. [oine], fast, Br. [iun]; from Lat. [jejunium], a fast, fast-day, Eng. [jejune]. Stokes suggests Gr. @G[peina/w], hunger, as cognate, making it native: [*poin-io-]. Unlikely. , a steep brae with rocks, Manx [eaynee], steep place: , a satire, Ir. [aor], E.Ir. [a/er], O.Ir. [a/ir]. [*aigra^], @G[a@'ishos], Got. [aiviski]: [aigh] (St.). Prellwitz gives Gr. and Got. and root. Ascoli refers this word and O.Ir. [tatha/ir], reprehensio, to [ta\ir], q.v. , sheet or bolt-rope of a sail: --page 20 , , ploughman, herdsman, Ir. [oireamh], g. [oireamhan], ploughman, the mythic [Eremon], [Airem(on)], [*arjamon-], Skr. [Arjaman], further [Aryan](?); root [ar], plough. . See [aonagail]. , age, Ir. [aois], O.Ir. [a/es], [a/is], [o/is], W. [oes], [*aivestu-]; Lat. [@oevum], [@oetas], Eng. [age]; Gr. @G[ai@'e/s], @G[ai@'ei/], always; Eng. [aye]. From [*aie-tu], Lat. [oitor], [utor], @G[di/-aita] (Th. St. Arch. 276). , lime, Ir. [aol], O.Ir. [a/el]: [*aidlo-], from [aidh], light, fire, Gr. @G[ai@'qw], gleam (St.). See [Mackay]. , dung, Ir. [aoileach], O.Ir. [ailedu], etercora, W. [add-ail], eluvies. Ascoli compares O.Ir. [a/il], probrum, but this word is probably cognate with Got. [agls], [aglus], difficult, shameful, and may not be allied to [aolach]. , indolence: , ointment: founded on the Eng. [ointment]. Cf. [iarmailt], [armailt]. , incline, Ir. [aomadh], inclining, attracting: , one, Ir. [aon], O.Ir. [o/in], [o/en], W., Cor., Br. [un]; Lat. [unus] (=[oinos]); Got. [ains], Eng. [one]. , moor, market place, Ir. [aonach], fair, assembly, O.Ir. [o/inach], [o/enach], fair, [*oin-acos], from [aon], one, the idea being "uniting, re-union". Some have compared the Lat. [agonium], fair, but it would scarcely suit the Gaelic phonetics. , panting; see [a\inich]. , ascent: , , , wallowing (H.S.D.); see [uainneart]; [uan]=foam. , want; see [iu\nais]. , bodily or mental constitution: , worship, Ir. [adhradh], O.Ir. [adrad]; from Lat. [adoratio], Eng. [adoration]. , light, Ir. [e/adtrom], O.Ir. [e/tromm]; [*an+trom], "non-heavy". See [trom]. , ape, Ir. [ap], W. [ab]; from Eng. [ape]. , apron, gunwale patch (N.H.): from the Eng. , expert; from Sc. [apert], from O.Fr. [aparte/], military skill, from Lat. [aperio], open, Eng. [aperient], [expert], etc. , knapsack; from Eng. [haversack]. , , our, so Ir. and O.Ir. [*(s)aron]; this form may have arisen from unaccented [n@.s-aron] (Jub.), like Got. [uns-ar] ([us] of Eng. and [ar]), Ger. [unser], Eng. [our] (Thurneysen). Stokes refers it to a Celtic [(n)ostron], allied to Lat. [nostrum]. See further at [bhur]. --page 21 , seems; , methinks, Ir. M.Ir. [dar], E.Ir. [indar], [atar], with [la], O.Ir. [inda], [ata], [da]; where [ta], [tar] is the verb [tha] ([thathar]), is, with prep. or rel. [in] before it. [Tha leam-sa] (Mrs Grant). See [na], than. , plough, E.Ir. [ar], W. [ar], ploughed land; Lat. [aro]; Lit. [ariu\] Got. [arjan], Eng. [ear], plough. , battle, slaughter, Ir. and O.Ir. [a/r], W. [aer], [*agro-]; root [ag], drive; Gr. @G[a@'/gra], chase; see [a\gh]. , kidney, Ir. [a/ra(nn)], O.Ir. [a/ru], g. [a/ran], W. [aren], [*n@.fron-]; Lat. [nefro@-nes]; Gr. @G[nefro/s], Ger. [nieren]. Stokes refers [a/ra] to [ad-re^n], the [ren] being the same as Lat. [ren]. , strife; cf O.Ir. [irba/g], [arbag], [*air-ba@-g], Norse [ba/gr], strife. , rearing; see [a\iridh], shealing. It is possible to refer this word to [*ad-reg-], [reg] being the root which appears in [e/irich]. , insurance, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/rach], bail, contract, [*ad-rig-], root [rig], bind, which see in [cuibhreach]. , a ladder, Ir. [aradh], E.Ir. [a/rad]: , valiant, important, Ir. [a/rach], strength, [a/rachdach], puissant, [*ad-reg-], root [reg], rule, direct. , certain, some, Ir. [a/irighe], M.Ir. [a/iridhe], [*ad-rei-]; cf. W. [rhai], [rhyw], some, certain, which Rhys compares to Got. [fraiv], seed. , rebellion; for [*eirigh-amach], "out-rising". , bread, Ir., M.Ir., [ara/n]; root [ar], join, Gr. @G[arariskw], @G[a@'/rtos]. See next.>> , corn, so Ir., E.Ir. [arbar]; O.Ir. [arbe], frumentum; Lat. [arvum], field. Also Gaul. [arinca], "frumenti genus Gallicum" (Pliny), Gr. @G[a@'/rakos], vetch, Skr. [arakas], a plant. , dispossess; [*ar-bert-]; [ar] for [ex-ro/]? fungus on decayed wood, cork, , cork, a cork, stopple, Ir. [arcan], cork (Lh.): , experiment (Sh.): , cow's udder: , high, Ir., E.Ir. [a^rd], Gaul. [Ardvenna]; Lat. [arduus]; Gr. @G[o@'rqo/s] , lintel, Ir. [ardorus], [fardorus]; [a\rd-] here is a piece of folk etymology, the real word being [ar], [air], upon. See [air] and [dorus]. , disinherit; [*ar-fonn-]. See [arbhartaich]. , a claimant; [*air+gar]; see [goir]. , argument, Ir. [argumeint], O.Ir. [argumint]; from Lat. [argumentum]. , chimney, E.Ir. [forle/s], roof light; [air+leus], q.v. , weapon, Ir., O.Ir. [arm], W. [arf]; from Lat. [arma], whence Eng. [arms]. Stokes says unlikely from Lat. --page 22 , working wool in oil, the oil for working wool. Cf. [aolmann]. , a hero, Ir. [armann], sn oggivrt, E.Ir. [armand], from an oblique case of Norse [a/rma@dhr] (g. [a/rmanns], harmost, steward. , hamlet, dwelling: , a dwelling, Ir. [a/rus], M.Ir. [aros], W. [araws], [aros]; [*ad-rostu-]; Eng. [rest] is allied to [rostu-]. , a harpy; from Lat. [harpyia], Eng. [harpy]. , distress: [*ar-reub-]? , treacherous fellow; see [farbhalach]. , rowing, steering (Arm.): [*ar-reg-], root [reg], direct. , spectre, Ir., E.Ir. [arracht]; [*ar-rig-]; see [riochd] for root. Ir. has also [arrach], contour, spectre. , the first hound that gets wind of, or comes up to the deer (Sh.): , careless (Sh.): , erratic: from the Eng.? [earraid], hermit? , , suspicion (M`D). , a stitch, convulsions, so Ir.; [*ar-vreng-]? Eng. [wrench], etc. , foolish pride: , bold; see [farranta]. , awkwardness, indecency, (M`A.): , , quoth, Ir. [ar], E.Ir. [ar]. The [s] of the Gaelic really belongs to the pronoun [se/] or [si\], said he, said she, "ar se/, ar si\". Cf. M.G. "ar san tres ughdar glic" - said the third wise author ([san] being the full art.; now [ars an]. The E.Ir. forms [bar] and [for], inquit, point to the root [sver], say, Eng. [swear], [answer]. Stokes refers it to the root [ver], [verdh], Eng. [word], adducing E.Ir. [fordat], [ordat], [oldat], inquiunt, for the [verdh] root. Thurneysen objects that [ol] or [for] is a preposition, the [-dat] being the verb [ta] on analogy with other forms [inda/s], [olda/te]. The original is [al], propter, "further" (see "thall"), like Lat. [tum] ("tum ille" - then he), later [or] or [for], and later still [ar] - all prepositions, denoting "further". , old, Ir. [a/rsaidh], O.Ir. [arsid]: [*ar-sta-]; [sta], stand. It was not observed that Stokes had the word; but the same conclusion is reached. His stem is [*(p)arosta^t], from [paros], before, and [sta^t], Skr. [pura/sta^t], erst. , arsenic; from the Eng. , large species of sea-gull, larus major: a stone; see [airtein]. , baffle; see [fairtlich]. , a forest; [*ag-ro-ni-], root [ag], Gr. @G[a@'/gra], the chase. --page 23 , , out of, from, Ir. [as], O.Ir. [ass], [a], W. [a], [oc], Br. [a], [ag], Gaul. [ex-]; Lat. [ex]; Gr. [e@'x], etc. is also used as a privative particle. , delivery; see [aisead]. , also , the herb "asara bacca"; borrowed from Latin name. , harness, shoemaker, Ir. [asaire], shoemaker, [assain], greaves, etc., O.Ir. [assa], soccus; Gr. @G[pax], sandal (Hes.), Lat. [baxea]; root [pa@-g], fit, Gr. @G[pc/gnumi] (Stokes). , an ass, so Ir., M.Ir. [assal], W. [asyn], Cor. [asen]. G. and Ir. are borrowed from Lat. [assellus], the W. and Corn. from Lat. [asinus]. , stubble; [*as-buain], "out-reaping", q.v. , unkind, wrong side of cloth ([caoin is ascaoin]); [as-], privative, and [caoin], q.v. , tow, Ir. [asgartach], M.Ir. [escart], W. [carth], Br. [skarz], [*ex-skarto-], [*skarto-], dividing, root [sker], separate; Gr. [skw/r], dung; Eng. [sharn]; etc. , present, boon, E.Ir. [ascad], O.Ir. [ascid] (Meyer); for root, see [taisg]. , a retreat, shelter; see [fasgadh], [sga\il]: [*ad-scath-], [ascaid]. , bosom, armpit, so Ir., Br. [askle], W. [asgre], bosom. The same as [achlais] (q.v.) be metathesis of the [s]. , a grig, merry creature, dwarf (Arm.). See [aisteach]. , ascending, so Ir.; [*ad-sqendo^-]; :at. [scando], etc. , request, Ir., O.Ir. [aslach], persuasio, [adslig], persuades; for root, see [slighe], way. , prone to tell (Arm.), E.Ir. [asluindim], I request; [*ad-sloinn], q.v. , an asp, W. [asp], from the Eng. , a forlorn object, Ir. [asra/nnach], [astrannach], a stranger: from [astar]? , a dwelling; see [fasdail]. , a contemptible fellow (M`A.): , a journey, Ir. [asdar], [astar], E.Ir. [astur]; [*ad-sod-ro-n], root [sod], [sed], go; Gr. @G[o@`do/s], way, Ch.Sl. [choditi], go; Eng. [ex-odus]. Stokes (Bez. Beit.@+[21] 1134) now gives its Celtic form as [*adsi^tro-], root [sai] of [saothar], toil. , , , apparatus, weapon; see [asair](?). , swell, Ir. [at], O.Ir. [att], [*(p)at-to-], root [pat], extend, as in [aitheamh], q.v. Stokes gives Celtic as [azdo-] (Got. [asts], twig, etc.); but this would be Gaelic [ad]. ++, request, B.of Deer [atta/c], E.Ir. [atach], O.Ir. [ateoch], I pray, [*ad-tek-]; Eng. [thig]. --page 24 , cast-off clothes (Uist, etc.)=[ath-aodach]. , , a palisade, stake: , fondling, caressing (M`A): , next, again: see [ath-]. , flinch; from [ath-], back. Hence , modest. , , re-, so Ir., O.Ir. [ath-], [aith-], [ad-], [*ati], W. [ad-], Br. [at-], [az-]; Gaul. [ate]: Lat. [at], but, [at-] ([atavus]); Lit. [at-], [ata-], back, Slav. [otu@u]; Skr. [ati], over. Stokes divides Celtic [ati-] into two, meaning respectively "over" and "re-"; but this seems unnecessary. , a ford, Ir., O.Ir. [a/th], [*ja^tu-]; Skr.[ya^], to go; Lit. [jo/ti], ride (Stokes). : , a kiln, Ir. [a/ith], W. [odyn]. Stokes refers this to a pre-Celtic [apati-], [apatino-], parallel to Eng. [oven], Got. [auhns], Gr. @G[i@'pno/s]. Bezzenberger suggests the Zend. [a^tar], fire, as related. , a giant, Ir. [fathach], [athach]; root [pat], extend? ++, a breeze, Ir., O.Ir. [athach]; Gr. @G[a@'tmo/s], vapour, Eng. [atmosphere]; Ger. [atem], breath; etc. , embers, so Ir.; [*ath-teine](?) See [aithinne]. , a scar; see [ath-ail]; see [ail], mark. , father, so Ir., O.Ir. [athir]; Lat. [pater]; Gr. @G[patc/r]; Skr. [pita/r]; Eng. [father]. , serpent, Br. [aer], [azr]; for [nathair-neimh], q.v. , yarrow, milfoil, Ir. and M.Ir. [athair talman]; "pater-telluris!" Also [earr-thalmhainn], which suggests borrowing from Eng. [yarrow]. , leisure; [ath-fois] = delay, q.v. , evil effect, consequence (M`A., Whyte), [*at-ro-n] from [ath], "re-". See [comharradh]. Sc. [aur] = [athailt]. , sky, air, Ir. [aie/ur], air, sky, O.Ir. [ae/r], [aier], W. [awyr]; from Lat. [aer], whence Eng. [air]. See St. for [ae/r], [*aver]? Cf. [padhal], [ataidhir], [adhal]. , heifer; possibly [ath-ar-laogh], "ex-calf". Cf. E.Ir. [aithirni], calf. , second crop, ground cropped and ready for ploughing (N.H.) [ath-eo\rn-ach]? [*ath-ar-nach], root [ar], plough. , alteration, Ir. [atharrach], O.Ir. [aitherrach], Br. [adarre], afresh, [arre], [*ati-ar-reg-], rrot [reg] of [e\irich]. Stokes analyses it into [ati-ex-rego^], that is [ath-e/irich]. , mocking, imitating (M`K.); (Dial. [ailis]): [ath-aithris], "re-say", Ir. [aithris], tell, imitation. See [aithris]. --page 25 , part of lullaby; onomatopoetic. Cf. Eng. [baby], Ger. [bube], etc. , , foolish, Fernaig MS. [bah]: "deadly", (talky?), root [ba@--], kill (speak?); see [ba\s]. Cf. Lat. [fatuus]. , tassle; see [pab]. , a surmise (M`A.), a quirk; from Lat. [faut]. , , cowardly; see [bodhbh]; [babhsgadh], fright, shock (Hend.). , bulwark, enclosure for cattle, Ir. [ba/bhu/n], whence Eng. [bawn], M.Ir. [bo/dhu/n] (Annals of Loch Ce/, 1199); from [bo/] and [du\n], q.v. , hindrance, Ir. [bac], M.Ir. [bacaim] (vb.). See next word.>> , a crook, Ir. [bac], O.Ir. [bacc], W. [bach], Br. [bac'h], Celtic [bakko-s]; [*bag-ko-], Norse [bak], Eng. [back]. Hence , lame, E.Ir. [bacach], W. [bachog], crooked. , tuf-pit or bank (N.H.); from Norse [bakki], a bank, Eng. [bank]. Hence also place-name [Back]. , baker, , oven, Ir. [bacail], baker; all from the Eng. [bake], [baxter]. , stake, hinge, Ir. and E.Ir. [baca/n]. From [bac]. , drunkenness, Ir. [bach]: from Lat. [Bacchus]. , shepherd's crook, crozier, Ir. [bachul], O.Ir. [bachall], W. [bagl], crutch; from Lat. [baculum], staff; Gr. @G[baktcria/], Eng. [bacteria]. [Bachull gille], slovenly fellow (M`D.). , acorn, "Molucca bean", Ir. [bachar]; forrowed from or allied to Lat. [baccar], Gr. @G[ba/kkaris], nard. , a shoot, a curl, Ir. [bachlo/g]; from [bachall] (Thurneysen). , the boss of a shield, Ir. [bocoide], bosses of shields; from L.Lat. [buccatus], Lat. [bucca], cheek. See [bucaid]. , a cluster, thicket; cf. Br. [bot], [bod], bunch of grapes, thicket; common in Breton and Scotch place names; probably a Pictish word. Cf. Eng. [bud], earlier [bodde]. Cf. Lat. [fascis] ([*fa@dh-scis]), [*fa@dh-sk-], Norse, Eng. [bast]? , a wandering, ; possibly from the root [ba], go, as in [bothar], q.v. H.S.D. suggests [ba\+dol]. , a churchyard (Sutherland), i.e. "enclosure", same as [ba\bhun]. (H.S.D.), (Carm.), placenta of cow: , a bag; from the Eng. , a cluster, troop, W. [bagad], Br. [bogod]; from Lat. [bacca] (Thurneysen, Ernault). --page 26 , a glutton; from [bag] in the sence of "belly". , threaten, so Ir., E.Ir. [bacur], a threat. The W. [bygwl], a threat, etc., is scarcely allied, for it comes from [bwg], a spectre, bogie, whence possibly the English words [bogie], [boggle], etc. G. [bagair] may be allied with the root underlying [bac]; possibly [bag-gar-], "cry-back". , baggage, lumber (of a person) (Wh.), from [baggage]. , a bay, Ir. [ba/dh]; from Eng. [bay], Romance [baja]. , a stomach ([baoghan], with [ao] short). Dial. (Sutherland); cf. Eng. [maw], Ger. [magen], Norse [magi]. , lying, given to fables; from Eng. [babble]. , tower, battlement, ensign, , bannered; from M.Eng. [battle], [battlement], which is of the same origin as [battlement]. , love, Ir. [ba/idhe], M.Ir. [ba/ide], [ba/de], [*ba^di-s] (Stokes). Cf. Gr. @G[fw/tion], friendly (Hes.), for [fw/qion]; root [bha@-], whence Gr. @G[fw/s], man. , a ragged garment; see [paidreag]. , musician's fee; from the Eng. [batch]? , a beggar; from Eng. , looe lumber or baggage (Argyle); from [baggage]. , thrift, Ir. [bail], success, careful collection, M.Ir. [bail], goodness, E.Ir. [bulid]: @G[fulla]; I.E. root [bhel], swell, increase. See [buil], [bile]. Hence . Cf. [adhbhal], @G[be/lteros]. , a corn poppy; also , , . , a ridge, beam, W. [balc], from Eng. [balk]. , seasonable rain, showers: , strong, a strong man, E.Ir. [balc], strong, W. [balch], (Stokes). Likely a Celtic [bal-ko-], root [bal], as in [bail]. So Ost.; Skr. [balam], strength ([adhbhal]), Gr. @G[be/lteros]; Wh. St. [boliji@u], greater; Lat. [debilis]. , town, township, Ir., E.Ir. [baile], [*balio-s], a pre-Celtic [bhv-alio-], root [bhu-], be; Gr, [fwleo/s], a lair; Norse [bo/l], a "bally", further Eng. [build], [booth]. , excessive; see [bail]. Also . , babbler, founded on Eng. Scandinavian [balderdash]. , a magistrate, balie; from Sc. [bailzie] (Eng. [bailiff]), Fr. [bailli]. , a ferret, Ir. [baineaso/g]; [ba/n+neas], "white weasel", q.v. , madness, fury, Ir. [ba/inidhe]; Ir. [mainigh] (O'Br.), from Lat. [mania]; see [ba\]. , a little old woman, female satirist (Carm.) = [ban=e/isg]; from [ban], [bean], q.v. , milk, Ir., M.Ir. [bainne]; also , milk (Sutherland), a drop, Ir., M.Ir. [bainne], milk. O.Ir. [banne], drop --page 27 Cor., Br. [banne], gutta; root [bha]; O.Slav. [banja], bath; Eng. [bath], etc. , a game, goal, Ir. [ba/ire], hurling match, goal, M.Ir. [ba/ire]: [*bag-ro-], root [ba@-g-], strive; see [arabhaig]. , a ball. , side timbers of a house (Sh.): , quarrelling (Carm.); cf. [ba\irseag]. ++, bread, cake, Ir. [bairghean], E.Ir. [bargen], W., Cor., and Br. [bara], panis, [*bargo-]; Lat. [ferctum], oblation cake; Ag.S. [byrgan], to taste, Norse [bergja], taste. , lowing; root of [bo/], cow. Cf. [bu\irich]. , bestow; from Eng. [ware], as also [bathar]. , , warning, summonsl; from the Eng. [warning]. , rooling wave, billow; [ba\ir-linn], from ++, wave, borrowed from Norse [ba/ra], wave, billow. For [linne], see that word. , a limpet, Ir. [ba/irneach] (Fol.), W. [brenig], Cor. [brennic]: from M.Eng. [bernekke], now [barnacle], from Med.Lat. [bernaca]. Stokes takes [ba\irnech] from [barenn], rock, as Gr. [lepa/s], limpet, is allied to [le/pas], rock. , judgment (Sh.), Ir., W., Br. [barn], root [ber] in [bra\th], q.v. , a scold (Sh.), Ir. [bairseach], M.Ir. [bairsecha], foolish talk, [bara], wrath, W. [ba^r], wrath. Stokes refers [bara] to the same origin as Lat. [ferio], I strike, Norse [berja], smite, etc. , a wild person (Sh.); M.Ir. [basgell] (i. [geltan], [boiscell]; root in [ba\], foolish? [+ciall]. , a heavy shower, Ir. [ba/isdeach], rain, [bais], water; cf. O.Ir. [baithis], baptism, which may be borrowed from Lat. [baptisma] (Windish). The root here is [bad], of [ba\th], drown. Ir. [baiseach], raining (Clare), from [baisteadh], Lat. [baptisma] (Zim.). , baptise, Ir. [baisd], O.Ir. [baitsim], from Lat. [baptizo], which is from Gr. @G[bapti/zw], dip. , a battle; from Eng. [battle]. , clown, lad, Ir. [balach], clown, churl; cf. Skr. [ba@-lakas], a little boy, from [ba@-la], young. But cf. W. [bala], budding, root [bhel]. Rathlin Ir. [bachlach]. , ballast; from the Eng. , dumb, so Ir., E.Ir. [balb]; borrowed from Lat. [balbus]. , ridge, etc.; see [bailc]. Also "calf of leg" (Wh.). , misdeed: , splay-footed (H.S.D.). Cf. Gr. @G[folko/s], bandy-legged(?). , belly, bag, Ir. [bolg], O.Ir. [bolc], W. [bol], [boly], belly, Cor. [bol], Gaulish [bulga] (Festus), sacculus; Got. [balgs], wine-skin, Norse [belgr], skin, bellows, Eng. [belly]. --page 28 , a fox: , mouthful, M.G. [bolgama] (pl.), Ir. [blogam]; from [balg]. Cf. O.Ir. [bolc uisce], a bubble. , a member, Ir., O.Ir. [ball]; Gr. @G[fallo/s]; Eng. [phallus]; root [bhel], swell. , a spot, Ir., M.Ir. [ball], white-spotted on forehead (of a horse), Br. [bal] (do.). The Gaelic suggests a stem [bal-no-], Celtic root [bal], white, Gr. @G[falo/s], shining, [fa/laros] (phala@-ros), white-spotted (of animals); I.E. [bhe@-l]: [bhale], shine; whence Eng. [bale]-fire. Stokes says the Irish [ball] seems allied to the Romance [balla], a ball, Eng. [bale] and [ball](?). Hence , spotted. W. [bal], spotted on forehead. , a ball; from Eng. , wall, Ir. [balla] (Four Masters), [fala] (Munster); from M.Eng. [bailly], an outer castle wall, now in Old Bailey, from Med.Lat. [ballium]. , a cormorant; from [ball], spot. , a vessel, tub, Ir. [balla/n], E.Ir. [ballan]. Stokes cfs. Norse [bolli], bowl, Eng. [bowl], and says that the Gaelic is probably borrowed. , boasting, clamour; probably from Norse [ballra], strepere, [baldrast], make a clatter (Eng. [balderdash]), Ger. [poltern]. , a welt: see [bolt]. , white, Ir., O.Ir. [ba/n]; I.E. root [bha@-], shine; Gr. @G[fano/s] (@G[a] long), bright; Skr. [bha^nu\], light; further away is Eng. [bale] ([bale]-fire). , , she-, female-; see [bean]. , worse for wear (M`D): , dairymaid: , vaccination: , sheep fold; see rather [mainnir]. , a wedding, wedding feast, Ir. [bainfheis], wedding feast, M.Ir. [banais], g. [baindse]; from [ban+fe/isd]? , dairymaidl from [ban-] and [a\ireach]. ++, a pig, Ir. [banbh], E.Ir. [banb], W. [banw], Br. [banv], [bano], [*banvo-s]. The word appears as [Banba], a name for Ireland, and, in Scotland, as Banff. M`L. and D. gives the further meaning of "land unploughed for a year". , a bank; from the Eng. , squeamishness at sea (H.S.D., which derives it from [ba\n] and [cuir]). , a binding, promise (Sh., H.S.D.), Ir. [bangadh]. (H.S.D. suggests Lat. [pango], whence it may have come. , a banquet, christening feastl from Eng. [banquet]. --page 29 , a belt, band; from Eng. [band]. It also means a "hinge". Dialectic . , a Christmas cake; from the Sc. [bannock]. See [bonnach]. , corn-fan; from Lat. [vannus], Eng. [fan]. , a troop, gang, Ir. [banna]; from Eng. [band]. Cf. E.Ir. [ban-da/l], assembly of ladies. Also . (Dial. [banasgal]), a female, a hussy, Ir. [bansgal], E.Ir. [bansca/l], O.Ir. [banscala], servae; root of [sgalag]. , a widow, E.Ir. [bantrebthach], landlady: [ban+trebthach], farmer, from [treb] in [treabhadh], [aitreabh]. , a wicked woman, witch, Ir. [badhbh], hoodie crow, a fairy, a scold, E.Ir. [badb], crow, demon, [Badba], the Ir. war-goddess, W. [bod], kite, Gaul. [Bodv-], [Bodvo-gnatus], W. [Bodnod]; Norse [bo@"@dh], g. [bo@dhvar], war, Ag.S. [beadu], g. [beadwe], [*badwa-] (Rhys.). In Stokes' Dict. the Skr. [ba/dhate], oppress, Lit. [ba/das], famine, are alone given. Also . , ill usage from the weather: , danger, so Ir., O.Ir. [baigul], [baegul]; cf. Lit. [bai-me@?], fear, [bai-gus], shy, Skr. [bhayate], fear. , a calf, anything jolly; from [baoth]. , a flighty emotion (Dialectic); founded on , a dialectic form of [biog], q.v. , blaeberry; cf. Eng. [bil]berry, Dan. [bo@"lle]b@aer. , foolish talk; founded on [baothaire], fool, from [baoth], q.v. ++, lust, so Ir., E.Ir. [baes], [*baisso-] (Stokes); compared by Bezzenberger to Gr. @G[faidro/s], shining, and by Strachan to the root [gheidh], desire, Lit. [geidu], desire, Ch.Sl. [z@?ida], expetere, Goth. [gaidw], a want. Possibly allied to Lat. [foedus], foul. , madness, so Ir., E.Ir. [ba/is]; from [baoth] (Zim. Z@+[32] 229) = [ba/ithas]. Cf. [sgi\th], [sgi\os]. , shine forth: see [boillsg]. , a small wite maggot; see [boiteag]. , nearness of doing anything (M`A.); [baoghal]? Cf. its use in Fern. MS. , foolish, so Ir., O.Ir. [ba/ith], [baeth]; root [bai], fear, as in [baoghal]; Cor. [bad], Br. [bad], stupidity, are not allied, nor is Goth. [bauths], dumb, as some suggest. Hence , fool. , a barrow, Ir. [bara], E.Ir. [bara]; from M.Eng. [barowe], Eng. [barrow]. , opinion, Ir. [baramhuil], M.Ir. [baramail]: [bar+samhail]; for [bar-], see [ba\irneachd], [bra\th]. , a barrel, Ir. [ba/irille], E.Ir. [barille], W. [baril]; from M.E. [barel], from O.Fr. [baril]. , , borage; Ir. [barraist]; from the Eng. [borage]. , a baron; Ir. [baru/n], W. [barwn]; from the Eng. --page 30 , surety, warrant, Ir., M.Ir. [bara/nta], W. [gwarant]; from M.Eng. [warant], now [warrant]. So St. , a barber, Ir. [bearrbo/ir] (Fol.), W. [barfwr]; from the Eng. , barbarous, Ir. [barbartha]; from Lat. [barbarus], Eng. [barbarous]. , silver-weed (Arm.); also (from [brisg]): , tangle tops, barberry; from Eng. [barberry]. In Lewis, the former is called . , a bark, boat, Ir. [ba/rc], E.Ir. [barc], W. [barg], Br. [barc]. These words are all ultimately from the Late Latin [barca], whence throught Fr. comes Eng. [bark]. , rush (as water), Ir. [ba/rcaim], break out; cf. M.Ir. [barc], multitude; Lat. [farcio], cram, [frequens], numerous. , a poet, Ir. [ba/rd], E.Ir. [bard], W. [bardd], Br. [barz], Gaul. [bardos], [*bardo-s]; Gr. @G[fra/zw] (@G[frad-]), speak (Eng. [phrase]. , dyke, inclosure, meadow, Ir. [ba/rd], a guard, garrison; from Eng. [ward], enclosed pasture land (Liddell 35). , a bargain, W. [bargen]; from the Eng. [bargain]. , a rag, tatter-demalion; cf. Ir. [barli/n], sheet, for [braith-li/n], q.v. , a term in pipe music; from Eng. [bar] + G. [luath]. , a summons; from the Eng. [warning]. , barrow, cairn (H.S.D., a Skye word). Cape Wrath is [Am Parph] in Gaelic ([An Carbh], Lewis); from Norse [Hvarf], a turning, rounding, Eng. [wharf]. , top, Ir. [ba/rr], O.Ir. [barr], W., Cor. [bar], Br. [barr], [*barso-]; Norse [barr], pine needles, Ag.S. [byrst], Eng. [bristle], [burr]; Lat. [fastiguim] (for [farstigium], top; Skr. [bhr@.shti], a point. Hence , overplus. , refuse, flotsam (Wh.). , a spike, bar, Ir. [ba/rra], W. [bar], nail, etc.; all from the Eng. [bar]. ,, potato bloom, bud. See [gucag]. Also [barr-guc]. , boasting, brag, , vain, prating; see [ba\irseag]. , a cornice (A.M`D.); [barr+maise]. Also (verb), ornament (M`A.). , a check (Carm.): , palm of the hand, Ir., O.Ir. [bas], [bass], [boss], Br. [boz], [*bosta^]; Gr. @G[a@'gosto/s]. , death, Ir., O.Ir. [ba/s]; Celtic root [ba@-], [ba], hit, slay, whence Gaul. Lat. [batuere] (Eng. [battls], etc.); Ag.S. [beadu], war. , a basin; from Sc. [bassie], Eng. [basin]. , a basket, Ir. [basgaod], W. [basged]; from the Eng. [basket]. , noise, gaiety; from Norse [bastle], turmoil. , a bastard, so Ir. and M.Ir., W. [basdardd]; all from the Eng. [bastard]. --page 31 , mourning, Ir. [bascarrach], lamentation, clapping with the hands, M.Ir. [basgaire]; [bas+gaire], "palm-noise"; for [baire], see [goir]. Also . , melodious: , vermilion; from the obsolete adg. [basg], red, E.Ir. [basc], and [luath], ashes, q.v. Stokes cfs. [basc] to Lat. [bacca] (for [bat-ca]), berry. , , a stick, Ir. [bata]; from M.Eng. [batte], stick, now [bat], which comes from O.Fr. [batte], from Gaul. Lat. [battuere], as under [ba\s], q.v. The Br. [baz] seems borrowed from the Fr. thought it may be native. , a boat, Ir. [ba/d], M.Ir. [ba/t], W. [ba^d]; all from Ag.S. [ba^t], Eng. [boat], Norse, [ba/tr] (Stokes). K. Meyer takes Ir. and G. from the Norse. , a fight; see [baiteal]. , drown, Ir. [ba/thaim], O.Ir. [ba/dud] (inf.), W. [boddi], Br. [beuzi]; I.E. [@ga@-dh], sink, Gr. @G[baqu/s], deep, @G[-bdu/w], sink, Skr. [ga@-has], the deep. Gl. [fodio] (Ern.). , vain, foolish (Hend.); see . Skye. , a byre, Ir. [bothigh], W. [beudy]; [bo/+tigh], "cow-house". , forehead, Ir. [baithis], pate, E.Ir. [baithes], crown of the forehead; [*bat-esti-], from [bat], I.E. [bha@-], shine, Gr. @G[fa/sis], appearance, [phase]. See [ba\n] further. Lat. [facies], face, appearance, may be allied, though the latest authorities connect it with [facio], make. , wares; from the Eng. [wares]. ++, beaver, Ir. [beabhar] (Lh.), Cor. [befer], Br. [bieuzr], Gaul. [Bibrax]; Lat. [fiber]; Eng. [beaver], A.S. [be/ofor]. Gaelic and Ir. are doubtful. , a bee, so Ir., O.Ir. [bech], W. [begegyr], drone, [*biko-s]; a root [bi-] appears in Eng. [bee], Ag. S. [beo/] (=[*bija]), Ger. [biene] (=[*bi-nja]), Lit. [bitis]. Stokes makes the Celtic stem [beko-s], but does not compare it with any other language. , opinion, notice, Ir. [beacht], certain, E.Ir. [becht], [bechtaim], I certify; [*bhig-to-]; Lat. [figo] (St. Z.C.P. 71). , impudent, fastidious, Ir. [be/adaidh], [beadaidh], sweet-mouthed, scoffing; E.Ir. [bet], talking, shameless girl (Corm.): [*beddo-], [*bez-do-], root [bet], [@get], as in [beul]. , fondling, caressing, , pampered: , little, Ir. [beag], O.Ir. [becc], W. [bach], Cor. [bechan], Br. [bic'han], [bian], [*bezgo-]; Lat. [vescus] (=[gvesgus])? Some have connected it with Gr. @G[mikro/s], Dor.Gr. [mikko/s], and Dr Cameron suggested Lat. [vix], scarcely. , engine, loom: see [beart]. , shrouds, rigging; see [beart]. --page 32 , a pass, Ir. [bealach], pass, road, E.Ir. [belach], cf. Skr. [bi/la], gap, mouth; [bilako-n] (C.RR. 174). Cf. W. [bwlch], pass, etc? See [bile]. , broom, Ir. [beally/i] (Lh. [Comp. Voc.]); cf. Br. [balan], M.Br. [balazn], O.Fr. [balain]; also Fr. [balai], older [balain], a broom. This might be referred to the common root [bhel], bloom (prolific as a root, like the corresponding root of [broom], as in W. [balannu], to bud), but the W. for "broom" is [banadl], Cor. [banathel], which M. Ernault has compared with Lat. [genista], broom (root [gen], beget?). Jub. gives Br. as [banadlon] (R.C.@+[18] 106). The Br. might be a metathesis of W. [banadl] (cf. Br. [alan] v. [anail]). It is possible that Gaelic is borrowed from the Pictish; the word does not appear in the Ir. Dictionaries, save in Lh.'s Celt. part, which perhaps proves nothing. , a species of hawk (Sh., O'R.); for [bealbhan], cf. ++, a bit, from [beul], mouth? , May-day, Ir. [be/alteine], E.Ir. [beltene], [belltaine], [*belo-te(p)nia^] (Stokes), "bright-fire", where [belo-] is allied to Eng. [bale] ("bale-fire"), Ag.S. [bael], Lit. [baltas], white. The Gaul. god-names [Belenos] and [Belisama] are also hence, and Shakespeare's [Cym-beline]. Two needfires were lighted on Beltane among the Gael, between which they drove their cattle for purification and luck; hence the proverb: "Eadar da\ theine Bhealltuinn" - Between two Beltane fires. , wife, so Ir. [ben], W. [bun], [benyw], Cor. [benen], sponsa, Celtic [bena@^], g. [bna^s], pl.n. [bna^s]; Gr. [gunc/], B@oeot. Gr. [bana/]; Got. [gino^], Eng. [queen], Sc. [queyn]; Skr. [gna^]. , touch, Ir. [beanaim], beat, touch, appertain to, O.Ir. [benim], pulso, ferio, Br. [bena], to cut, M.Br. [benaff], hit; [*bina], root [bin], [bi] (O.Ir. [ro bi], percussit, [bithe], perculsus), from I.E. [bhi], [bhei], hit; Ch.Sl. [bija], [biti], strike; O.H.G. [bi^hal], axe; Gr. @G[fitro/s], log. Further is root [bheid], split, Eng. [bite]. Usually [bean] has been referred to I.E. [@ghen], [@ghon], hit, slay; Gr. @G[fen-], slay, @G[epefnon], slew, @G[fo/nos], slaughter, @G[qei/nw], strike; Skr. [han], hit; but [@gh] = G. [b] is doubtful. , top, horn, peak, Ir. [beann], O.Ir. [benn], pinna, W. [ban], height, peak, M.Br. [ban], also [benny], horn, pipe (music), Gaul. [canto-bennicus] mons, "white peak" mount; proto-Gaelic [benna^]; root [@gen-], [@gn-], as in Eng. [knoll], Sc. [knowe]. In Scotch Gaelic, the oblique form has usurped the place of [beann], save in the gen.pl. , blessing, so Ir., O.Ir. [bendacht], W. [bendith]l from Lat. [bendictio], whence Eng. [benediction]. --page 33 , a skirt, corner, coif, Ir. [beanno/g]; from [beann]. , a corn-fan; see . , dog-fish (M`A.); O.Ir. [berach], verutus, from [bior]; cf. Eng. "picked or horned dogfish"; "bone-dog". , judgement (Sh., O'R.); root [bera], [bra^], as in [bra\th], q.v. , vervain; from Eng. [vervain], Lat. [verbena]. , a breach, cleft, Ir. [bearna], E.Ir. [berna]; I.E. [bher], cut, bore; Lat. [forare], bore; Gr. @G[fa/ros], a plough, @G[farw], split; Arm. [beran], mouth; Ch.Sl. [bar], clip; Eng. [bore]. Also [bern], fen in E.Ir. , shear, Ir. [be/arraim], O.Ir. [berraim], O.W. [byrr], short, Cor. [ber], Br. [berr], short, [*berso-]; Gr. @G[fa/rsos], any piece cut off; root [bhera], as in [bearn]. , flighty, nimble; from [bea\rr]? , a deed, Ir. [bea/rt], load, action, E.Ir. [bert], bundle, birth; Gr. @G[fo/rtos], burden; root, [bher], in [beir], q.v. Also , engine, loom. It is used in many compounds in the sense of "gear", as in , foot-gear, shoes; , head-gear, helmet, etc. , rich; from [beart]; W. [berth], rich, [berthedd], riches. , life, so Ir. O.Ir. [bethu], g. [bethad], Celtic stem [bita^t-], divided into [bi-ta^t]; see [bith] (i.e. [bi-tu-]) for root. It is usual for philologists to represent the stem of [beatha] as [bivota^t], that is [bi-vo-ta^t-], the [bi-vo-] part being the same as the stem [bivo] of [beo\]. While the root [bi] is common to both [beatha] and [beo\], the former does not contain [-vo-]; it is the O.Ir. nom. [beothu] ([*bi-tu^s]) that has set philologists wrong. Hence G. and Ir. , animal. Ir. [beathadhach], dial. of [beathach]. , a curtesy; from Sc. [beck], curtesy, a dialectic use of Eng. [beck], [beckon]. Hence , bobbing, etc. (M`A.). , grind; a very common form of [meil], q.v. , is; see [bheil]. , corn-poppy; see [mealbhag]. Also . , a muzzle, Ir. [beulmhach], a bridle, bit, [-mhach] for [bach] termination from [bongim], beat; from [beul]. , blubber-lipped, (H.S.D.); from [beul]. The first form suggests a stem [be/l-nac-]. Cf. , a prating mouth. Also . , outer coating of birch, rind; also , q.v. , (H.S.D.), a bench; from Sc. [bink]; Eng. [bench]. Cf. Ir. [beinse], W. [mainc], Br. [menk]. , hill, ben; oblique form of [beann] (f.n.), used as a fem.nom., for [beann] sounds masculine beside [ceann], etc. See [beann]. --page 34 , binding of a sheaf of corn, bundle; from Sc. [bindle], a cord of straw or other for binding, Eng. [bundle]; from [bind]. , catch, bring forth, Ir. [beirim], O.Ir. [berim], W. [cymmeryd], to take, accept, Br. [kemeret] (=[com-ber-]); I.E. [bher], whence Lat. [fero], Gr. [fe/rw], Eng. [bear], Skr. [bharami]. , , (Hend.), barm, yeast; from Sc. [barm] (pronounced [berm], Eng. [barm]; Lat. [fermentum]. , plate-rack on dresser (Rob.). , a beast, Ir. [bi/ast], [pe/ist], O.Ir. [be/ist], W. [bwystfil]; from Lat. [bestia] (Eng. [beast]). Also . , birch, so Ir., O.Ir. [bethe], W. [bedw], Br. [bezuenn], Celtic [betva^], Lat. [betula], Fr. [boule]. , a serpent, any wild beast, monster, a huge skate, Ir. [beithir], wild beast, bear, E.Ir. [beithir], G. [bethrach]. In the sense of "bear", the word is, doubtless, borrowed; but there seems a genuine Celtic word [betrix] behind the other meanings, and the [beithir] or [beithir be/imneach] is famed in myth. Cf. Lat. [be@-stia], for [bet-tia]? Norse [bera], bear (fem.), [beirfhall], bearskin, Eng. [bear] (Zim. K.B.@+[1] 286). , neat, clean (M`F.): , living, Ir., O.Ir. [beo/], W. [byw], Br. [beu], [*bivo-s]; Lat. [vi^vus], living, [vi^ta]; Gr. @G[bi/otos], a living; Eng. [quick]; Skr. [ji^va/], living; I.E. [@gei-], [@gi-], live. See also [beatha], [bith]. , beer, Ir. [beo/r]; from Ag.S. [beo/r], Norse [bjo/rr] (Eng. [beer]). , ashes with hot embers (M`A.); from [beo\] + [luathach], "live-ashes". Another , lively youth, hero, stands for [beo\-lach]; for [-lach], see [o\glach]. , anything, mangled: , roar, Ir. [be/ic], O.Ir. [be/ccim], W. [beichio], [baich], [*beikkio^]; Cor. [begy], Br. [begiat], squeal, [baeguel], bleat, [*baikio^] (Stokes). The difficulty of the vowels as between G. and W. ([e/] should give [wy]) suggests comparison with [creuchd], W. [craith], [*crempt-] (Strachan). Thus [beuc], [baich] suggests [benk-ko-], further [gn@.k-ko-], root [@gem], Lat. [gemo], etc. The same result can be derived from the root [geng-] of [geum], q.v. , mischief, hurt, Ir. [be/ad], E.Ir. [be/t], [*bento-n]; allied to Eng. [bane]. , mouth, so Ir., O.Ir. [be/l], [*bet-lo-], I.E. [@get-], whence Eng. [quoth], Got. [qithan]. The idea is the "speaker". Some connect W. [gwefl] (=[vo-bel]), but this is probably [*vo-byl], [byl], edge (Ernault). , front, E.Ir. [ar-be/laib], O.Ir. [be/lib]; dat.pl. of [beul]; also mixed with this is the O.Ir. acc.pl. [be/ulu]. --page 35 , a stroke, cut, taunt, Ir. and O.Ir. [be/im], nom.pl. [be/men], blow, from the root [beng], [bong], which appears in [buain]; cf. [ceum] from [ceng-men], [leum] from [leng-men]. This agrees with Cor. [bom], blow. Some suggest [beid-men] or [beids-men], root [bheid], Eng. [bite], which suits G. best as to meaning. The favourite derivation has been [*ben-s-men], root [ben] of [bean]. , , Mbeurtha>, sharp, pointed, clear; gibe, jeer (Hend.); cf. Ir. [be/arrtha], clipped, from [bea\rr]; from [berr-tio-s], with [i] regressive into [berr], giving [beirr]. , English, language, Ir. [beurla], speech, language, especially English; O.Ir. [be/lre]; [be/l]+[re], [be/l], mouth, and the abstract termination [-re] (as in [luibhre], [buidhre], etc.). , conduct, habit, so Ir., O.Ir. [be/s], Br. [boaz], [*beissu-], [beid-tu-], root [beid], I.E. [bheidh], Gr. @G[peiqw], persuade, Lat. [fides], English [faith]. Others derive it from [bhend], bind, giving [bhend-tu-] as the oldest stem. Windisch suggests connection with Got. [bansts], barn, Skr. [bha^sa], cowstall. The Breton [oa] seems against these derivations. , , was, Ir. [do bha/mar], we were ([bha/-]), [do bhi/], was, M.Ir. [ro bo/i], was, O.Ir., [bo/i], [ba/i], [bu/i], a perfect tense, [*bove(t)], for [bebove]; Skr. [babhu@-va]; Gr. @G[pe/fu-ke]; I.E. [bheu], to be, as in Lat. [fui], was (an aorist form), Eng. [be]. , , down; by eclipsis for [a(n) bh-fa\n], "into declivity", from [fa\n], a declivity, Ir., O.Ir., [fa/n], proclive, W. [gwaen], a plain, planities montana, [*vag-no-], root, [vag], bow, etc., Lat. [vagor], wander, Ger. [wackeln], wobble. Ir. has also [fa/n], a wandering, which comes near the Lat. sense. In Sutherlandshire, the adj. , prone, is still used. , is, Ir. [fuil], [bh-fuil], O.Ir. [fail], [fel], [fil], root [vel] ([val]), wish, prevail, Lat. [volo], [valeo], Eng. [will]. , , from Ir. [o/], [ua], O.Ir., [o/], [u/a], [*ava]; Lat. [au]-fero, "away"-take; Ch.Sl. [u-]; Skr. [ava], from. , , on this side; from the eclipsed form [a(n) bh-fos], "in station", in rest, Ir. [abhus], O.Ir. [i foss], here, O.Ir. [foss], remaining, staying, rest. See [fois], rest, for root. , , your, Ir. [bhar n-], O.Ir. [bar n-], [far n-], [*svaron] (Stokes), [*s-ves-ro-n]. For [sves-], see [sibh]. Cf. for form Got. [izvara], Lat. [nostrum] (nos[-tero-], where [-tero-] is a fuller comparitive form than Celtic [-(e)ro-], [-ro-] of [sves-ro-n], [svaron]). , , be Ir. [bi/], be thou, O.Ir. [bi/u], sum, [bi/] be thou, O.W. [bit], sit, [bwyf], sim, M.Br. [bezaff]. Proto-Celtic [bhv-ijo^], for O.Ir. [bi/u], I am; Lat [fio]; Eng. [be]; I.E. root [bheu], be. See [bha]. Stokes differs from other authorities in referring [bi/u], [bi/] to Celtic [beio^], root [bei], [bi], live, as in [bith], [beatha], Lat. [vivo], etc. --page 36 , , doorpost, threshold (Hend.), E.Ir. [di bi/] = two posts. M`A. has [bi\gh], post, pillar. , food, so Ir., O.Ir., O.Ir. [biad], [*bivoto-n], whence W. [bywyd], vita, Cor. [buit], cibus, Br. [boed], food. [bivoto-n] is a derivative from [bivo-] of [beo\], living, q.v. , a hide, Ir., E.Ir. [bi/an], [*beino-]; root [bhei-], as in Eng. [bite], Lat. [findo]. For force, cf. Gr. @G[de/rma], skin, from [der], split, Eng. [tear]. Cf., for root, [bean], hit. , niggardly; from [biast]. In some parts [biast] is applied to a niggardly person. H.S.D. refers it to [biadh]+[sgathach], catching at morsels. , a beast, worthless person; see [be/ist]. The word , abuse, is a metaphoric use of [biast]. , a raven (Sh.); cf. [biatach], [biadhtach], a provider, farmer, from [biadh]. , betony, beet, Ir. [biatuis], W. [betys]; from Lat. [be@-tis], [be@-ta], Eng. [beet]. Also . , earth-worm, hook-bait, (Dialectic); from [biadh]. Cf. Lat. [esca], bait, for [ed-sca], [ed]=[eat]. The word in many places means "to entice". , provisions for a journey, [viaticum]; formed from [biadh], with, possibly, a leaning on [viaticum]. , viscount (Arm.). Founded on the Eng., and badly spelt by Armstrong: either or . , a single grain (Arg.). From [bioc], [pioc]? (Wh.) , a wooden dish; from Sc. [bicker], Eng. [beaker]. Also , . , a very small portion, a nip, a chirp. In the sense of "small portion", the word is from the Sc. [bite], [bit], Eng. [bite], [bit]. In the sense of "chirp, a small sound", O'R. has an Ir. word [bi/d], "song of birds". See . Hence , diminutive person or thing. Cf. W. [bidan], of like force. , a bit, bittie; from Sc. [bittock], dim. of Eng. [bit]. , a fence (Stew.), (Sh.), Ir. [bi/d], [bi/dea/n] (O'R.), W. [bid], quickset hedge, [bidan], a twig; [*bid-do-], root [bheid], split? , a vice, screw, so Ir.; from Eng. [vice]. , a bitch; from the English. , , pith of wood, gum. See / , , edge, lip, Ir. [bil], mouth, E.Ir., [bil], [bile], W. [byl], [*bili-], [bilio-]. Root [bhi], [bhei], split; cf. Skr. [bi/la], a hole, mouth of a vessel, etc.; [vil], edge : W. also [myl]. , , a leaf, blade, Ir. [billeo/g], [bileo/g], [*bilia^], I.E. root [bhela], [bhale], [bhle@-], [bhlo@-], as in [bla\th]; Lat. [folium]; Gr. @G[fu/llon], a leaf; further, Eng. [blade]. --page 37 , , sea-grass, sweet-grass; from [bile]. , a billet; from the Eng. , a mean, sorry fellow, a glutton, Ir., E.Ir. [bille], mean, paltry. In the Heb. it means, "rancid butter" (H.S.D.). , also (Arg.), cheese, rennet, bag that holds the rennet, stomach, Ir. [binid], O.Ir. [binit], rennet; [*binenti-], "biter", root of [bean]? Cf. [muinne], stomach. , melodious, so Ir., O.Ir. [bind], [*bendi], [*bydi-]; O.Br. [bann] (St.); Skr. [bhandate], joyful, [bhand], receive loud praise, [bhanda/na], shouting (Stokes, who adds Lat. [fides], lyre). The idea may, however, be "high", root of [beann], peak, [binneach], high-headed. See next also.>> , sentence, verdict; [*bendi-], [*benni-]; cf. E.Ir. [atboind], proclaims, [*bonno^], I ban. Cf. Skr. [bhan], speak, Eng. [ban]. It is clear that Gaelic has an ablaut in [e:o] connected with the root [bha], speak. , curdle; from [binid], q.v. , pinnacle; from [beann], q.v. , , Bible, Ir. [biobla], W. [bebil]; from Lat. [biblia], Eng. [bible]. , pointed top; root in [biodag], [bidean]. , a daggar, Ir. [bideo/g] (O'R.), [miodo/g], W. [bidog], O.Br. [bitat], resicaret, [*biddo-], [bid-do-], Celtic root [bid], [beid], I.E. [bhid], [bheid], Lat. [findo], Eng. [bite], Skr. [bhid], split. Hence Eng. [bodkin], possibly. , , a start, Ir. [bi/odhg], E.Ir. [bedg], O.Ir. [du-bidcet], jaculantur, [*bizgo-], root [bis], [@gis], root [@gi-] of [beo\]. Consider , lively, [quick]. , , chirp; onomatopetic; cf. Lat. [pipe], chirp, Eng. [pipe]; also Eng. [cheep]. Also , q.v. , churlish; "cheepish", from [bi\og], cheep. , melodious (M`F.); from ++, violin; from Eng. [viol], Fr. [viole], violin. , water-cresses, Ir. [biolar], E.Ir. [biror], W. [berwr], Cor., Br. [beler], [*beruro-], Lat. [berula] (Marcellus), Fr. [berle], So. [berro]. Possibly allied to the root of Celtic [bervo^], seethe, O.Ir. [tipra], well, G. [tobar], Eng. [burn]. Cf. Ger. [brunnen kresse], water-cress, i.e. "well" cress. The dictionaries and old glossaries (Cormac, etc.) give [bir], [bior], as water or well. , dainty, spruce (Sh.); for [bior-ar], from [bior], "sharp"? , prattling, so Ir. (Lh. O'B.); from [bil], lip. , symmetrical (Carm.): Sc [bien]. , stake, spit, Ir. [bior], O.Ir. [bir], W. [be^r], Cor., Br. [ber], Celtic [beru-]; Lat. [veru]; Gr. @G[baru/es], trees (Hes.); Lit. [gi\re@?], forest. Hence , sharp. --page 38 , a heifer, colt, Ir. [biorach], cow-calf: , water-lily; same origin as [biolar], q.v. , gush, twich, tingle; from the roots of [biolar] ([bior-]) and [bior]. , a helmet, cap, Ir. [birreud], cap; from Eng. [biretta], from Late Lat. [birretum]. , a keen impatience: "groading"; from [bior]. , a balance; from Sc. [bismar], Norse [bismari]. , bowsprit of a sailing boat (N. Lochaber), forepart of vessel: , a churn, vessel; from Norse [bytta], a pail, tub, Ag.S. [bytt], Latin [buttis], Eng. [butt]. , victuals, E.Ir. [bita/ill], W. [bitel], M.Br. [bitaill]; from O.Fr. [vitaille], from Lat. [victualia]. Eng. [victuals] is from the French. , a galley, bark, M.Ir. [beirling]; formed from the Norse [byr@dhingr], a ship of burthen, from [byr@dhr], burden, vb. [bera], Eng. [bear]. The Sc. [bierling], [birlinn] is from the Gaelic. Cf. [feo\irlig]=[fjo/r@dhungr]. , stir up; from [bior], goad. , luck; see [piseach]. , the world, existence, Ir., O.Ir. [bith], W. [byd], Br. [bed], Gaul. [bitu-], [*bitu-s]; root [bi], [bei], live, I.E. [@gei], [@gi], whence Lat. [vivo], Eng. [be], etc. Hence [beatha], [beo\], [biadh], q.v. , being (inf. of [bi\], be), Ir., E.Ir. [beith], O.Ir. [buith]. The O.Ir. is from the root [bhu] (Eng. [be], Lat. [fui]) = [*buti-s], Gr. @G[fu/sis]. The forms [bith] and [beith], if derived from [bhu], have been influenced by [bith], world, existence; but it is possible that they are of the same root [@gi] as [bith]. Stokes, in his treatise on the [Neo-Celtic Verb Substantive], takes [bith] and [beith] from the root [ga], go, Gr. [ba/sis] (Eng. [base]), a root to which he still refers the O.Ir. aorist [ba/], fui (see [bu]). , resin, gum, birdlime, Ir. [bigh], O.Ir. [bi/], pix, adj. [bi/de], [*geis-], a longer form of [gis-], the root of [giuthas], fir (Schra@"der). Otherwise we must regard it as borrowed from Lat. [pix], [picis], whence W. [pyg], Eng. [pitch], against which [b] and [i/] ([i] long) militate. , quiet (Arm.): , prefix denoting "ever", Ir., O.Ir. [bith-], W. [byth-]; from [bith], world. , difficult utterance: , foe, Ir. [bi/odhbha], E.Ir., O.Ir. [bidbe], [bidbid] (gen.), culprit, enemy. , fame, , hero; see [fiu\], [fiu\bhaidh]. --page 39 , stammerer, Ir. [blabara/n], from the Eng. [blabber], speak inarticulately. It is of onomatopetic origin. Cf. Eng. [babble]. , a wide mouth, a flatterer, Ir. [bladaire], flatterer; from the Eng. [blatterer], bletherer, blusterer, [blatter], prate; from Lat. [blaterare], prate. Also a wide mouth (M`F.). , fame, Ir. [bla/dh], E.Ir. [blad]; root [blad-], [blat-], speak, as in Lat. [blatero], babble, Norse [bla@dhr], nonsense, Sc. [blether]. See [bladair]. Cf. [glaodh], shout. Hence , expressive, a boaster. , strong, from , pith, W. [blawdd], active; [*bla^d-]; root [bla@-], swell, bloom, as in [bla\th], q.v. , a boast, etc.; see [blaomadh]. , , flat-nosed, flat-footed; [blad-] is from Eng. [flat]. , blasphemy; from Lat. [blasphemia], Eng. [blasphemy]. , rotten, stale; from Norse [blanda], whey "blend". , flattery, dissimulation, so Ir.; from Lat. [blandiri], Sc. [blander], Eng. [blandish]. ++, a shout, noise, Ir. [blaodh], M.Ir. [blaeded], W. [bloedd]. Hence , noisy girl, , calf's cry, etc. , loud talking, Ir. [blaodhmanach], noisy person; from [*blaid-s-men]; see [blaodh]. ++, a shell, Ir. [blaosc], M.Ir. [blaesc], testa, W. [blisg]; see [plaosg]. , a field, battle, peat-moss; from [bla\r], spotted, the idea being a "spot". See next word.>> , having a white face, or white spot on the face (of an animal); [bla@-ro-s], root [bla@-], from I.E. [bhale], shine, [bha@-]; Gr. @G[faloro/s] (second @G[a] long), having a white patch (on the head, as on a dog's head). Cf. Dutch [blaar], a white spot on the forehead (Whence Fr. [blaireau], badger), M.Dutch [blaer], bald. See for roots [bealltuinn], [ba\n]. Welsh has [blawr], grey, iron-grey, which seems allied. This word enters largely into Pictish topography. It is not so used in Argyle (M`K.) nor in Ireland. , taste, Ir. [blas], O.Ir. [mlas], W. [bla^s], Br. [blas], [*mlasto-]; Czech [mlasti], lick, be sweet-toothed, Russ. [molsati@u], suck (Bezzenberger). Ultimately the root seems to be [mel], as in [meli-], honey, G. [mil], and even [meil], grind. Hence Fr. [blase/]? , blaspheme (Hend.). See . , bloom, blossom, Ir., E.Ir. [bla\th], W. [blawd], [blodau], Cor. [blodon], M.Br. [bleuzenn], [*bla^to-n]; I.E. root [blela]: [bhlo], blossom forth; Lat. [flo@-s], flower; Eng. [bloom], etc. --page 40 , warm, kind, Ir., E.Ir. [bla/ith], soft, smooth, [mla/ith], [*mla^ti]; root [mela], [mla^], to grind. The original idea is "ground soft". Cf. W. [blawd], meal. , buttermilk, Ir., M.Ir. [bla/thach]; [bla@--tac-], root [mel], [mla^], as in [bla\th]. The idea is "pounded, soured". Cf. [braich], from [mrac-], "soured", and Eng. [malt], "soured", from [melt]. Hence Sc. [bladach]. , a soothing, flattering fellow, Ir. [bleachdaire], flatterer, cow-milker; a metaphoric use of the last word>>, "cow-milker", from [bliochd], milk, q.v. , milk (vb.), Ir. [blighim]; see [bleoghainn]. , a dibble for digging up shell-fish, a worthless tool; , impertinence, solicitation, Ir. [bleid], cajolery, impertinence. This seems another word formed on the word [bladair], [blad], just like Eng. [blatant], [blate] (talk, prate). , coward; from Norse [bley@dhi], cowardice, and Sc. [blate](?). , grind, Ir. [bleithim], E.Ir. [bleith], inf. to O.Ir. [melim], I grind, W. [malu], Br. [malaff]; root [mel], grind, Lat. [molo], Eng. [meal], etc. , milking, E.Ir. [blegon], inf. to [bligim], [mligim]; Lat. [mulgeo]; Gr. @G[a@'-me/lgw]; Eng. [milk]; Lit. [me/lz@?u]. , year, Ir. [bliadhain], O.Ir. [bliadain], W. [blydd], [blwyddyn], Br. [bloaz], [blizen], [*bleidni-], [*bleido-]; I.E. [@ghleidh], whence Eng. [glide]: "labuntur anni" (Stokes). It is doubtful if I.E. [@gh] becomes Celtic [b]. , jargon; from the Sc. [blellum]. , the flank, groin, Ir. [ble/in], E.Ir. [ble/n], O.Ir. [melen], for [mleen], [*mlakno-]; Gr. @G[malako/s], soft (Strachan, Stokes). The meaning, if not the phonetics, is not quite satisfactory. , lean, insipid, , lean flesh; cf. W. [blin], tired, O.Br. [blinion], inertes. These may be referred to [*@gleghno-], Lit. [glez@?nus], tender, weak, Gr. @G[blchro/s], languid. See, however, the derivation suggested for [blian], above. For the Brittonic words, Stokes has suggested the stem [ble^no-]; Skr. [gla/na], tired. , milk; see [bleagh]. , yellow marsh, asphodel, Ir. [bliochan]; from [*blioch] = [*melgos-], milk. For phonetics, cf. [teach], from [tegos-]. , milk, Ir. [bleachd], E.Ir. [blicht], W. [blith], [*ml@.ctu-], root [melg], milk. See [bleoghainn]. , basking (Islands): "softening"? See [blian]. , artichoke (Sh., O'B., O'R.), Ir. [bliosa/n]: [*blig-s-a@-n-], "milk-curdler"? Its florets were used for curdling. --page 41 , blubber-lipped (Sh.); from Eng. [blub], puffed, protruding, [blubber], etc. , a little block, , block (Dialectic), Ir. [bloc], [bloca/n]; from Eng. [block]. , fragment, half, Ir. [blogh], [blo/gh], fragment, E.Ir. [blog], pre-Celtic [bhlog]; Eng. [block], further away Eng. [balk], Gr. @G[fa/lagx]. Stokes refers it to the root of Eng. [pluck]. (St. now Eng. [blough], Ger. [pflug]). , any plant with crisped leaves, Ir. [bloinigain] (O'R.); G. and Ir. is "spinage". Cameron refers the word to [blonag], fat. , ostentation (Sh.). Ir. [blomas]; see [bladhm]. Ir. [blamaire], means "boaster". , fat, Ir. [blono/g], [blainic], [blunag], M.Ir. [blonac], W. [bloneg], Br. [blonek], [*blon-], [*blen-], root [bhle], [bhel], swell; a very prolific root. Rhys says W. is borrowed. [[R.C.@+[17] 102]] ++, sound a horn, Ir. [blosgaidhim], resound, sound a horn, M.Ir. [blosc], voice; W. [bloedd], a shout, from [*blog@dho-], for [blo@dhgo-]; cf. [me\ag], W. [maidd]. [[Zeit@+[34] 502.]] Cf. Gr. @G[floi@nsbos], din (= @G[flos-gos]), Lit. [bla/zgu], roar. , a cow, Ir., O.Ir. [bo/], W. [buw], O.Br. [bou-], [*bov-s]; I.E. [@go^us], whence Lat. [bos], Gr. @G[bou@ns], Eng. [cow], Skr. [go]. , , a term of affection for a boy; cf. M.Ir. [boban], calf, [bo/ban], from [bo/]. Eng. [babe], earlier, [baban], of uncertain origin, may be compared. , a buck, Ir. [boc], he-goat, O.Ir. [bocc], W. [bwch], Cor. [boch], Br. [bouc'h], [*bukko-s]; Skr. [bukka], goat. These may be analysed into [bug-ko-], root [bug], Zend. [bu^za], buck, Arm. [buc], lamb, Eng. [buck], Ger. [bock]. , swell, Ir. [bo/caim]; cf. W. [boch], cheek, from Lat. [bucca], puffed cheek (Eng. [debouch], [rebuke]). , hobgoblin, Ir. [boca/n], E.Ir. [bocca/nach]. With these are connected W. [bwg] ([bwci], Cor. [bucca], borrowed from M.E.?), Eng. [bug], [bugbear], [bogie]; the relationship is not clear (Murray). For Gadelic a stem [bukko-], from [bug-ko-], would do, allied possibly to Norse [pu/ki], a Puck, Ag.S. [puca], larbula. [boc-sithe], apparition, ghost (Perth: Wh.). , proud, nimble; cf. the interjection ++, Ir. [boch], heyday! "O festum diem". , swelling, the sea (Carm.), [boch-thonn] (H.S.D.): --page 42 , poor, so Ir., O.Ir. [bocht]; [*bog-to-], a participle from the vb. (Irish) [bongaim], break, reap, Celtic [bongo^], break; Skr. [bhanj], break, Lit. [banga], breaker (wave). See [buain]. , a box, so Ir., pronounced in Ir. [bosca] also, W. [bocys]; from Eng. [box]. Hence , a thump, Eng. [box]. , an old man, a carle, Ir. [bodach], a rustic, carle; [*bodd-aco-], "pe@-nitus", from , mentula, M.G. [bod] (D.of Lismore passim), M.Ir. [bod], [bot], [*boddo-], [*bozdo-]; Gr. @G[po/sqc], mentula. Stokes suggests the alternative form [butto-s], Gr. @G[bu/ttos], vulva, but the G. [d] is against this. He also suggests that [bodach] is formed on the O.Fr. [botte], a clod. , a rock over which waves break; from Norse [bo@dhi], a breaker, over sunken rocks especially. , a sea-lark. , body, corpus; from the Sc. [bouk], body, trunk, Norse [bu/kr], trunk, Ger. [bauch], belly. The G. word has been compared by Fick with Eng. [body], Ag.S. [bodig], and Murray says it is thence derived, but the [d] would scarcely disappear and leave the soft [g] ending now so hard. , ham, breech, breast: [*boud-@-no], [*boud], [bhud-]; cf. Eng. [butt], [buttock]. , deaf, so Ir., O.Ir. [bodar], W. [byddar], Cor. [bodhar], Br. [bouzar]; Skr. [badhira/]. , , a fright (Perthshire), E.Ir. [bodba], dangerous, [*bodv-io-s]; from [bodvo-] in [baobh], q.v. , swampy ground: , soft, Ir. [bog], O.Ir. [bocc], Br. [bouk], O.Br. [buc], putris; [*boggo-], [*bug-go-]; I.E. [bhu@g], bend, Skr. [bhugna], bent, Got. [biugan], Eng. [bow], from Ag.S. [boga]. , a bow, so Ir., M.Ir. [boga]; from Ag.S. [boga], Eng. [bow]. For root, see under [bog]. , a timber moth, bug; from Eng. [bug], Sc. [bo@-g]. , small-pox; root in [bucaid], q.v. , a goat skin, skin; [*boc-cionn], "buck-skin"; the word ++ is in O.Ir. [cenni], scamae, W. [cen], skin, Cor. [cennen], Br. [kenn-], pellis; Eng. [skinn], Norse [skinn]. [-cionn], skin, Norse [hinna], film (Leiden) I.F.@+[5]A 127. , vow, Ir. [mo/id], M.Ir. [mo/it], [*monti-], root [mon], [men], think. A borrowing from, or leaning on Lat. [vo@-tum] seems possible in view of the Gaelic form. M.Ir. [in uo/it]; from Lat [vo^tum], as is also [mo/id] (Stokes). , pretty; for [buaidheach], "having virtues", from [buaidh], q.v. , flattery (H.S.D.): , puffin, ducker; also [budhaigir], q.v. --page 43 , , madness, Ir. [buile], E.Ir. [baile]: , tall talk, boasting; cf. Eng. [bawl], cry like cows ([bo/]). , gleam; [*bolg-s-cio-]; Lat. [fulgeo], shine, Eng. [effulgent], Lit. [blizgu\], glance, shine, Eng. [blink], I.E. [bhleg], [*fulgeo]. , a bonnet, Ir. [boineud]; from Eng. [bonnet]. , a drop, Ir. [bain] (d.pl [bainnibh]), O.Ir. [banne], Cor., Br. [banne]; Celt. [bannja^] (Stokes. See [bainne]. Hence , healthy, well-built. , a buffalo (Sh., Lh.), so Ir.; perhaps allied to Lat. [ferus], Eng. [bear]. , a small auger (M`F.); founded on Eng. [bore]. , rising ground, bank (M`D.); same root as Ger. [berg], mountain, Eng. ice-[berg]. , female, feminine, Ir. [bainionn], [boinionn]; [*bani-], from the word [bean], [ban], q.v. Hence , a female, which is masc. in gender, having been originally neuter. Cf. [doirionn] for [doinionn] (Arg.). , the palm; see [bas]. , slap in the face, palmful, Ir., M.Ir. [boiseo/g], buffet. , gleam; [boillsg]. , boiled food for horses (H.S.D.), Eng. [bait]: , a maggot; see [botus]. , a bundle of hay or straw; for [boiteal], from Sc. [buttle], Eng. [bottle], bundle of hay, from O.Fr. [botte]. , the call to pig, , a taste for (Dialectic): , a bowl; from the English. , smell, so Ir., O.Ir. [bolad], [*bulato-]; Lit. [bu'ls], dusty air (Bezzenberger). Stokes has compared Lit. [bulis], buttock, Skr. [buli], vulva. , excellent; root [bol], as in [adhbhal], q.v. , a boll; from Sc., Eng. [boll]. Hence also , a buoy. , a welt, Ir. [balta], welt, border; from the Lat. [balteus], girdle, Eng. [belt]. Cf. Eng. [welt], W. [gwald]. , a bomb; from the English. , foundation, so Ir., O.Ir. [bond]; Lat. [fundus]; Skr. [budhna/]; Eng. [bottom]. , a coin, so Ir.; possibly from Lat. [pondo]. , cake, bannock, Ir. [boinneo/g], oaten cake. This word, like the Sc., [bannock], appears to be founded on Lat. [pa@-nicum], [pa@-nis], bread. , a strapping fellow (Mrs M`Ph.), [bonnanaich], active young men (Skye): , fierce, so Ir., O.Ir. [borp]; allied to, or, more probably, borrowed from, Lat. [barbarus]. --page 44 , a purling sound; [*borvo-], a stem identical with [bervo-], seethe, Fr. [Bourbon], Lat. [fervo], etc. Hence , base, deep. , sprout, swell; see [ba\rc]. , swell-wave (Hend.): , a table, Ir., M.Ir., [bord], W. [bwrdd]; from Ag.S., Norse [bord]. , , compulsory labour for the proprietor; from Eng. [bordland], as under [bo\rlum]. Hence M`Morland. The [cairiste], done for proprietor (M`K. and Carm.). , a strip of arable land (Hebridees); a frequent place namel from M.Eng. [bordland], mensal land, especially the royal castle lands in the Highlands. , a sudden flux or vomiting, a flux; for [bo\rc-lum]; see [bo\rc]. ++, knob, pride, greatness, great, Ir., E.Ir. [borr], [*borso-], [bhorso-]; Lat. [fastus] (for [farstus]), pride; O.H.G. [parrunga], superbia; allied to [ba\rr], q.v. Hence , a haughty man, a protruding bank, a mountain grass. , a boast, Ir. [bo/st] (O'R.(, W., Cor. [bost]; all from Eng. [boast], itself of unknown origin. , a little box, Br. [bouist]; the G. is from early Sc. [boyst], M.Eng. [boiste], from O.Fr. [boiste], Med.Lat. [buxida] ([bossida]), which is the Gr. @G[pu/xida]. Hence also Eng. [box], G. [bosca]. , applause (Sh.); [bas]+[gaire], q.v. "palm-noise". , a mound, river bank; cf. [bught], [botach], a reedy bog. , a boot; from M.E. [bote], Eng. [boot]. Also , from Sc. [booting], Fr. [bottine], half-boot. , a wooden vessel (size, half anker); formed from M.E. [butte], Eng. [butt], Fr. [botte]. , perturbation, a plash; see [bodhbh]. , , a hut, bothie, Ir., M.Ir. [botha/n], [both], W. [bod], residence, Cor. [bod], [bos], [*buto-]; Lit. [bu\tas], house; Eng. [booth], Norse [bu/@dh], Ger. [bude]; root [bhu], be. Hence Eng. [bothie]. , a lane, street (A.M`D.), Ir. [bothar] (Con.), [bo/thar], E.Ir. [bo/thar], [*ba^tro-], [*ba^tro-], root [ba@-], go; Gr. @G[e@'/bcn], went, @G[bai/nu], go; Skr. [ga^], go; Eng. [path]. , a slattern, (M`F.); see [butrais]. , bottle, Ir. [buideul], W. [potel]; from Eng. [bottle]. (Lewis), deep water pool (in moors); Norse, [botn]. , a belly-worm; from M.E. [bottes], pl. of [bot], [bott], of like meaning; Sc. [batts]. Origin unknown (Murray). , , a quern, Ir. [bro/], g. [bro/n], E.Ir. [bro/], g. [broon], mill-stone, [*brevon-], [*bravon-]; Skr. [gra^van-]; Lit. [gi\rnos]; Eng. [quern]. , bow-legged. --page 45 , bravado, idle talk, , haughtiness (A.M`D.); from Eng. [bravado]? , curve as of waves before breaking, a bellow, branch or deer-horn (Carm.), reindeer (Carm.): , grayish, , brake: see words in [broc-ach], [-lach]. , pustule; from , rot (vb.); see [braich], malt. Also , putrefaction. , putrescence, fat, rich. , thievish, , theft, Ir. [bradach], thievish, roguish, E.Ir. [broit], g. [braite]: [*mraddo-], allied to [brath], betray? Scarcely braom [br@.-ont-], root [bher], carry, Lat. [fur], etc. , salmon, Ir. [brada/n], E.Ir. [bratan]. Cf. Lit. [brada\], water, Ch.Sl [broz@?da@?], wade through. , a ridgy tumour on the surface of the body (H.S.D.); metaphorically from above word?>> , a blazing fire, kindling of a fire (Hebrides). Possibly [braghadair], from [bragh], q.v. Cf. , crackling. (Lewis), a sudden creeking noise, Norse [brak]. , vain boasting, Ir. [braga/ireachd], from [bragaire], boaster; from the Eng. [brag]. , an explosion, peal, O.Ir. [braigim], pedo; Lat. [fragor], crash, [fragare], Eng. [fragrant]. See [bram]. , neck, throat, Ir. [bra/ighid], O.Ir. [bra/ge], g. [bra/gat], W. [breuant], O.Br. [brehant], [*bra^gn@.t-]; Eng. [craw], Ger. [kragen], collar, M.H.G. [krage], neck; Gr. @G[bro/ghos], windpipe, Eng. [bronchitis]. Bezzenberger (Stokes' Dict.), refers it ot the root of Norse [barki], weazand, Gr. @G[fa/rugx], Eng. [pharynx]. [bra\ghad] is really the gen. of [bra\ighe]. , braxy; from Sc., Eng. [braxy]. , malt, so Ir., E.Ir. [mraich], W., Cor. [brag], Br. [bragezi], germinate, Gaul. [brace] (Plin.), genus farris: [*mraki]; Lit. [me\rkti], macerate, [ma/rka], flax-hole for steeping; Lat. [marcere], fade, [marcidus], decayed, rotten. From W. [bragod], comes Eng. [bragget]. , theft; see [bradach]. , horse-collar; see [bra\ighdeach]. , captives, pledges, Ir. [bra/ighe], pl. [bra/ighde], E.Ir. [braga], g. [bragat], hostage, prisoner, [braig], a chain; Gr. @G[gro/hos], noose; Eng. [crank], Ger. [kringel]; I.E. [@gregh], possibly allied to I.E. [@gre@-gh], neck, as in [bra/ghad]. Hence , captivity, also dialectic , hostage, pledge. , horse-collar, M.Ir. [braigdech], older [bra/igtech]; from [bra\ghad]. Also . --page 46 , upper part (of places): this is the nom. case of [bra\ghad], which also appears in place names, as [Bra'id-Albainn], Braidalbane. , a heavy rain (Sh.): , , a rattling noise (Perth). Sc. [bruilze], Fr. [brouille]. See . , wort of ale, Ir. [braithlis], M.Ir. [braichlis], from [braich]. , , crepitus ventris, Ir. [broim], O.Ir. [braigim], pedo, W., Cor., Br. [bram], [*bragsmen], root [brag], I.E. [bhrag]; Lat. [fragor], crash, [fragrare], etc. Hence , a noisy fellow. , full-formed, bulky man, M.Ir. [bras], great, W., Cor., Br. [bras], grossus, [*brasso-]; Lat. [grossus], Fr. [gros], bulky. , a brooch; from the Eng. , linen sheet, so Ir.: [*brath+li\n]; but [brath]? M`E. suggests [pla\i-linn]. , misadventure, the Devil; also dialectic . M.Ir. [broma/n] means a "boor", [broma/nach], impertinent. The root seems to be [breg], [brog], [brag] of [breun], [braim]. , a clott-burr, the prickly head of a thistle (H.S.D.): ++, a raven, Ir., O.Ir. [bran], W. [bra^n], crow, Br. [bran], crow; [*brana^], for [gvrana^], with which cf. O.Slav. [gavranu@u], raven, but not [vrana] (do.), as is usually done. The further root is [@gra], [@gera], cry, whence Eng. [crane], Gr. @G[ge/ranos], crane, W. and Cor. [garan]. Used much in personal and river names. , bran, Ir., W. [bran], Br. [brenn]; G., Ir., and W. are from Eng. [bran], from O.Fr. [bren], [bran], whence Br. a slip of wood in the head-stall of a horse's halter, resting on the jaw; horse's collar; , a pillory; from the Sc. [branks], a head pillory (for tongue and mouth), a bridle with two wooden side pieces, [brank], to bridle; allied to Ger. [pranger], pillory, Du. [prang], fetter. , brandy; from Eng. [brandy], that is "brand or burnt wine". , a gridiron; from Sc. [brander], from [brand], [burn], etc. , a huff (Hend.), also (Perth): , brawling, , loud noise, Ir. [brao/illeadh], rattling; a borrowed word, seemingly from Sc., Eng. [brawl], confused with Sc. [brulye], Eng. [broil]. , a whortleberry, Ir. [broileo/g], [breileo/g]. Sc. [brawlins], [brylocks], comes from the Gaelic. , a grin, Ir. [braos]: , raving, dreaming; from [breathal]? , a drop, rain, so Ir., O.Ir. [broen]; cf. Eng. [brine]. The attempt to connect it with Gr. @G[bre/hw], or with Lat. [rigare], --page 47 Eng. [rain], is unsatisfactory. Stokes derives it from root [ver] (see [fearthuinn]), [*vroen], but unlikely. , , an earth-nut, bunium flexuosum. Perhaps from [braon], a drop - "a bead, nut". , , active, rash, Ir. [bras], E.Ir. [bras], W. [brys], haste: [*br@.sto-], I.E. [@gredh-], as in [greas], q.v.? See also [brisg], active. a panegyric (M`A.); E.Ir. [bras-sce/lach], panegyrical; from O.Ir. [bras], great, W. and Br. [bras]; cf. Lat. [grossus], Eng. [gross]. See [braisleach]. , a mantle, Ir. [brat], O.Ir. [bratt], W. [brethyn], woolen cloth, Br. [broz], petticoat, [*bratto-], [*brat-to-]. For root [brat], [brant], see [bre/id]. Ag.S. [bratt], pallium, is borrowed from the Celtic. Hence , flag. , the furry or grass caterpillar, Ir. [brato/g], "the mantled one", from [brat]. Cf. [caterpillar] = "downy cat", by derivation. , information, betrayal, Ir. [brath], E.Ir. [brath], treason, and [mrath] also, W. [brad], treachery, Cor. [bras], Br. [barat], O.Br. [brat], [*mrato-]; Gr. @G[a@`marta/nw](@G[-mart-]), sin, miss, @G[e@'/mbroton] (past tense). Cf. [mearachd]. M.Ir. [mairned], treachery. , judgement, , for ever (pron. [gu bra\ch]) "till Judgment", so Ir., O.Ir. [bra/th], judgment, W. [brawd], M.Br. [breut], Gaul. [bratu-], [*bra^tu-]; [*bra^], [*bera], judge, decide, from I.E. [bher], in the sense of "say", as in [abair]. The Ir. [barn], judge, and W. [barn], judgment, are hence, and may be compared to Gr. @G[frc/n], @G[frc/nes], soul, [phrenology]. Hence also , or (*br@.t-], q.v. The sense "conflagration" given in the Dict. is due to "Druidic" theorisings, and is imaginary. , brother, Ir. [bra/thair], O.Ir. [bra/thir], W. [brawd], pl. [brodyr], Cor. [broder], pl. [bredereth], Br. [breur], [breuzr], pl. [breudeur], [*bra^te^r]; Lat. [fra^ter]; Eng. [brother]; Skr. [bhra@-/ta]; etc. , a kick, Ir. [preab], M.Ir. [prebach], kicking; perhaps from the root form of the following word.>> , a patch of leather, Ir. [preaba/n], parcel, piece, patch; from, or allied to, O.Fr. [bribe], a piece of bread, alms, Sp. [briba], alms; also O.Fr. [bribeur], mendicant, [briberesse], female vagabondage and harloting; cf. Ir. [preabo/g], a wenching jade (O'B.). Eng. [bribe] is from the French. , speckled, so Ir., E.Ir. [brecc], W. [brych], Br. [brec'h], smallpox, [*mr@.kko-s], [*mr@.g-ko-], root [mr@.@g]; Lit. [ma/rgas], speckled, pied; Gr. @G[a@'maru/ssw], twinkle. There is an O.Ir. [mrecht], W. [brith], of like meaning and origin, viz. [mr@,k-to], from [mr@.g-to-]. Hence , smallpox, W. [brech], and , trout, W. [brithyll]. , plaid, Ir. [breaca/n], W. [brecan], rug; from [breac]. Rhys regards W. as borrowed from Irish. , freckles: --page 48 , a pancake, W. [brechdan], slice of bread and butter, [br@.g-ko-], [br@.g], as in [bairghin], bread? (Rev.Celt. @+[17]102). See [breachdan]. , seizing =[beireachd]. , custard (Lh.), M.Ir. [brechta/n], a roll, W. [brithog]; from [mr@.g-to-], Ir. [brecht], W. [brith], motley, mixed. See under [breac]. , fine, Ir. [brea/gh], M.Ir. [breagha] (O'Cl.), [*breigavo-s], root [breig], [bri^g], as in [bri\gh], q.v.? Ir. [breagh] or [breaghda] = [Bregian], Tir Breg. (Ir.J. No.119). ++, knob, glens mentul@ae, D.of Lismore [breyl], Ir. [breall], [br@.s-lo-], root [bers], [bors], as in G. [borr], [ba\rr], Eng. [bristle]. Hence [brilleanach], lewd, q.v. [breall]=[bod] (Glenmoriston). , tail of sheep or goat, podex; cf. Ir. [breim], by-form of [braim], q.v. , mischief, mishap, the Devil; an [e] vowel form of [braman]? , dunghill (Sh.); from [breun], q.v. , row, layer: [*br@.ta^], a slice, root [bher] of [bea\rn]. , judgment, so Ir., O.Ir. [breth], [*br@.ta^], W. [bryd], Gaul. vergo-[bretus], [*br@.to-s]. For root, see [bra\th]. Spelt also [breith]. , frenzy (M`A.); see [breisleach]. , a kerchief, so Ir., E.Ir. [bre/it], [*brenti-], roots [brent], [brat]; Skr. [granth], tie, knot, [grathna^ti]; Ger. [kranz], garland, Eng. [crants] (Rhys). The Skr. being allied to Gr. @G[gro/nqos], fist, seems against this derivation (Stokes), not to mention the difficulty of Gr. @G[q] and Skr. [th] corresponding to Celtic [t]. Possibly from root [bhera], cut, Gr. @G[fa@nros], cloth (Windisch). Cf. W. [brwyd], braid. , confusion, delirium, nightmare, Ir. [breisleach] (O'R., Fol.), [breaghaslach] (Lh.) from [breith-], [*bret], [*bhre-t]; [bhre], mind, as in Gr. @G[fre/n], mind? Cf. E.Ir. [Breslech] Mo/r Murtheimme; [brislech], "overthrow". , bearing, birth, so Ir. and E.Ir., [br@.ti/-s]; Skr. [bhr@.ti-]; Eng. [birth]; etc.: root [bher], bear; see [beir]. , confusion of mind; from [breith-], as in [breisleach]. Also and . , judgment, Ir. [breitheamhnus], E.Ir. [britheamnas]; from [brithem], a judge, stem [britheman], to which is added the abstract termination [-as] (=[astu-]). From [britheamh], q.v. , , rot, putrefy: , any tender or fragile thing (M`A.); from [breo]. , clumsy patching, , sickly person: [breo/dh]+ [clad] (= [cail] of [buachail]). See [breo/ite]. , infirm, Ir. [breo/ite], [breo/dhaim], I enfeeble (Keat.), [*brivod-]; cf. W. [briw], break, [*bri^vo-], possibly allied to Lat. [frivolus]. , dotage, delirium; cf. [breitheal], etc. --page 49 , , a lie, Ir. [breug], [bre/ag], O.Ir. [bre/c], [brenka^]; Skr. [bhramc@,a], loss, deviation. , putrid, so Ir., E.Ir. [bre/n], W. [braen], Br. [brein]; [*bregno-], [bragno-], foul, from root, [breg], [brag], of [braim]. Strachan takes it from [*mrak-no-]; Lat. [marcidus], rancid, as in [braich], q.v. , prattling: , a word, so Ir. and O.Ir. [*bre^tra^] (O.Ir. is fem.; G. is mas., by analogy?), [*bre^], ablaut to [bra^-] of [bra\th], q.v. Bezzenberger would refer it to O.H.G. [chra^jan], Eng. [crow]. , a bribe, Ir. [bri/b]; from the Eng. , a prefix to certain animal names; from [breac]. ++, a dwarf (Arm., Sh.), Ir. [brideach] (Lh., O'B.). See [bri\deag], little woman. Shaw also gives it the meaning of "bride", which is due to Eng. influences. , a little woman, Ir. [bri/deag], a figure of St. Bridget made on the Saint's eve by maidens for divination purposes. See [Bri@ghid] in the list of Proper Names. Shaw gives , part of the jaw, which H.S.D. reproduces as . , a little bird, sea-piet (M`A. for latter meaning): seemingly formed on the analogy of the two foregoing words.>> , a heap (H.S.D., M`A.): "bri\g mho\ine", a pile of peats; cf. Norse [bri/k], square tablet, piece, Eng. [brick]. , pith, pwer, Ir. [bri/gh], O.Ir. [bri/g], W. [bri], dignity, rank, Cor. [bry], Br. [bri], respect, [*bri^ga], [*bri^go-]; Gr. @G[bri@n]=@G[briaro/s], strong, mighty, @G[bri/mc] ([i] long), strength, anger; Skr. [jri], overpower, [jrayas], extent; an I.E. [@gri-], [@gri@--], [@grei-]. Bezzenberger suggests Ger. [krieg], war, striving: [*@greigh]? This may be from the root [bri^] above. , lewd, , , from [breall], q.v. , pickle (Arg.); from Eng. [brine]. , a shabby carle; for [breimein], a side form of [braman]; root [breg], [brag]? But cf. Norse [brimill], phoca fetida mas. , bribing; see [bri/b], which also has the spelling . , lovers' language, caressing, flattery; also , caressing, , flattery; possibly from [brionn], a lie, dream (Ir.), as in [brionglaid], q.v. M.Ir. [brinneal] means a beautiful young maid or a matron. Cf. [briagadh]. Arran [bri\d], whisper. , thrust, Ir. [priocam]; from the Eng. [prick]. , mean-spirited: , fervour of passion; cf. W. [brywus], [bryw], vigorous. , breeches, Ir. [brigis]; from the Eng. [breeks], [breeches]. --page 50 , an illusion (Sh.); Ir. [brionn], dream, reverie. The G. seems for [brion-lag]. See next.>> , a confusion, dream, Ir. [brionnglo/id], a dream; from [brionn], a dream, a lie. In the sense of "wrangling", [brionglaid] is purely a Scotch Gaelic word, from S., Eng. [brangle], of like force. , pretty (M`F.), fair (Sh.), glittering, Ir. [brinneall], a beautiful young woman, a matron. , brindled, striped; from the Eng. [brinded], now [brindled]. , mockery (A.M`D.), half-intoxication (M`A.): , a girdle (Arm.), from Eng. [brace]? , start, jerk, so Ir.; from [brisg], active, q.v. , a biscuit, M.Ir. [brisca] (F.M.); founded on Eng. [biscuit], but by folk-etymology made to agree with [brisg], brittle (Gaidoz). , ludicrous; cf. [bri\os], mockery, etc. , , chit-chat, Ir. ++[briot], chatter, [briotach], a stammerer: [br@.t-t-], [br@.-t], root [bar], [ber], as in Lat. [barbarus], Gr. @G[ba/rbaros], [berberi/zu], I stammer. The reference of [briot] to the name [Breatnaich] or Briotons as foreigners and stammerers is scarcely happy. , break, so Ir., O.Ir. [brissim], [*bresto^], I break, root [bres], [bhres]; O.H.G. [brestan], Ag.S. [berstan], Eng. [burst], Fr. [briser], break. Distantly allied to [*berso-s], short, G. [bea\rr]. Brugmann has compared the Gaelic to Gr. @G[pe/rqw], destroy, from [bherdho-], giving a Celtic stem [br@.d-to-], and [br@.d-co-] for [brisg]. , brittle, Ir. [briosg], E.Ir. [brisc], Br. [bresq]: [*bres-co-]; root [bres] of [bris] above. , lively, Ir. [brisc], W. [brysg]; all from the Eng. [brisk], of Scandinavian origin (Johansson, Zeit. xxx.). , cartilage; from Norse [brjo/sk], cartilage, [bris], Sw. and Dan. [brusk]; Ger. [brausche], a lump (from a bruise). , , white tansy; from [brisg], brittle. , a judge, Ir. [breitheamh], O.Ir. [brithem], g. [britheman]; root [br@.t], of [breath], judgment, q.v. , a badger, so Ir., E.Ir. [brocc], W., Cor., [broch], Br. [broc'h], [*brokko-s]: [*bork-ko-], "grey one"; root [bherk], [bhork], bright, Gr. @G[forko/s], grey, Lit. [berszti], Eng. [bright]? Thurneysen cfs. the Lat. [broccus], having projecting teeth, whence Fr. [broche] (from Lat. [*brocca], a spike, etc.), a spit, Eng. [broach], [brooch]; he thinks the badger was named [broccos] from his snout, and he instances the Fr. [brochet], pike, as parallet by derivation and analogy. If Gr. @G[bru/kw], bite, is allied to Lat. [broccus], the underlying idea of [broc] may rather be the "biter", "gripper". --page 51 Bezzenberger suggests Russ. [barsu/ku@u], Turk. [porsuk], Magyar [borz]; or [*brokko-s], from [*bhrod-ko-s], Skr. [bradhna/], dun. , greyish in the face, speckled, Ir. [brocach], [broc], W. [broc], grizzled, roan; from [broc]. , gruel, porridge, Ir. [brocha/n], O.Ir. [brothcha/n]; [broth-cha/n], [*broti-], cookery; root [bru], I.E. [bhru], whence Eng. [broth], Lat. [defrutum], must. See [bruith]. , trash, farrago; root [bhreu], [bhru], as in [brochan]; [bhreu] varies with [bhrou], G. [bro\]. , spoiling, mangling; see [breo\claid]. , a lid; from Sc. [brod], side form of Eng. [board]. , a goad, prickle, Ir. [brod], E.Ir. [brott], W. [brath], Cor. [broz], Br. [brout], [*broddos], from [broz-do-]; O.H.G. [brort], edge, Norse [broddr], sting, Eng. [brod], [brad], Ag.S. [brord], sting. , the choice of anything; from the above>>, in the sense of "excess". Cf. [corr]. , pride, , proud, Ir. [bro/d], etc. In Arran (Sc.) we find , which is a step nearer the origin. From the Eng. [proud]. ++, mastiff, E.Ir. [brotchu], W. [brathgi]; from [brod], "good". , a crowd, brood, bro\dach>, in crowds; from the Eng. [brood]? , a shoe, Ir. [bro/g], M.Ir. [bro/cc], E.Ir. [bro/c], pl. [bro/ca], used in compounds for various nether garments; from Norse [bro/kr], Ag.S. [bro/c], pl. [bre/c], Eng. [breech], [breeks] (Zimmer, Zeit. xxx.). See [briogais]. , stimulate, an awl; from Sc. [brog], [prog]. Cf. W. [procio], thrust, poke, from M.E. [prokien], stimulare. Thurneysen takes Sc. and G. from Fr. [broche], Lat. [*brocca] (see [broc]). Hence , "active", "in good form". , a boy, young lad, from [brog]? , embroidery, Ir. [broidineireachd]; from the Eng. [broider], [embroidery]. ++, cormorant, Ir. [broighioll]: , bustle; from Sc. [brulye] (Eng. [broil]), Fr. [brouiller], It. [broglio]. See [braodhlach]. , whortleberry; see [braoileag]. , substantial; from [broigeil], a by-form of [brogail]; see [brogach]. , king's hood; pig's snout (Badenoch): root [bhru], brow? , a breast, Ir., E.Ir. [brollach]: [*bron-lach]; for [*bron], see [bruinne]. , a rag, ill-clad female, , a crum (Dialectic); possibly from the root of [bronn], distribute. Shaw spells it [broinneag], M`F. as above. --page 52 , belly (Dialectic); the dat. of [bru\] used dialectically as nom.; see [bru\]. , the bosom; properly the breast covering (H.S.D., for latter meaning); cf. G. [brot], O.Ir. [broite/ne], palliolum. The word appears to be from [brat], mantle, with a leaning for meaning on [bruinne], breast. , incoherent talk (as in sleep), , garrulity, Ir. [brolasgach], prattling; cf. W. [brawl], [brol], boasting, Eng. [brawl], Du. [brallen], boast. , a mess (D.C.Mc.Ph.) (Glenmoriston); same root as [brollach]. , , boiling, "@aestus", tide-boiling; from [broth], boiling, as in [brollach], etc. , a mess; cf. E.R. [brothlach], the Fe/nian cooking pit, from [broth], as in [brochan], q.v. , a colt, Ir. [bromach]: [*brusmo-], [*brud-], [*bru], as in Eng. em-[bryo]? , grief, Ir., O.Ir. [bro/n], W. [brwyn], smarting, sorrow, [*brugno-s]; Gr. @G[bru/hw] (@G[u] long), gnash the teeth; Lit. [gra/uz@?iu], gnaw, Pol. [zgryzota], sorrow. ++, grant, distribute, M.G. [bronnagh] (1408 charter), Ir. [bronnaim], E.Ir. [bronnaim], [brondaim], bestow, spend: [*brundo-], [*bhrud-no-], I.E. root [bhrud]; Ag.S. [bryttian], deal out, Norse [bryti], a steward (cf. Gr. @G[tami/as], steward, "cutter"), [brytja], chop, Eng. [brittle], Teut. [brut], chop; perhaps Lat. [frustum], bit. , stir up, Ir. [brosduighim], E.Ir. [brostugud], inciting. The word is from the root [bros-], in [brosdo-] of [brod], q.v., being here [bros-to-], which become [brosso-], and later reverts to [brost], [brosd], or remains as in . Stokes says it is founded on Low Lat. [brosdus], [brusdus], broidery, "done by a needle", or [brosd], which is of Teutonic origin and cognate with G. [brod], already given as the root. Hence , stimulation, etc. The Ir. [brosna], O.Ir. [brosne], faggot, may be hence; the root [bhrud], discussed under [bronn], has also been suggested. , flattery, fawning (especially of a dog); possibly from the root form [brost], in [brosdaich], [brosgadh]. , incite; see [brosdaich]. This is the best G. form; [brosdaich] is rather literary and Irish. , broth; from the Eng. [broth]. , a veil, upper garment, O.Ir. [broite/ne], palliolum; G. is a by-form of [brat]. , itch, Ir. [broth], [*bruto-]; see [bruthainn] for root. Also (rarely) . --page 53 , lunar halo (Arg.), or ; cf. O.Ir. [bruth], heat, under [bruthainn]. Sc. [broch], Ulster Ir. [broth]. , the bosom, a fold of the breast clothes; [*broso-], root [brus] of [bruinne], breast. , farrago, brose, Ir. [brothus], from M.E. [brewis], Sc. [brose] See [bruthaist], the best G. form. , g. , belly, so Ir., O.Ir. [bru/], [brond]; W. [bru]: [*bru^s], [*brus-nos], root [brus], I.E. [bhrus], [bhreus]; Teut. [breust-], Norse [bfjo/st], Eng. [breast], Ger. [brust]. Stokes refers it to the root [bru], to swell, Gr. @G[bru/w], am full, @G[e@'m-bruon], embryo (whence Eng. [embryo]), or to Skr. [bhru^n@.a/], embryo. See [bruinne]. , a bank, brink, Ir., O.Ir. [bruach]: [*brou-ko-], I.E. [bhru^], brow, Gr. @G[o@'fru/s], eybrow, Eng. [brow], Lit. [bruvis], O.Ir. [bru/ad], (dual). Also E.Ir. [bru/], bank, border. Stokes suggests either the root of [bru\th], bruise, or Lit. [briau-na\], edge. , a surly fellow, one that hovers about, Ir. [bruachaireachd], hovering about; [bruach]. , , a dream, Ir. [bruadair], W. [breuddwyd]: [*braud] or [*brav-]: [fraus], [fraud]? , , trouble, grief; from [bruadal], above. , crush to peices, gnash (Dialectic): [*bhraud-so-], Lat. [fraus], Eng. [brittle]. , thrust, wound; from the root of [bru\th]. , a fragment; [*bhroud-no-], from [*bhroud], break, Ag.S. [bre/ostan], break, Eng. [brittle], etc., as under [bronn]. Strachan also suggests [*bhroucno-], Lett. [brukt], crumple, and Stokes the root of [bru\th]. , seaweed cast ashore (Lewis); Norse [bru/k], drid heaps of seaweed. , spotted in the face, smutted, Ir. [brocach]: "badger like"; see [broc]. The Sc. [broukit], [brooked], is of uncertain origin (Murray). Hence , irregular digging, , the peep of dawn (M`A.), etc. , , a chink, eylet (Sh.), dim candle light (H.S.D.). Sh. gives [bruchag], H.S.D. [brucag], which appears only to apply to the "dim candle light]; from [brucach]. , belch, burst out, so Ir., E.Ir. [bru/chtaim], eructo, vomo, W. [brytheiro] (vb.), [brythar] (n.). , a hovel; from [brugh], q.v. , the fluttering of birds going to rest (Sh.): , stool bent, heath rush; said to be derived from ++[bru/], a hind, and [corc-an], oats, "deer's oats". Also . , a brae; see [bruthach]. , brose; see [bruthaist]. --page 54 , large house, a tumulus, so Ir., E.Ir. [brug], [mrug], land, holding, mark, W. [bro], country, region, land, [Cym-mro], a Welshman, pl. [Cymmry] ([*com-mroges]), Br. [bro], country, Gaul. [Brogi-]: [*mrogi] (for Gadelic); Lat. [margo]; Got. [marka], border-country, Ag.S. [mearc], border, Eng. [mark], [march]. , boil, cook; gutturalised form of [bruith] (cf. [bra\th], [bra\ch]). See [bruith]. The Ir. [bruighim] appears in O'R., and has been compared to Lat. [fri^go], Gr. @G[fru/gw], roast; but it is evidently a bad spelling of [bruith]. , captivity, I. [bruid], M.Ir. [*brat], g. [braite], E.Ir. acc. [broit], [*bradda^]. For root, see [bradach]. , , stab, goad, Ir. [bruidighim]: the verb from [brod], a goad. , a brute, Ir. [bru/id]; from Eng. [brute]. , , talk, conversation, Ir. [brui/ghinn], scolding speech, a brawl (also [bruitheann]), O.Ir. [fris-brudi], renuit, W. [cyfrau], song, O.Br. [co-brouol], verbialia, [*mru], say; Skr. [bru^], [bravati], says, Zend [mru^], speak. O'Grady (S. Gad. xvi.) connects E.Ir. [brudin], hospitium; says meaning really is "quarrel". He gives Ir. as [bruidhen]. Stokes E.Ir. [brudin], [*brodi\na], Eng. [board] (Z. 33). , stir up; see [bruid], stab, goad. , bruise, thump; a derivative from [bru\th], q.v. , a person of clumsy figure and gait (H.S.D., which refers the word to [bru\], belly); from [bru\]? , switch grass, so Ir.: from [braim-fheur], a term to denote its worthlessness. , the Brownie; from Sc. [Brownie], the benevolent farmhouse goblin, from Eng. [brown]. Cf. the Norse [Svart-a/lfr] or dark elves. , breast, O.Ir. [bruinne], W. [bron], Cor. and M.Br. [bronn], [*brus-no], root [bhrus], [bhreus]; Norse [brjo/st], Ger. [brust], Eng. [breast]. Stokes gives the root as [brend], from I.E. [@grendh], swell, be haughty, Gr. @G[bre/nqu/omai], strut, bear oneself loftily, Lat. [grandis], Ch.Sl [gra@?di@u], breast. Usually correlated with got. [brunjo^], breastplate, M.H.G. [bru@"nne], N. [brynja], coat of mail, M.Eng. [brynie], Sc. [byrnie]: a satisfactory enough derivation, and ultimatley from the same root as the first one given above (I.E. [bhru]). Indeed Stokes says the Teut. is borrowed from the Celtic. , the from (Dialectic), O.Ir. [bruinech], prow, Cor. [brenniat], prow, [*bronjo-], to which Bex. compares Ger. [grans], prow (I.E. [@gh] = G. [b]?). From root of [bruinne]. , a brush, Ir. [bruis] (vulg.); from the Eng. [brush]. --page 55 , warm; from [*bruth], heat; see [bruthainn]. , boil, cook, so Ir., E.Ir. [bruith], cooking, [*brot-], from the root [bru], I.E. [bhru]; Eng. [broth] (Teut. [bro@tho-], I.E. [bhruto-], and [brew] (I.E. [bhreu]); Lat. [defrutum], must; Thrac. Gr. @G[bru@nton], beer. , rumbling noise; [bronn]+[sgal]? From [bru\], in any case. , a crumb, particle of food, Ir. [brusca/n], [brusgar], broken ware, useless fragments, [brus], refuse of corn: from [*brus], short form of [*bru^s] in [bru\th]. , digging, the act of digging (N.H. according to H.S.D.): [*brutto-], [*bhrud-to-], root [bhrud], break? See [bronn]. , bruise, pound, Ir. [bru/ighim], E.Ir. [bru/im], [*bru^s], strike, graze, pound; Pre. Celt. [bhreus]; Ag.S. [bry/san], bruise, Eng. [bruise] (influenced by Fr.); perhaps O.Slav. [bru@usna@?ti], corrumpere, radere. , a brae: [*brut-acos], root [bru], from [bhru], brow; see [bruach]. Sc. [brae] is of a similar origin, founded on Norse [bra/], eyelid, brow (Murray). , sultriness, heat, Ir., O.Ir. [bruth], fervour, W. [brwd], hot, Br. [brout], hot (fire), O.Br. [brot]: [*brutu-]. For further root see [bruith]. Wider are Lat. [ferveo], [fervor], Eng. [burn], etc. , brose; from early Sc., Eng. [browes], Sc. [brose]; from the Fr., but allied to Eng. [broth]. , was, Ir. [budh], O.Ir. [by]: Proto-Gaelic [*bu] for a Celtic [bu-t]; Gr. @G[e@`/fu] (@G[u] long), aorist tense; Lat. [fuit]; Skr. [a/bhu^t], was; I.E. [e/-bhu^-t]. The root is [bheu], [bhu]; Eng. [be], etc. Both G. and Ir. [aspirate], which shows the [t] of the 3rd sing. disappeared early. , unicorn, buffalo, M.Ir. [buabhall], W. [bual]; from Lat. [bubalus], buffalo, gazelle, whence ([bu@-falus]) Eng. [fuggalo]. , a trumpet, Ir. [bubhall], [buadhbhall], M.Ir. [buaball], W. [bual], bugle; cf. M.Ir. [buabhall], horn, W. [bual], buffalo horn, M.Ir. [corn buabhaill]; whence the further force of "trumpet". , a herdsman, so Ir., O.Ir. [bo/chaill], [buachaill], W. [bugail], Cor., Br. [bugel]; Gr. [bouko/los], cowherd (Lat. [bucolicus], Eng. [bucolic], @G[bou-], cow, and @G[-kolos], attendant, Lat. [colo], [cult]ivate. , cow-dung, Ir. [buacar], [buachar] (Con.), Br. [beuzel]; for the stem before the suffix [-ar], cf. W. [buwch] ([*boukka^]), though [bou-cor-] or [bouk-cor-], "cow-offcast", may properly be the derivation for the Gadelic. See [bo/] and, possibly, [cuir]. Cf. [salchar]. , , ragwort, Ir. , M.Ir. [buathbhallan], [buathfallan]: "virtue bearing wort"? More probably it is [buaf-bhallan], "toad-wort", brom [buaf], toad, --page 56 reptile, from Lat. [bu^fo]. The Welsh call it "serpent's weed", [llysiau'r nedir". Ir. [baufanau] is "mugwort"; [buadharlann] (Hend.). , a wick, Ir. [buaic]; from Eng. [wick], Ag.S. [weoca]? , bleaching lees, Ir. [buac]; from M.E. [bouken], steep in lye, Eng. [buck], Ger. [bauchen]; Fr. [buer], from a Lat. type [*bu^care]. See [fu\cadh]. , smallpox (Suth.); founded on a later form of Lat. [bucca], as in [bucaid], q.v. , victory, virtue, so Ir., O.Ir. [buaid], W. [budd], O.Br. [bud], Gaul. [boud-], in many personal names, whether as the only root (cf. Boudicca, "Victrix") or in compounds, either initial or as second part: [*boudi-]; Norse [by/ti], exchange, Ger. [beute], booty, Eng. [booty], Fr. [butin] (do.). , fits of inconstancy; cf. [buathadh]. , strike, so Ir., E.Ir. [bualaim]: [*budlo-], or [*boudlo-], [*boud], Pre-Celt. [bhoud], [bheud]; Ag.S. [be/atan], Eng. [beat], [beetle], Ger. [beutel], beetle (Strachan). See [buille]. Stokes gives the form [*buglao^], root [bug], [bhug], as in Ger. [pochen], Eng. [poke]. , a fold, pen, so Ir., E.Ir. [buale]; Lat. [bovile]; from [*bov-], cow. , place for resting and milking (Lewis). Cf. Norse [bo/l]. , reap, Ir., O.Ir. [buain], inf. of [bongaim], reap, break: [*bogni-] or [*bongni-]? For root, see [bochd]. , tempt, vex, Ir. [buaidhirim], E.Ir. [buadraim], O.Ir. [buadartha], turbulentus: [*boud-ro-]; possibly from [bhoud], strike, the idea coming from a form [*boudro-], a goad, goading? G. has , , a rage. , sluice (M`L.) ([an fhamh bhual], water vole); M.Ir. [bual], flowing sluice water, E.Ir. [roth-bu/ali], water-wheel, [*bogla], Eng. [beck], Ger. [bach] (St.) (Zim.). , cow-dung, so Ir. [buartlach] (Dial. Ir.); from [buar], cattle. , a blockhead. , lasging, Ir. [buan], lasting, fixed, E.Ir. [buan]: "being, during", from [*bu], be, I.E. [bhu], be; Lit. [butinas], being, during, from [buti], be; Norse [bu/a], dwell, Got. [bauan], etc. Stokes gives the G. stem as [buvano-s], and cfs. Skr. [bhu^vana], existence. Hence , persevere. , an idle person who lives on the best his heighbours can afford (Lewis) (M`A.): ++, a mercenary, a billeted soldier, so Ir.: , profit; from [buain], reap, with irregularly doubled [n] (see [cinne], [linne], [seann], [bann-] for [ban-], [miann]? Cf. Ir. [buannacht], soldiers billeting from a tenant (Joyce). , cattle, so Ir., E.Ir. [bu/ar], cattle of the cow kind; from [bo/], cow: [*bova^ro-]; cf. Lat. [boarius]. --page 57 , cow-fetter, Ir., E.Ir. [buarach]: for [bo/-a/rach], "cow-fetter", [a/rach] being for [ad-rig-os], root [rig] of [cuibhreach], q.v. , a rushing, a mad fit: , roar, Ir. [bub]: onomatopoetic. Cf. Lat. [baubor], bay, Gr. @G[bau/zw], bark, Lit. [bubauti], roar. , coxcomb, Ir. [buba/n]; cf. Eng. [booby]. , a boy (dial.): "growing one"; founded on Lat. [bucca] as in the following word.>> , a pustule, Ir. [buco/oid], a spot, E.Ir. [bocco/it]; from Brittonic Lat. [bucca^tus], from [bucca], puffed cheek (Eng. [debouch], [rebuke]). , a buckle, Ir. [buccla], W. [bwel]; from M.Eng. [bukyll], Eng. [buckle], from Fr. [boucle], from Lat. [bucula], cheek-strap, from [bucca], cheek. , size (Sh. [buc]); from Sc. [bouk], i.e. [bulk]. , melodious (A.M`D.): , nestling (adj.): [*buth-chal], "house tending"? [buchallach] (M`L. Teachd.Gaidh.): , poult (Suth.): see [pu\t]. , snipe (M`L.), woodcock (H.S.D.). It seems a reminiscence of Eng. [woodcock]. , the puffin, , (M`A., for St. Kilda), Sc. [bowger], the coulter-neb; somehow from Norse [bugr], curve, "bent-bill"? , a window-like recess in a wall; from Sc. [bowall], [boal], [bole]. Origin unknown (Murray). , a bundle of straw: root [bud], which underlies Fr. [botte], bundle? See [boitean]. , a green spot by a stream (Skye), [bogha] (Rob.). , a bottle, cask, Ir. [buideul], W. [potel]; from Eng. [bottle]. See [botul]. , a conflagration, Ir. [buite], fire, [buitealach] (Lh.++, O'Cl., O'B.), [bott] (O'Cl.): [*bud-do-], root [bhud] (Lat. [fustis], [bhud-tis], Eng. [beetle]), giving the idea of "faggot", "firewood"? , yellow, so Ir., O.Ir. [buide]; Lat. [badius], Eng. [bay]. , now , thanks, Ir. [buidhe], O.Ir. [buide] (W. [boddaw], please, [bodd], will?), [*budo-], I.E. Pbhudh], [bheudh]; Gr. @G[peu/qomai], learn by inquiry; Ag.S. [be/odan], command, Eng. for-[bid]. , glad to, had to, O.Ir. [buithi], participle of necessity, from the verb [bi/], be: "Is amlid is buithi do cha/ch" - Thus ought it to be with every one (9th Cent. glosses); G. "Is buidhe do gach neach". , a company, Ir. [buidhean], O.Ir. [buden], W. [byddin], O.Br. [bodin], manus, [*bodi^na^]; O.H.G. [chutti], troop, band, O.Fries. [kedde], Ger. [kette], covey; I.E. [go^]: [go], drive; cf. Lit. [gu@?tas], herd. --page 58 , gain,win, , act of gaining, gain; from the Eng. [win], [winning]. , effect, use, Ir. [boil], [*bol], [*bel]: Pre-Celt. [bhel], [bhol]; Gr. @G[o@'/felos], advantage, @G[w@'fe/le/w], help. , total, entirely; another form of [baileach]. E.Ir. has [bulid], blooming. , a bullace or sloe (M`D., Sh.); from M.E. [bolaster] = [bullace-tree], from [bolace], now [bullace]. , a loaf, Ir. [buili/n]; from O.Fr. [boulange], ball-shaped loaf (?), which Diez suggests as the basis of Fr. [boulanger], baker. , a blow, so Ir., E.Ir. [bulle], [buille] = [bollia] = [bus-lia^] + [bhud-s-lia^]; root [bhud], beat, as in [buail], q.v. Stokes gives the stem as [*boldja], allied to Lit. [be/ldz@?iu], [belsti], give a blow, [baldas], a beetle; Ger. [poltern]. , centre, Ir. [boilscea/n], M.Ir. [bolsce/n], middle, midriff = [bolga/n], from [balg], [bolg], belly. , belong to, Ir. [beanaim]. The Ir. is from the verb [bean], touch; the G., which has the idea of relationship or origin ([Cha bhuin e dhomh]: he is not related to me), seems to confuse [bean] and [bun], stock. , a cataract, tide, Ir. [buinne], a spout, tap, E.Ir. [buinne], wave, rush of water: G. , flux, diarrh@oea, so Ir.; see [boinne]. Also [puinne] (Suth.) (W.Ross). , a twig, sprout, Ir. [buinnea/n], E.Ir. [buinne]: [*bus-nia^]; root [bus], as in Eng. [bush], [boosky], Ger. [busch], etc. , winning; see [buidhinn]. ++, a footman, so Ir.; from [bonn], sole of the foot. , , roar, bellow (as a bull), Ir. [bu/ireadh], roaring; E.Ir. [bu/raim]; [*bu^-ro-], I.E. root [@gevo], [@gu^], cry; Gr. @G[boa/w], shout; Lit. [gauju], howl; Skr. [gu], cry. Strachan gives as G. stem [bucro-], root [buq] as in Lat. [buccina], horn, Gr. @G[bu/ktcs], howling, Skr. [bukka@-ras], lion's roar, Norwg. [bura], to bellow, Shet. [boorik], cow. , a free man, burgess, Ir. [buirge/iseach]; from the Eng. [burgess]. , language of folly and ridicule; from the Romance [burla], to jest, etc. See [burraidh]. , a deluge of rain; a rousing fire (Heb.): , a bhshel, Ir. [buiseul]; from Eng. [bushel]. , bashful (Badenoch): a form of [bo\idich]? , a witch, so Ir.; from Eng. [witch]; "buidseach agus raitseach". --page 59 , pot hook; from the Sc. [bools], a pot hook in two parts or "bools", M.Eng. [bool], a pail handle, round part of a key, Ger. [bu@"gel], arc: from Teut. [beugan], bend, Eng. [bow]. Dialectic . , bungler; from Sc. [bummeler], from [bummil], bungle, Eng. [bumble]; of onomatopoetic origin (Murray). Cf. Ger. [bummler], a lounger. , root, stock, bottom, Ir., E.Ir. [bun], W. [bon], stem, trunk, O.W. [boned]; Armen. [bun]; N.Pers. [bun], Zd. [buna-] (Bugge). Rhys has suggested a comnection with Ger. [bu@"hne], a stage, boards. Ag.S. [bune], "stalk, reed", may be allied. It cannot be connected with [bonn], for the stem there is [bhuadh-no-], root [bhudh]. The ultimate root of [bun], in any case, is simply [bhu], [bhu^], grow, swell, Gr. @G[fu/w], @G[fu@nlon],a tribe, Eng. [boil] (n.), Ger. [bheule], a swelling, Skr. [bhumis], earth; [bhu^], grow, is identical with [bhu], be. , coarse tow, refuse of flax, so Ir.; from [bun]. , foundation, Ir. [buna/it]: [bun]+[a/it], q.v. , a hussy (Dial.); from Sc. [bungy], pettish. , steadiness, , Mbunntamas>, solidity, shrewdness; from [bun], foundation. Cf. Ir. [buntomhas], well founded opinion: [bun]+[tomhas], q.v. , a twig, so Ir., E.Ir. [bunsach]; see [buinneag]. , a sudden rush; from [buinne]. , solidity; see [bunnlum]. , potato, Ir. [pota/ta], [fataidhe]; from the English. It contains a piece of folk-etymologising in the syllable [bun-], root. , belonging; see [buin]. , turning up of the earth, digging; from the Sc. [bourie], Eng. [burrow]. The Sc. [bourach], enclosure, cluster, knoll, heap, etc., is the Eng. [bower]. , a purge, , Purgatory; see [purgaid], [Purgadoir]. , a flood, rush of water (Arg.); see [bo\rlum]. , wormwood; from the Eng. M.Ir. [in uormoint]. , water; from Sc. [burn], water, spring-water, Eng. [bourne], [burn], a stream, Teut. [brunnon-], a spring, Norse [brunnr], well, Ger. [brunnen]. , raging: , ablockhead, Ir. [bu/rraidh]; from Sc. [burrio] (1535), Fr. [bourrieau], Lat. [burr@ae], nonsense, Eng. [burlesque], etc. , a howl, lamentation, so Ir.; for the root, which is here short ([*bur-ro-]?), see [bu\ir]. Cf. [bururus], however. , a caterpillar: --page 60 , as in , clumsy person, , a torrent of rage, etc, seems from [borr], great, excessive, q.v. , a burst of passion, may be from Eng. [borasco], squall of wind. , mockery; from Sc. [bourd], M.Eng. [bourd], jest, Fr. [bourde], a lie. , infant lisping, warbling, purling; cf. Eng. [purr] and [purl] (Skeat). Evidently onomatopoetic. , a mouth, kiss, Ir., M.Ir. [bus], [*bussu-]; Pre-Celt. [@guss-]; Teut. [kuss], Ger. [ku@"ssen], kiss, Eng. [kiss] (Kluge). Bezzenberger cfs. Lit [buczu/ti], kiss; others give [buc-sa], allied to Lat. [bucca], cheek. , dressing; from the Sc., Eng. [busk]. , a bustle (M`D.); formed from Eng. [busy]; cf. Ag.S. [bysgy], business. , puffing, blowing (Heb.); from [bus]. , a push; see [putadh]. , oar pin; see [putag]. , a shop; from the Eng. [booth], Norse [bu/@dh], shop, root [bhu], be. See [bothan]. , thump, thrash, bang; from the root [bhud], beat (Eng. [beat])? See next.>> , long straw for thatch; cf. , straw not threshed, but seedless (Arg.), which seems from [spoth]. , , a mess: , for [co], [cia], who, what, q.v. , , where, Ir. [ca/], how, where, who; a by-form to [cia], [ce\], q.v. , a gap, indentation, mouth, Ir. [cab], mouth, head, gap, [cabach], babbling, indented. The word is borrowed from two English words - [gap] and [gab] (M.E. [gabben], chatter); G. has also [gab], directly from [gab] of the Sc. Hence , gap-toothed. , a cheese; Sc. [cabback], [kebbock]. The latter form ([kebbock]) is probably from a G. [ceapag], [cepag], obsolete in G. in the sense of "a cheese", but still used for the thick wooden wheel of wheel-barrows; it is from G. [ceap]. Sc. [cabback] is a side form of [kebbock], and it seems to have been re-borrowed into G. as [ca\bag]. the real G. word for "a cheese" is now [mulachag]. , cabbage, Ir. [gaba/isde]; from the Eng. , a cable, Ir. [cabla]; from Eng. [cable], which, through Fr., comes from Lat. [capulum]. , a rafter, caber, deer's horn, Ir. [cabar], W. [ceibr], rafters, O.Br. [cepriou], beams; from a Med.Lat. [*caprio], a rafter, [capro], [caprones] (which exists as a genuine 8th century word), --page 61 Fr. [chevron], rafter. [caprio] is from [caper], goat; Lat. [capreoli], goat-lets, was used for two beams meeting to support something, props, stays. , , a bit, curb, W. [cebystr], Br. [kabestr]; from Lat. [capistrum], halter, "head-holder", from [caput]. , hurry: , a fleet, Ir. [cobhlach], [cabhlach], E.Ir. [coblach]; [*cob-lach]; from [kub], [*qu@g], curve, root of Lat. [cymba], boat, Gr. @G[ku/mbc], boat, cup, especially Lat. [cybaea], a transport ([*kubai/a]. , ship's tackle, Ir. [ca/bhluighe]; cf. [cabhlach] and Eng. [cable]. , sowens, flummery, Ir. [ca/thbhruith]; from [ca/th] and [bruith], q.v. , causeway, Ir. [cabhsa]; from Eng. [causey], [causeway], from O.Fr. [caucie], from Lat. [calciata] (via). , dry, snug; from Sc. [cosie], [colsie], Eng. [cosy], whose origin is unknown. , an issue, drain in the body (M`D., who, as [cautair], explains it as "an issue or cauter"); from Eng. [cauter]. , a conical basket for catching fish; from M.Eng. [cawell], a fish basket, still used in Cornwall, Ag.S. [cawl]. Cf. Br. [kavell], bow-net, O.Br. [cauell], basket, cradle; from Lat. [cauuella], a vat, etc. (Loth, Ernault). , turmoil, hindrance, trouble (Wh.): See [ca\praid]. , capon (M`D.), Ir. [cabu/n]; from Eng. [capon]. , excrement, so Ir., E.Ir. [cacc], Cor. [caugh], Br. [kac'k], [*kakko-]; Lat. [caco]; Gr. @G[ka/kkc]; Skr. [c@,a/ka], g. [c@,akna/s]. , the rest, others, Ir., O.Ir. [ca/ch], quivis, W. [pawb], all, Br. [pep], [*qa/qe]; root [qo@-], [qo], [qe] of [co] and [gach], q.v. , vexation, Ir. [cacht], distress, prioner, E.Ir. [cachtaim], I capture, W. [caeth], slave, confined: [*kapto-], caught; Lat. [capio], [captus]; Got. [haban], Eng. [have]. (Arm.), (H.S.D.), a gate; [co-cliath], "co-hurdle"; see [cliath], [cleath], hurdle, wattle. Also , (C.S.). It has also been explained as [cadha-chliath], "hurdle-pass". Carmichael gives alternate [cliath-na-cadha]. , tartan cloth, hose tartan, Manx [cadee], cotton; Eng. [caddow] (16th cent.), an Irish quilt or cloak; doubtless from Eng. [caddis], worsted, crewel work, etc., Fr. [cadis], woolen serge. See also [catas]. , sleep, Ir. [codladh], O.Ir. [cotlud], vb. [contulim]: [*con-tul-], root [tol]; Ch.Sl. [toliti], appease, placare, Lit. [tilas], quiet (Persson). The root [tol], [tel], appears in [tra\th], gentle, Lat. [tolerare], Sc. [thole]. --page 62 , cotton (Sh.); from Eng. [cotton]. Properly , which is the usual dialect form. See [cotan]. For Ir. [cada/s], cotton, see [catas]. , a pass, narrow pass, entry; cf. Ir. [caoi], way, road, E.Ir. [ca/i], which Stokes, however, refers to the root [ci] as in Lat. [cio], move, Gr. @G[ki/w], go, a derivation which does not suit the G. phonetically. [cae] (Meyer). , jackdaw, Ir. [cabho/g], M.Ir. [caog]; [*ca-o/g], the [ca]-er or crier of [ca], [caw]; on onomatopoetic origin. Cf. Eng. [caw]; also [chough], from a West Teut. [ka^wa-]. , a wedge (M`A. for Skye): , wild goose, barnacle goose, so Ir.; cf. Eng. [caw], for possibly the name is onomatopoetic. Corm. (B) [cadan]. , the cud-weed (Sh. gives , and O'B.), Ir. [cadh-luibh]; from M.Eng. [code], a cud. M`A. omits the word; it is clearly Irish. The G. is , which is its Lat. name of [gnaphalium] in folk etymology. , a mould for casting bullets; from Sc. [cawmys], [calmes] (16th century), [caums], Eng. [calm], [came]. , a hearth, Ir. [cagailt], raking of the fire (O'R.): , a whisper, Ir. [cogar], M.Ir. [coccur]; [cechras], qui canet, [cairche], sound; root [kar], of Lat. [carmet], Gr. @G[kc@nrux], herald (Stokes). , darling: [*con-car-]; root [car], dear, as in [caraid]. , something ground to pulp or dust (M`D.): , chewing, Ir. [cognadh], M.Ir. [cocnum], O.Ir. [cocnom]: [*con-cna/mh]; see [cna\mh]. , a spade, turf cutter, Ir. [coibe], [cuibe] (O'R., Fol.), W. [caib], O.Cor. [cep]. , a chapel (M`D.); from Lat. [capella]. The G. really is [seipeal], q.v. , giggling, laughing: , , a chapter, Ir. [caibidil], E.Ir. [caiptel], W. [cabidwl]; from Lat. [capitulum], whence O.Fr. [chapitre], Eng. [chapter]. , cherish, so Ir. See the next word.>> , fellowship, affection, vicinity, so Ir., M.Ir. [caidrebh], Celtiberian [Contrebia]: [*con-treb-]; see [aitreabh], [treabh]. , conversation, claque (Arg.); teaze (Perth): , a couple (of animals), coupling: [*con-ceann]; from [ceann], q.v. , a winding pass through rocks and brushwood, a rough mountani pass (Dial. = [cadha-e/iginn]). , scrimmage (M`D.): --page 63 , condition, vigour, appetite, anything ([ca\ileigin]), Ir. [ca/il], W. [cael], to have, get, enjoy, [*kapli-], [*kapelo-]: root [qap]; Lat. [capio], Eng. [have]. , a partition wall (of wattle or clay, etc.); from [calbh], q.v. , chalk, Ir., E.Ir. [cailc], W. [calch]; from Lat. [calx], [calcis], whence also Eng. [chalk]. , girl, wench, Ir. [caile], hussy, E.Ir. [caile]; cf. Br. [plac'h], girl; Gr. @G[pallakc/], concubine, Lat. [pellex]. Usually , girl. , husks, Ir. [ca/ithleach]: [ca/ith-lach]; see [ca\th]. From [ca\th] comes also , a husk. , philosopher, star-gazer; from the Eng. [calender], a mendicant dervish, from Pers. [qalander]. , snot, rheum (M`F., in Sh.). O'R. improves this into [cailide/ar]. , chalice, Ir. [caili/s]; from Lat. [calix], cup, Eng. [chalice]. , kails, ninepins (M`D.); from Eng. [kails], M.Eng. [cailis], from [keyle], a peg, Ger. [kegel], a cane, ninepin. , old wife, nun, so Ir., O.Ir. [caillech], "veiled one"; from [caille], veil, which is from the Lat. [pallium], cloak, Eng. [pall]. , eunuch, so Ir.; from [caill], lose. See [call]. , a mote, Ir. [ca/im], a stain, blemish; from [ca\m]. , saving (Carm.): , , restraining (Carm.). , a fold: , camlet; from the Eng. , a tax, a tribute, Ir. [ca/in], E.Ir. [ca/in], statute, law: [*kap-ni-], root [qap], as in [ca\il]? Stokes refers it to the root [ka^s], order, Skr. [c@,a^s] (do.), Lat. [castigare], [castus], Got. [hazjan], praise. Hence Sc. [cain]. , white: from Lat. [ca@-nus]. , scold, revile, Ir. [ca/in], M.Ir. [ca/ined], scolding: [*kag-nio^] or [kaknio^](?); Gr. @G[kaha/zw], laugh, @G[kagha/zw], Lat. [cachinnus]; O.H.G. [huoho^n], mock; Skr. [kakhati], laugh. , hemp, Ir. [cna/ib], M.Br. [canap]; from Lat. [cannabis], allied to Eng. [hemp]. , cinnamon; from Sc. and obsolete Eng. [cannel], [canel], cinnamon, from O.Gr. [canelle], from Lat. [canella], dim. of [canna], cane. , a fine (Heb.), Ir. [caingean], a rule, case, compact, etc.: , Pentecost, Ir. [cingcis], E.Ir. [Cingcigais]; from the Lat. [quinquagesima] (dies, 50th day from the Passover). , a mote: , a hamper (Skye): --page 64 , speech, Ir. [caint]; from [can], say, q.v. Stokes gives the stem as [*kan(s)ti], root [kans], Skr [c@,asti], prise, from [c@,ams], speak, Lat. [censeo]. , a captain, Ir., M.Ir. [caipti/n]; from M.Eng. [capitain], from O.Fr. [capitaine], Lat. [capitaneus], [caput], head. , a blaze, sea foam, etc.; see rather [caoir]. , the gum, Ir. [ca/ir] ([cairib], Fol.): , a peat moss, dry part of the peat moss (Dial.); from Eng. [carr], boggy ground, Norse [kjarr], brushwood. Also [ca\thar], q.v. , the bent ridge of a cart saddle [srathair]. Shaw gives further the meanings "plank, ship, fusec ([cairb a' ghunna]) (Rob), chariot"; Ir. [corb], coach. The word is the primary stem from which [carbad], chariot, springs; see [carbad]. As "fusee" or "fisil", i.e., "musket", it seems a curtailed form of [cairbinn]. , a carcase, carrion; also (Dial.); allied to [corpus]? , carriage, tenants' rent service; from M.Eng. [cariage], in all senses (Cf. the charter terms - "Areage and cariage and all due service"), now [carriage]. , a carabine; from the Eng. , a toothless person (Sh.); from ++, a jaw, gum, Ir. [cairb]. See [cairb] above. , flesh, person: , a delay, respite, Ir. [ca/irde]; cf. O.Ir. [cairde], pactum. A special legal use of a word which originally means "friendship". See next.>> , friendship, so Ir., O.Ir. [cairdes]; from [caraid], q.v. , a prating girl (Sh., who gives [caireog]); probably from [ca\ir], gum: "having jaw". , noise; see [coirioll]. ++, a hart or stag, Ir. [ca/irrfhiadh]: [*carbh-fhiadh]. For [*carbh], a deer; cf. W. [carw], hart, stag, Cor. [caruu], Br. [caru]; Lat. [carvus]; Gr. @G[kerao/s], horned. , mend, Ir. [co/irighim], E.Ir. [co/raigim], arrange, from [co/ir], q.v. Cf. [cairim], sutor, Z. 775. , a weir, Ir. [cora], M.Ir. [coraidh] for [cora], g. [corad], W. [cored], O.W. and O.Br. [coret], from Celtic [korjo^], I set, put. See [cuir]. , sea moss, Ir. moss, Eng [carrageen], so named from Carragheen (Waterford), in Ireland. This place name is a dim. of [carraig], rock. , corpse, carcase; founded on M.Eng. [cors], Sc. [corrssys] (pl. in Blind Harry), now [corse]. , wild liquorice; see [carrameille]. --page 65 , an egg-shell: , bark (of a tree), Ir. [cairt]; Lat. [cortex]; root [qert], cut, Lit. [kertu\], cut, Eng. [rend]. , a cart, so Ir., W. [cart]; from the Eng. [cart]. , a card, so Ir.; G. is from Sc. [carte], which is direct from the Fr. [carte]. The Eng. modifies the latter form into [card]. The are all from Lat. [charta], paper. E.Ir. [cairt] meant "parchment". , cleanse, Ir. [cartaighim], E.Ir. [cartaim], W. [carthu], purge, [kar-to-]. The root idea is a "clearing out"; the root [ker], [kar], separate, is allied to [sker] in [ascart], and especially in [sgar]. , a quarter; from Late Lat. [quartellus], Norse [kvartill], Lat. [quartus], fourth. , , foot gear (shoes or boots), Ir. [coisbheart]; from [cas]+[bheart], q.v. , listen, Ir. [coisteacht], listening, E.Ir. [coistim], O.Ir. [coitsea], auscultet: [co-e/tsim], [co] and [e/isd], listen, q.v. O'R. gives the modern Ir. [co/isdeacht] with [o] long, which would seem the most natural result from [co-e/isd]. , chese, Ir., E.Ir. [ca/ise], W. [caws], Br. [kaouz]; from Lat. [ca@-seus], whence Eng. [cheese]. , bulwark, castle, Ir. [caiseal], E.Ir. [caisel], [caissle]; from Lat. [castellum]. , anything curled, etc.; from [cas], curled, q.v. , check, stop, Ir. [coisgim], O.Ir. [cosc], castigare, W. [cosp], [*kon-sqo-], [*seqo^], I say; Lat. [inseque]; Gr. @G[e@'/nnepe], say, @G[e@'/ni-spe], dixit; Eng. [say], Ger. [sagen]. , Easter, Ir. [Ca/isg], O.Ir. [ca/sc], W. [pasc]; from Lat. [pascha], Eng. [paschal]. , a bier, bed of blood, M.Ir. [cosair chro/], bed of blood - to denote a violent death, E.Ir. [cosair], bed. the expression appears in the Ossianic Ballads, and folk-etymology is responsible for making G. [casair] into [caisil], bulwark. The word [cosair] has been explained as [co-ster-], root [ster], strew, Lat. [sternere], Eng. [strew]. , a ford, footpath; from [cas-lach], rather than [cas-slighe], foot-way. , stir up, , shaking up, etc.; from [cas], sudden. , an alarm (of battle), signal, march tune. The corresponding Ir. is [caismirt], alarm, battle, M.Ir. [caismert], E.Ir. [cosmert]. , consecrate; see [coisrig]. , a castle, M.Ir. [caste/l], E.Ir. [casti/all]; from Lat. [castellum], whence Eng. [castle]. --page 66 , a rush mat for measuring corn, Ir. [ca/iteach], winnowing sheet; from [ca\ite], winnowed, from [ca\th]. , a small bit (H.S.D.), a basket for trouts (M`A. for Islands), basket (Sh.), a place to hold barley in (M`L.). For the first sense, cf. W. [cat], a piece, Sc. [cat], a rag. In Irish Lat. the trout was called [catus] (Giraldus). , scraped linen, applied for the stoppage of wounds (M`F.); from Sc. [caddis], lint for wounds, M.Eng. [cadas], [caddis], cotton wool, floss silk for padding, from O.Fr. [cadas]. See G. [catas]. [caiteas] = sawdust, scrapings (M`D.). , nap of cloth, shag, Ir. [caiti/n], catkin of the osier, little cat. The Eng. words [caddis], [catkin], and [cotton] seem to be mixed up as the basis of the G. and Ir. words. Cf. W. [ceden], shaggy hair. , spend, cast, Ir., O.Ir. [caithim], [*katjo^], I consume, castaway; Skr. [c@,a^tayati], sever, cast down, destroy, [c@,a^t-ana], causing to fall, wearing out, root [c@,t]. Allied to the root of [cath], war. , just, right, Ir. [caithear] (Lh.), [caithfidh], it behoves, M.Ir. [caithfid]; from [caith], doubtless (Atk.). , shout of joy, triumph, Ir. [caithre/im]; from [cath], battle, and [re/im], a shout, E.Ir. [re/m]. This last word Strachan refers to the root [req] ([*rec-m] or [*rec-s-m]), Ch.Sl. [reka@?], speak, Lith. [re@?kiu\]. , night-watching: , kail, cabbage, Ir. [ca/l], W. [cawl], Cor. [caul], Br. [kaol]; from Lat. [caulis], a stalk, whence likewise Eng. [cole] ([cole]wort) and Sc. [kail]. , , a harbour, Ir. [caladh], M.Ir. [calad]. It is usual to correlate this with It. [cala], Fr. [cale], bay, cove (Diez, Thurneysen, Windisch), and Stokes even says the G. and Ir. words are borrowed from a Romance [*calatum], It. [calata], [cala], Fr. [cale], cove. More probably the Celtic root is [qel], [qal], hide, as in Eng. [hollow], M.Eng. [holh], hollow, cave, also Eng. [hole], possibly. the root of [cladh], has also been suggested. , calendar, Ir. [calainde/ir]; from M.Eng. [kalendar], through Fr. from Lat. [calendarium], an account-book, from [calend@ae], the Calends or first of the month. , a dove; the common form of the literary [columan], q.v. , spinning of wool; seemingly founded on Lat. [colus], distaff. See [cuigeal]. ++, head, pate, bald, so Ir., E.Ir. [calb]; from Lat. [calva], scalp, [calvus], bald. H.S.D. gives as a meaning "promontory", and instances "Aoineadh a' Chailbh Mhuilich", which surely must be the Calf of Mull; and Calf is a common name for --page 67 such subsidiary isles - from Norse [ka/lfr], Eng. [calf]. Cognate with Lat. [calva], [calvaria] (St. Lec.). , a shoot, osier, twig, Ir. [colbha], plant stalk, sceptre, hazel tree, E.Ir. [colba], wand; see [colbh]. , gushing of water or blood (H.S.D.) from above?>> , greedy of food (Suth.); from [ca\il]? , drive, ram, caulk, Ir. [calcaim]; from Lat. [calco], [calx], the heel, Eng. [in-culcate]. , sharp, pointed (Sh., M`L.): , awn, beard of corn, bristles, Ir. [calg], [colg], E.Ir. [colg], a sword, O.W. [colginn], aristam, W. [cola], beard of corn, sting, [caly], penis, Br. [calc'h] (do.), [kalgo-], [*kolgo-]; Gr. @G[kolobo/s], stunted; Got. [halks], poor; further is Lat. [cellere], hit, [culter], knife; etc. The main root is [qel], [qla^], hit, break; see [claidheamh], [cladh]. The Caledonian hero [Calgocos] derives his name hence. Hence , direct, "sword-straight" to a place. , loss, Ir. [caill], E.Ir. [coll], W. [coll], Cor. [colled], jactura, M.Br. [coll], [*koldo-]; Eng. [halt], Got. [halts], O.H.G. [halz], lame; root [qel], as above in [calg], q.v. , , tame, (M`A., also Sh., who gives the meaning "active" to the last form); cf. W. [call], wise; from Lat. [callidus]? , , the black guillemot, diver; compare Eng. [quail], Fr. [caille]. , a partition, fence; the same as [tallaid], q.v.? , a wig, cap (M`F.); from Eng. [calott], skull-cap. , a noise, Ir. [calla/n], [callo/ich]; from Eng. [call]? , hazel, Ir. E.Ir. [coll], W. [collen], Cor. [coll-widen]. M.Br. [quel-vezenn], [*koslo-]; Lat. [corylus]; Norse [hasl], Eng. [hazel]. [*coll]+[tann]. , New Year's Day, Ir. [calla/in], Calends, or first day of the month, E.Ir. [callaind], the Calends, particularly the first Jan., W. [calan], Calends; from Lat. [calend@ae] (Eng. [Calends]). , a pillar (M`A.), Ir. [columhan], [colbh]; from Lat. [columna], etc. , , brave, Ir., E.Ir. [calma]. Cf. W. [celf], skill, art, [celfydd], skilled, O.Br. [celmed], efficax. The root [cal] is to be compared with that in Ger. [held], hero, [*haleth] or [*calet]. The I.E. root is [qel], as in Lat. [celsus], high, [columna], column, Eng. [excel]. , dove; see [calaman]. , the pike (Wh.)? , the calf of the leg, so Ir., E.Ir. [calpda], bonus pes (Corm.), [colpa], tibia; from the Norse [ka/lfi], whence also Eng. [calf]. --page 68 , principal set to interest, Sc. [calpa], dath-duty payable to the landlord, from N. [kaup], stipulation, pay. , hardness on the skin (H.S.D.; in M`D.); from Lat. [callum], [callus]. It is not the obsolete , hard, E.Ir. [calad], W. [caled], O.Br. [calat], [*kaleto-], root [kal], hard; Got [hallus], stone, Norse [helle], [hallr]; Skr. [c@,ila^], stone. , crooked, one-eyed, Ir. [cam], O.Ir. [camm], W. [cam], Br. [kam], Gaul. [cambo-], root [kemb], wind; Gr. [ko/mbos], a band, bond; Lit. [kinge@?], door-bar. It has been refered to the root of Gr. @G[skambo/s], crooked (se [ceum]), and to Lat. [camera], whence Eng. [chamber]. Hence , club, , bay. , hoow above the eye, Ir. [camo/g-ara], "the bend of the [ara]", O.Ir. [aire], G. [arach], tempus; Gr. @G[pareia/], cheek. , wry-neck: , quarrelsome disputation (M`D.): , talkative; [*com-ag-ach], root [ag] in [adhan]? , a camel, Ir. [camhall], E.Ir. [camail], W. [camyll]; from Lat. [camelus]. , a hollow plain, Ir. [cabha/n] (County [Cavan]); from the Lat. [cavus]. , break of day, twilight, Ir. [camhaoir]; (M`A. [sgamhanaich], "lights"): , a curl: , , a camp, Ir., M.Ir. [campa]; from the Eng. [camp]. , vexation, grief; from Sc. [cummar], Eng. [cumber]. , say, sing, Ir. [canaim], O.Ir. [canim], W. [cana], sing. Br. [kana]; Lat. [cano], sing; Gr. @G[kana/zw]; Eng. [hen]. , porpoise, young whale, Ir. [cana] (O'R.), [ca/na] (O'B.), whelp, pup, M.Ir. [cana] (do.); from Lat. [canis]? , mountain down, cotton Ir. [canach], O.Ir. [canach], lanugo; Gr. @G[knc@nkos], thistle, @G[kneko/s], yellow; Skr. [ka@-ncanas], golden, a plant; [*qonak-]. Stokes refers it to [*casnaka], Lat. [ca^nus], white ([*casno-]), Ag.S. [hasu], grey, Eng. [hare]. , language, Ir. [ca/namhuin]. Seemingly a long-vowel form of the root [qan], cry. See [cainnt]. , cinnamon; see [caineal]. , a cannon; from the Eng. , a canister; from the Eng. , fret; from Sc. [canker], fret, Eng. [canker]. , trouble, vexation; from Sc. [cangle]. , a can, so Ir., E.Ir. [cann]; from Eng. [can]. , pretty, kind; [*cas-no-], root, [qas], Lat. [ca@-nus], white ([casnus]), Ag.S. [hasu], grey, Eng. [haze]? Or it may be allied to Lat. [candidus], white, Skr. [cand], shine. --page 69 , articulate music, chanting, Ir. [cantaireachd], singing, [ca/ntaire], a singer; from Lat. [cantor], [cano], I sing. , wrangling, grumbling, muttering, Ir. [cannra/n]; from [can], say, sing. , grief, weeping (Sh., M`L.), Ir. [cantlamh]: , a clod, a bite, Ir. [caob], clod, M.Ir. [coep], E.Ir. [caip], [ca/ep], clot, lump, O.Ir. [caebb oo], jecur. , empty (as a nut), blind, so Ir., O.Ir. [caech], W. [coeg], foolish, Cor. [cuic], [*kaiko-s]; Lat. [caecus]; Got. [haihs], one-eyed. , , rage; see [cuthach]. , a streamlet; from [caoth], blind? , change, die, , a change, Ir. [caochluighim], O.Ir. [caoimchla/im co/em-chlo/im]: [imchloud], [imchlo/ad], inversio; for [co-imm-clo/im]; from [clo/im], muto: see [claoidh]. The aspiration of the [mn] of [imb] is unusual, but the history of the word is also unusual, for it actually appears as [claemchlo/d] in E.Ir. oftener than once, and Ir. [claochlo/dh], [claochladh]. , St John's wort (Sh.): , wink; apparently from Eng. [cock] (the eye). Cf. Norse [kaga], keek; Sc. [keek]; Shet. [caog], peep slily. , fifty, so Ir., O.Ir. [co/ica(t)], [*qenqekont]; Lat. [quinquaginta]; Gr. @G[pentc/konta]. See [co/ig]. , lamentation, Ir. [caoi], [caoidh], E.Ir. [co/i], [ca/i], inf. to [ci/im], ploro, [*keio^], root [qei], which appears in [caoin], q.v., and in Eng. [whine], [whisper], etc. Bezzenberger suggests [*keipo^], and compares Lit. sze@"ptis, grimace, Ch.Sl. [o-sipna@?ti], raucescere. A former derivation of Stokes' is repeated by Rhys ([Manx.Pray.] @+[2], 26): [*qesi], root [qes] as in Lat. [questus]. , a twig or osier for wicker, M.Ir. [co/elach]; from [caol], slender. , a bedfellow (Sh.), Ir. [caoimhthech], E.Ir. [com-aithech], neighbour; see [aitheach]. Also , friend, bedfellow. The latter seems from, or influenced by, [caomh]. , kindness. This word is supposed by folk etymology to be from [caomh], kind, whereas it is really allied to O.Ir. [coibnes], affionitas, [*co-ven-estu-], root [ven] of [fine], q.v. , kind, mild, so Ir., O.Ir. [ca\in], kind, beautiful [[W. [cain]?]]: [*koini-], root [koi], [kei] of [caomh], q.v. Stokes gives base as [kaini-], and Bezzenberger compares Gr. @G[kai/nusqai], excel, Ch.Sl. [sina@?ti], gleam forth. If the base idea were "beauty", Eng. [shine] might be compared. , the exterior surface of cloth, right side, rind, sward; from [caoin], gentle, polished? --page 70 , weep, so Ir., O.Ir. [co/inim], [ca/inim], O.W. [cuinhaunt], deflebunt, Br. [couen], [queiniff], [*koinio^]; [qein], [qi^n]; Eng. [whine], Norse [hvi/na], whirr; Gr. @G[kinuro/s], wailing. See [caoidh]. , dry, make dry (as hay by the sun), , seasoned; from the adj. [caoin]? , a blaze, stream of sparks, a coal, Ir. [caor], E.Ir [ca/er], [*kairo], Eng. [hoar] ([*kairo-]), Teut. root [hai] in Norse [hei@dh], atmospheric clearness, O.H.G. [hei], heat, Eng. [heat]; Skr. [ke^tus], light. More near are Gr. @G[ki/ris] (lamp, Hes.), Skr. [kira/n@.a], a ray, clear, has been also suggested. , a peat ember. , a plaintive song; also , moaning (H.S.D.). The root word is [caoidh]; possibly [ra/n], roar, forms the latter part. , a drop of sheep or goats' dung, a drop or globule; cf. Ir. [caoiri/n], a little berry, little sheep, from [caor], berry, [caora], sheep. The two ideas seem confused in Gaelic. In Argyle, [gaoirnean]; (Arg. [ao] here is northern [ao]). From [skar], [sharn]? , slender, so Ir., O.Ir. [co/il], W., Cor. [cul], O.Br. [culed], macies, [*koilo-]; Lett. [ka/ils], naked; Lat. [caelebs], single? Gr. @G[ko@nilos], hollow? Hence ; , a firth or Kyle. , gut, intesting, Ir. [caola/n], E.Ir. [coela/n], O.W. [coilion], exta; from [caol]. , tender, kind, so Ir., E.Ir. [coem], O.Ir. [co/im], W. [cu], O.W. [cum], Br. [cuff], [cun], debonnaire, [*koimo-], root [kei], lie; Gr. @G[koima/w], put to rest, @G[ke@nimai], lie; Got. [ha/ims], a village, Ag.S. [ha/m]. Eng. [home]. The idea is "restful". , bedfellow, friend, Ir. [caomthach], friend; see [caoimheach], and cf. Ir. [caomhaighim], I protect, cherish, from [caomh]. , spare, save, , sparing, Ir. [caoimhnaim], preserve, keep, protect, [caomhaighim], [caomhnuighim], preserve. The last form seems the most original, if we refer the root to O.Ir. [anich], protegit, [aingim], I protect ([a-nak]), root [nak] and [nank], as in [adhlac], [thig], etc. The form [nak] is more particularly allied to Skr. [na/c@,ati], reach, Lit. [neszu\], draw. The G. verb may have been [*com-anich-]. It is possible to derive it from [caomh] with [caomhuin] as an inf. form which usurped the place of the present stem. , strife, tumult, Ir. [caonno/g], strife, a next of wild bees: [*cais-no-], root [kais], [kai], heat, Eng. [heat], G. [caoir]? , berry of the rowan, a mountain berry, Ir. [caor], O.Ir. [ca/er], bacca, W. [cair], berries, [ceirion], berry [*kaira^]. It is seemingly the same word as [caoir], blaze, the idea arising probably from the [red] rowan berries. --page 71 , a sheep, Ir. [caora], g. [caorach], O.Ir. [ca^er], [*cairax], from [*ka(p)erax], alliet to Lat. [caper], a goat, Gr. @G[ka/pros], a boar, Eng. [heifer]. Cf. W. [caeriwrch], roebuck. , the rowan tree, Ir. [caorthann], E.Ir. [caerthann], W. [cerddin], Br. [kerzin], [*cairo-tann], from [caor], berry, and [*tann], tree, Br. [tann], oak, Cor. [glas-tannen]. The connection with O.H.G. [tanna], fir, oak, M.H.G. [tan], wood, Ger. [tanne], fir, Eng. [tan], [tanner] (Gr. @G[qa/mnos], bush?) is doubtful; it would necessitate the idea of borrowing, or that the Celtic word was [dann]. Ogam [Maqui Cairatini], McCaorthainn. Rhys says W. is borrowed from Gadelic (C.F.L. 292). , a capl from the Eng. [cap]. , drunken riotousness (Dial.); from Lat. [*cra^pula]. , a horse, mare (more commonly), so Ir., E.Ir. [capall], Br. [caval]; from Lat. [capallus], whence Eng. [cavalry], etc., [caple] (M.Eng. [capil], from Celt.) Norse [kapall], nag, seems borrowed from Gaelic. The W. is [ceffyl], with remarkable vocalisation. [capal-coille]? , turn, twist, Ir. [cor], M.Ir. [cor] (=[cuairt], (O'Cl.)), O.Ir. [curu], gyros, W. [cor-wynt, turbo, M.Br. [coruent], [*kuro-]; Lat. [curvus]; Gr. @G[kurto/s], curved. See [cruinn]. , friendly, related to, Ir. [ca/ra(d)], a friend. See [caraid] for the usual root. , condition, usage; from [ca\irich], mend. , move, stir, Ir. [corruighim], from [corrach], unsteady. The G. confuses this with [car], turn. , a friend, so Ir., O.Ir. [cara], g. [carat], [*karant-]; O.Ir. verb [carim], [caraim], I love, W. [caraf], amo, Br. [quaret], amare, Gaul. [carantus], [Caractacus], etc.; Lat [ca^rus], dear, Eng. [charity], etc.; Got. [ho^rs], meretrix. , a pair, couple, Ir. [co/raid], E.Ir. [co/rait]: , refuse of threshed barley, Ir. [carra], bran; see [carthuinnich]. , catechism; from Sc. [carritch], a corruption of [catechise]. , contest, confusion (Arm. M`F.): from [car] and [measg]? , beside; see [caruibh]. , , condition, treatment: , compulsory labour, , , which last see. , a chariot, so Ir., O.Ir. [carpat], W. [cerbyd], O.Br. [cerpit], Gaul. [carpentoracte], [Carbantia], [*karbanto-]; Lat. [corbis], a basket; Norse [hrip], pannier for peats on horse-back. Lat. [carpentum] (Eng. [carpenter], etc.), seems borrowed from Gaulish. The root idea is "wicker", referring to the basket character of the body of these chariots. --page 72 , jaw, jaw-bone, so Ir., W. [car yr e^n] (car of the mouth), Br. [karvan]. The idea is "mouth chariot", from the resemblance between the lower jaw and the old wicker chariots. Loth cfs. W. [carfan], beam, rail, row. , engrave, carve; from the English. , a particular kind of ship or boat (Islay); from Norse [karfi], a galley for the fiords. , carraway-seed; from the English. , a carp, Ir. [carbha/n], Manx, [caroo]; from Norse [karfi], Eng. [carp]. , a prison, sewer in a cow-house, Ir. [carcar], prison, E.Ir. [carcair] (do.); from Lat. [carcer], prison, barrier. [cacair] in Glenmoriston. a carcase; from the English. , card wool, Ir. [cardaighim]; from the Eng. [card]. , a cargo, load; from the English. , Lent, torment, Ir. [Corghas], M.Ir. [corgus], W. [garawys]; from Lat. [quadragessima]. , a lock of wool (Sh., H.S.D.), , a wool-card (Sh. Coneys for Ir.); [*card-la-], from [card] of Eng. For phonetics, cf. [o\irleach]. , excellence, Ir. [carlamh], excellent, [*co-er-lam-], [erlam], clever, [*air-lam]? For [lam], see [ullamh]. , heap of stones, cairn, Ir. [carn], E.Ir., W. [carn], Br. [karn], [*kar-no-], root [kar], be hard; Gr. @G[kranao/s], rock (@G[kra-], @G[kar]); further Eng. [hard], [harsh]. See [carraig]. , a horning. The G. seems a confusion between [co\rn], horn, Eng. [horn], put to the [horn], and [ca\rn]. M`F. gives for "outlawed", , excommunication. , a sledge, cart, peat cart, Ir. [carr], dray, waggon, E.Ir. [carr], biga, W. [carr], biga, O.Br. [carr], vehiculum (gl.), Gaul. [chariot], [career], [carry], [cargo], charge]); from Celt. [karso-]; Lat. [currus] ([quors-]), from [qr@.s]; Eng. [horse], [hurry]. , red; from Eng. [carnation]. , (1) a she-terrier, (2) a small fish found in stony shores at ebb-tide. The first meaning from [ca/rn], cairn. Terriers were used for cairn hunting. , the flesh of the seal and whale (Heb.; Carmichael); founded on obsolete [carn], flesh? , the itch, mange, superficial roughness, Ir. [carr]; , scabby, M.Ir. [carrach], [*karsa^ko-], from [kars], be rough, hard; ([*kors-ta-); further root [kar], to be hard, rough. For , rocky shelf, Ir. [carr], rock, see [carraig]. --page 73 , a frog-fish, called "cobler", Ir. [carracha/n], the rock fish called cobler (Coneys). From [carr], a rock. Also the word means "the wild liquorice root" - [carra-meille], q.v. , a pillar stone, Ir. [carrthadh], [cartha], E.Ir. [corthe]. The root, despite the vocalic difficulty caused by the E.Ir. form, is likely the same as in [carraig]; yet cf. [kor] of [cuir], set. , conflict; from the root [kars] in [ca\rr], "rough-work"? , rock, so Ir., O.Ir. [carric], W. [careg], O.W. [carrecc], Br. [karrek], [*karsekki-] (so Rhys, R.C.@+[17] 102, who thinks W. borrowed), from root [kars], hard, rough; Norwegian, [herren], hard, stiff, [harren], hard, Eng. [harsh], [hard] (root [kar]). See [ca\rr]. , wild liquorice, wood pease, Ir. [carra-mhilis]. The name is explained as "knots of honey", the [carra] being the same as [ca\rr], and [meille] the gen. of [mil]. Hence Sc. [carmele], etc. , spurrey, spergula arvensis, Ir. [carra/n], scurvy grass. From the root [kars] of [ca\rr]. also means a "shrimp", and is of the same origin. , the conger; see [carran] above. , hoarseness, wheezing, Ir. [carsa/n]; from the root [kars], be rough. See [ca\rr]. Cf. @G[ko/rnza], catarrh, [rotz]. , a quart, Ir. [ca/rt]; from the Eng. [quart], Lat. [quartus]. , a small brown insect that eats into the flesh, Ir. [carta/n], a small brown insect that eats into the flesh, a crab. A Gadelicised form of [partan], q.v. , affectionate, charitable, Ir. [carthannach]; from Lat. [caritas]. , dwell apart as in a cave, separate (M`F.). Cf. , refuse of threshed corn, , winnow. Possibly from the root [kar], separate, a form of the root of [sgar], q.v. , , beside, near. This is the dat.pl. of [car]. , foot, leg, Ir. [cos], O.Ir. [coss], W. [coes], [*koksa^]; Lat. [coxa], hip; M.H.G. [hahse], bend of the knee; Skr. [ka/kshas], armpit. , steep, sudden, Ir. [casach], an ascent, M.Ir. [cass], rapid, [*kasto-]; Eng. [haste]. , curled, Ir., M.Ir. [cas], curly, [casaim], flecto; [&qasto-], root [qas]; Norse [haddr] ([has-da-]), hair, Eng. [hair]; Lit. [kasa], hair-plait, Ch.Sl. [kosa], hair (Kluge). Stokes compares it with Lat. [quasillum], a basket, root [quas]. , gnash the teeth, Ir. [cais], hate, W. [ca^s], hate, Br. [cas], [*cad-s-to-]; Eng. [hate], Ger. [hass], Got. [hatis]. Of the same ultimate origin as [cas], sudden (Strachan). --page 74 , fire (as a stone) (Suth.), seemingly founded on Eng. [cast]. Cf. [casadh ar a che/ile] = met (Ir.). , a difficulty, Ir. [ca/s]; from Lat. [casus] (Eng. [case]). , fishing tackle (part attached to hook): from [cas]. , , a cough, Ir. [casachdach], W. [pa^s], [peswch], Br. [pas], [*qasto-]; Eng. [host], Ag.S. [hvo/sta], Ger. [husten]; Lit. [ko/siu]; Skr. [ka^sate], coughs. , cassock, Ir. [caso/g]; from the Eng. The E.Ir. word is [casal], from Lat. [casula]. , a complaint, accusation, Ir. [casoid], O.Ir. [cosso/it]. The word is a compound, beginning with [con], and seemingly of the same origin as [faosaid], q.v. Stokes thinks that the word is borrowed from the Lat. [causatio]; this is not likely, however. Root [sen], W. [cynhenn], quarrel. , sea drift, Ir. [casair], a shower, E.Ir. [casair], hail, W. [cesair] (do.), Br. [kazerc'h] (do.), [*kassri-], [*kad-tri-]; from root [cad] as in Lat. [cado], fall. The Ir. and G. (?) [casa/ir], phosphorescence, seems to be the same word. , a path, Ir. [casa/n]; from [cas], foot. , a rafter, roof-tree; from [cas]? , slay, butcher, so Ir., O.Ir. [coscar], victory, destruction; [*co-scar]; see [sgar]. , chips of wood (Arm.), Ir. [casnaidh]; [*co-]+[snaidh], q.v. , parallel (Sh.), Ir. [cospanach] (O'R.); [*co-spann]; see [spann]. , a chestnut; from Lat. [castanea], through M.Eng. [castane], [chestnut]. , a measure for butter (quarter stone); from the Eng. [castor]. , the straw on a kiln below the grain (Arm., not H.S.D.): , a cat, so Ir., E.Ir. [catt], W. [cath], Cor. [kat], Br. [kaz], Gaul. [Cattos]; Lat. [catta], perhaps also [catulus]; Eng. [cat], Ger. [katze], etc. It is a word of doubtful origin; possibly, however, Celtic, and applied first to the wild cat, then to the tame Egyptian cat introduced in the early centuries of the Christian era. , , sheep-cot, pen; from Eng. [cot]. , , taming, (M`F.); cf. [tataich]. , potatoe cellar (Dialectic); see [cata]. , refuse at carding of wool, Ir. [cada/s], cotton, scraping of linen rags; from Eng. [caddis]. See further under [caiteas]. , battle, Ir., O.Ir. [cath], W. [cad], O.W. [cat], Cor. [cas], Gaul. [catu-]; O.H.G. [hadu-], fight, Ag.S. [hea@dho-], Ger. [hader], contention; Skr. [c@,atru], enemy; Gr. @G[ko/tos], wrath. --page 75 , chaff, husks of corn, Ir., O.Ir. [ca/ith], W. [codem], a bag, husk, pod (?), [*ku^ti-], root [ka^t], [kat], as in [caith], spend, cast. , provoking, accusing, fighting, Ir. [cathaighim]; from [cath], fight. , snow-drift, Ir. [ca/thadh], snow-drift, sea-drift; cf. M.Ir. [cu/a], gen. [cu/adh], W. [cawod], O.Cor. [cowes], nimbus, Br. [kaouad], [*kavat] (Stokes); allied to Eng. [shower]. It is possible to refer the G. word to the root of [caith], [ca\th]. , a city, Ir., E.Ir. [cathair], O.Ir. [cathir] (*kastrex], W. [caer], Br. [kaer], [*kastro-]; Lat. [castrum], fort (Stokes). The root seems to be [cat], [cats]; the phonetics are the same as in [piuthar], for the final part of the word. , a chair, Ir. [cathaoir], E.Ir. [catha/ir], W. [cadair], Br. [kador]; from Lat. [cathedra], whence also, through Gr., Eng. [chair]. , a wild goose with black bill (Heb.); see [cadhan]. , a web (M`D.): , mossy ground; see [ca\ir]. , a corn (Sh.; not in H.S.D.); formed on Lat. [callum]. See [calum]. , cudwort; see [cadhluibh]. , , cream, M.Ir. [ceo/], milk; cf. Br. [koavenn], which suggests a form [keivo-] (cf. [gle/] from [gleivo-]), root [kei], [skei], shade, cover, as in Gr. @G[skia/], shadow, Ger. [schemen (do.)? The Br. [koavenn] has been refered to [*co+hufen], W. [hufen], cream. Cf. [ceo\], mist, "covering". , the earth, used only in the phrase , the (round) earth, Ir., E.Ir. [ce/], [for bith che/], on this earth. The [ce/] is supposed to be for "this", from the pronomial [kei], Gr. @G[kei@nnos], he, Lat. [ce], [cis], Eng. [he]. The root [kei], go, move (Lat. [cio], Gr. @G[ki/w]), has also been suggested. , give? , spouse (Carm.), Ir. [ce/]: , , the iron part of a spade or other delving instrument; see [caibe]. , a fine breeze (Heb.): (Carm.), sky, (Prov.) [ci'ar]: , an interjection of dislike; see the next word. , dirty, mean, obstreperous (Carm.), Ir. [ceachair], dirt, M.Ir. [cecharda], [*kekari-]; from [kek], the [e] form of the root [kak] seen in [cac], q.v. , digging, Ir. [ceachlaim], O.Ir. [ro-cechladatar], suffoderunt, [*ce-clad-], a reduplicated or perfect form of the root [clad] of G. [cladh], q.v. , permission, so Ir., O.Ir. [cet], [*ces-do-]; Lat. [ce@-do], I yield (for [ces-do^]). --page 76 , bunch of wool, Ir. [ceadach], cloth, coarse cloth, W. [cadach], clout. Rhys regards W. as borrowed from Ir. For all, cf. [cadadh], [caiteas]. , the part of the plough on which the share is fixed. Also . Both words are used for Eng. [quay]. , a frivolous person (Dialectic): , a trade, E.Ir. [cerd]; see [cea\rd]. , stupor, forgetfulness, Ir. [ceal], forgetfulness; from the root [qel] of [ceil], conceal. Cf. E.Ir. [cel], death. [ceal], end (Carm.). ++, same, similar hue (Carm.): , the fire-place of a kiln: , eat (Kirk), Ir. [cealaim]; root [qel] as in Lat. [colo]? , a virago (Badenoch): , guile, treachery, so Ir., E.Ir. [celg], [*kelga^]; Arm. [ke??ch??], hypocrisy. The further root is [qel] of [ceil]. , g. , a church, so Ir., E.Ir. [cell]; from Lat. [cella], a cell, a hermit's cell especially, whence the Gadelic use. Hence , superior of a cell, and the name Mackellar. "A retired spot" (Hend.). , broad-cloth, Ir. [cealtair], clothes, E.Ir. [celtar], [celt], raiment; from [qel], cover, as in [ceil], q.v. , whither, for [c'iona], [c'ionadh]? Cf. Ir. [ca/ h-ionad]. See [ionadh]. , mild, kind, so Ir.; from [*cen], as in [cion], ++[cean], love, desire. See [cion]. , a tie, binding, so Ir., E.Ir. [cengal], W. [cengl]; from Lat. [cingulum], vb. [cingo], I bind, Eng. [cincture]. , head, so Ir., O.Ir. [cend], [cenn], W., Br. [penn], Gaul, [Penno-], [*qenno]. Perhaps for [qen-no-], root [qen] (labialised), begin, Ch.Sl. [koni], beginning, as in [ceud], first. The difficulty is that the other labialising languages and the Britonic branch otherwise show no trace of labialisation for [qen]. Windisch, followed by Brugmann, suggested a stem [kvindo-], I.E. root [kvi], Skr. [c@,vi], swell, Gr. @G[Pi/ndos], Pindus Mount; but the root vowel is not [i], even granting the possible labialisation of [kvi], which does not really take place in Greek. Hence , a bottle of hay, , buy (="heading" or reckoning by the head; cf. Dial. , sum up), , head-wind (Hend.), , vaunting (Hend.). , a purchasing, so Ir., E.Ir. [cennaigim], I buy, O.Ir. [cennige], lixa, [caingen], negotium. , rebellion, turbulence, so Ir.; [*ceann+arc]; for root [arc], see [adharc]. For meaning cf. Eng. [head]strong, W. [pen]ffest (do.). --page 77 , commander, chief, Ir. [ceanna/rd], arrogant, commanding, "high-headed", from [ceann] and [a\rd]; M. [kinnoort], Ir. [ceannphort], commander, authority, head post or city: [ceann]+[port]. , , (Cam.), a brindle or horse's head-gear, Ir. [ceannrach]; from [ceann]+[rach]. For [rach] (root [rig]), see [cuibhreach], [a\rachas]. , subdue, tame, Ir. [ceannsaighim]; from [ceannas], superiority, "head-ness", from [ceann] and the abst. termination [as]. Similarly [ceannsal], rule. , a block, shoemaker's last, so Ir., E.Ir. [cepp], W. [cyff], Br. [kef]; from Lat. [cippus]. , catch, stop. This word seems borrowed from the Sc. [kep], of like meaning, a bye-form of Eng. [keep]. The Ir. [ceap], bound, bind, stop (?), seems from [ceap] above. ++, a tillage plot, Ir. [ceapach]. This Stokes refers to a Celtic [keppo-], garden, root [kep], [ka@-], Lat. [campus], Gr. @G[ke@npos], garden, Ger. [hube], piece of land. Satisfactory though the meaning be, the derivation is doubtful as involving the preservation of [p], even though flanked by a second [p] (or [-no/], i.e. [kep-no/-], which is still more doubtful). Hence the common place name . , a verse, an impromptu verse, carelessly sung verse, E.Ir. [cepo/c], a chorus song: a rare word in Ir., and said to be Sc. Gaelic for Ir. [aidbsi], great chorus. From [ceap], catch? cf. Eng. [catch], a chorus verse. Zimmer suggests that it stands [Ce Po/c], "kiss here", (?) sung by the girls as a refrain at gatherings! , bread covered with butter, etc. Ir. [ceapaire]; from [ceap], a block. Cf. , a wheel-barrow wheel. , piece, article of clothing, so Ir., E.Ir. [cerp], cutting, [cerbaim]; [*kr@.bh], [skr@.bh]; Gr. @G[ka/rfos], twig, Eng. [shrub]; [*(s)ker], cut, divide. Cf. W. [carp], rag, cerpyn. Bezzenberger cfs. M.H.G. [herb], asper. St. now [skerb], Eng. [sharp]. , a hen, so Ir., M.Ir. [cerc], [*cerca^]; from I.E. [qerqo], to sound, hence "a noise-making bird"; Gr. @G[ke/rkos], a cock, @G[kre/x], a fowl; Lat. [querquedula], a teal, O.Prus. [kerko], a diver; Skr. [kr@.ka-va^kus], a cock. , a hoop, so Ir.; from L.Lat. [circulus], [circullus], a hoop, from [circulus], a circle. , a craftsman, Ir. [ce/ard], E.Ir. [cerd], W. [cerdd], art; Lat. [cerdo], craftsman; Gr. @G[ke/rdos], gain. , a smithy, Ir. [ce/ardcha], O.Ir. [cerddchae]; from [cerd]+[cae], the latter word [cae] meaning a house in Ir., a Celtic [kaio-n], allied to Eng. [home]. --page 78 , scarab@aebus, dung-beetle, hornet (H.S.D. for form), (M`A.); see [cearnabhan]. [cearr-dubhan] (Carm.), "wrong-sided little black one". , tidy (Arm.); [cearmanaich], make tidy (Perth): , a corner, quarter, Ir. [cearn], [cearna], angle, corner, E.Ir. [cern]; evidently an [e] form of the stem found in [corn], horn, q.v. , a hornet, Ir. [cearnabha/n]; from [*cerno-]. Cf. Eng. [hornet] ([*kr@.s-en-]), Lat. [crabro]. , wrong, left (hand), E.Ir. [cerr], [*kerso-]; Lat. [cerritus], crazed; Gr. @G[e@'gka/rsios], slantwise; Lit. [skersas], crooked. , a gamester, Ir. [cearrbhach], a gamester, dexterous gambler. Cf. G. , , the left-hand, the use of which was considered in plays of chance as "sinister". , right, so Ir., E.Ir. [cert]; Lat. [certus], certain, sure, [cerno], discern; Gr. @G[kri/nw], judge, @G[krite/s], a judge, Eng. [critic]. , a complaint (M`F.), Ir. [ceasacht], grumbling, M.Ir. [cesnaighim], complain, [ces], sorrow, [*qes-to-]; Lat. [questus], [queror], I complain, [querela], Eng. [quarrel]. ++, floss (Carm.), animal with long flossy hair or wool, Ir. [ceaslach], long hair or wool on fleece legs. See [Ceus]. , examine, catechise, Ir. [ceasnuighim]; from Lat. [qu@aestio], [qu@aestionis], Eng. [question]. Stokes (Bk.of Lis.) has suggested that the Lat. and Gadelic are cognate; though possible ([qais], [qis] may become by umlaut [ces] in G.), it is improbable from the stem form in [n] persisting in the G. verb. , mist; this is really the old stem of [ceo\], mist, E.Ir. [ciach], q.v. Ir. [ceathach], showery, is from [cith], a shower. , yeomanry, the portion of a population fit for warfare; see [ceatharn]. , a troop, so Ir., E.Ir. [ceithern], [*keterna^]; Lat. [caterua], troop, [cate^na], a chain; O.Sl. [ceta], company (Stokes). It has also been regarded as borrowed from Lat. [quaternio], which in the Vulg. means a "body of four soldiers", quaternion. Hence Eng. [cateran], [kern]. , quay, coulter-place, Ir. [ceigh], quay. See [ceadha]. , a mass of shag, clot, , a tuft, a fat man. From Scandinavian [kagge], round mass, [keg], corpulent man or animal, whence Eng. [keg]; Norse, [kaggi], cask, Norwegian, [kagge], round mass. , a kick; from the Eng. , conceal, Ir., [ceilim], O.Ir. [celim], W. [celu], I.E. [qel]; Lat. [ce^le], Eng. con-[ceal]; Ag.S. [helan], hide, Eng. [Hell]; Gr. @G[kalu/ptw], hide; Skr. [ka/la], darkness. , spouse, fellow, so Ir., O.Ir. [ce/le], socius, W. [cilydd] ([y gilydd] = [a che/ile] of G. = [eguille] of Br.), [*keiljo-], "way-farer", from --page 79 [kei], go (Lat. [cio], move, Gr. @G[ki/w], go, [ki/ne/w], move, [kinetics]. The idea is the same as in Ir. [se/tig], wife, from [se/t], way. Strachan thinks that G. and W. demand a stem [ceglio-]; and Dr Stokes thinks that, if [ce/le], servus, is different from [ce/le], fellow, it must come from [kak-lio-] (better [keklio-]), and be allied to Lat. [cacula], a servant. Hence , a gossiping visit or meeting. , martial (H.S.D.), Ir. [ceallach], war, M.Ir. [cellach], war; Teut. [hildi-], war, Lat. [per-cellere], hit. , chirping of birds, Ir. [ceileabhar], [ceileabhrach], musical, M.Ir. [ceilebradh eoin] singing of birds, E.Ir. [celebrad], a celebrating or observance, a welcome of joy; from Lat. [celebratio]. , wise, sover, Ir. [ce/illidhe]; from [ciall]. , kelp; from Eng. , remote; really the oblique form of [cian], q.v. , wax, Ir., M.Ir. [ce/ir], W. [cwyr], O.W. [kuyr], Cor. [coir], Br. [coar]; from Lat. [ce^ra], wax. , , the buttock; see [pe/ire]. , fondle, make much of (Perth); cf. [ceirein], plaster. , a plaster, a "clout", Ir., M.Ir., [ce/iri/n], a plaster; from [ce/ir], wax. Eng. [cerate]. , a clew, ball of yarn, Ir. [ceirsle] (so G. too), [ceirtli/n], O.Ir. [certle], glomus, [*kertillia^]; from I.E. [qert], wind, bend; Skr. [kart], spin; Lat. [cartilago], Eng. [cartilage]; Gr. @G[ka/rtalos], basket; Eng. [hurdle]. , a case, hamper; from Eng. [case]. Ir. [ceis], basket, M.Ir. [ceiss], is a different word, possibly allied to, if not borrowed from, Lat. [cista] (Stokes). From Ir. [ceis] comes , polypody, given in H.S.D. from O'R. Cf. O.Ir. [cass], basket, Lat. [quasillus]. , a question, so Ir., E.Ir. [ceist]; from Lat. [qu@aestio]. Hence , a sweetheart, founded on "ceisd mo chridhe" - darling (i.e., question, anxiety) of my heart. , large, corpulent woman; see [ceo\s]. , May, O.Ir. [ce/tam] (g. [ce/taman]), [cetsoman] ([cetshaman]) in Cor.Gl., where it is explained as [ce/t-sam-si/n], the first weather-motion of [sam] or summer. The word means the "first of summer" - [ce/t+sam-], the [sam] of [samhradh], q.v. The termination is possibly influenced by other time words. See [Samhainn]. , four, Ir. [ceathair] (n.), [ceithre] (adj.), O.Ir. [cethir], W. [pedwar], Cor. [peswar], Br. [pevar], Gaul. [petor-], [*qetveres], I.E. [qetvo^r]; Lat. [quatuor]; Gr. @G[te/ttares]; Got. [fidvo^r], Eng. [four]; Lit. [keturi]; Skr. [catva^ras]. --page 80 , mist, Ir. [ceo/], E.Ir. [ceo/], g. [ciach], [*cevox], g. [*gevocos], I.E. [sqevo-], Lat. [obscu@-rus], Norse [sky/], cloud, Eng. [sky]. The idea is "covering". , a dark nook, corner: , small drizzle; [ceo\]+[boinne] or [-bainne], "mist-drop". The Ir. is [ceo/bhra/n], for [ceo\]+[braon]. This last is G. , q.v. Hence (for ?). Also . Ir. [ciabhra/n], drizzle, fog, M.Ir. [ciabor], mist. , music, Ir., E.Ir. [ceo/l], g. [ciu/il], [*kipolo-], a Gadelicised form of [*pipolo]; onomatopoetic root [pi@-p], Lat. [pi^pilo], chirp, [pipilum], outcry, [pi^po], chirp, Ag.S. [pi/pe] , Eng. [pipe] (hence W. [pib], G. [pi\ob], etc.). Stokes and Rhys have given a Celtic [qeqlo-] for stem, allied to W. [pib], pipe. For phonetics, see [feo\il]. Stokes now suggests alliance with Ger. [heulen], hoot, howl, O.H.G. [hiuwilo^n]. , the hip, podex; see [ceus], poples. Hence , broad-skirted, bulky, clumsy. , burr or light down of feathers; see [ceus], wool of legs, etc. , first, Ir. [ce/ad], O.Ir. [ce/t], W. [cynt], formerly, [cyntaf], first, Br. [kent], [kenta] (do.), Gaul. [Cintu-], [*kentu-]; allied to W. [cann], with Gr. @G[kata/], down, against (=[kn@.ta]); Lat. [contra]. Further allied is possibly ([and this is the usual derivation]) I.E. [qen], begin, Lat. [re-[cens]), Eng. [recent]; Gr. @G[kaino/s] (=@G[kanio/s]), new; Skr. [kana/], young; Ch.Sl. [koni], beginning. Some again have compared Teut. [hind] as in Eng. [hindmost]. , a hundred, so Ir., O.Ir. [ce/t], W. [cant], Cor. [cans], Br. [kant], [*kn@.to-n]; Lat. [centum]; Gr. @G[e@`kato/n] (=[se-kn@.ton]); Got. [hund], Eng. [hund]-red; Lit. [szi\mtas]; Skr. [c@,ata/m]. , sense, Ir. [ce/adfadh], O.Ir. [ce/tbaid], W. [canfod], to perceive, [*cant-buti-], "with-being", from [ceud], with first, and [bu], be. , the same, so Ir., O.Ir. [ce/tna], [*centinio-s]; from [ceud], first. , a step, Ir. [ce/im], O.Ir. [ceimm], W., Cor. [cam], O.W. [cemmein], gradibus, Br. [kam], [*kn@.gmen-], verb [*kengo^], I go, Ir. [cingim], Gaul. [Cingeto]-rix, "king of marching men" - of warriors: I.E. [khen@g], limp; Ger. [hinken], limp; Skr. [khan@~j], limp. , ham, polpes: [*cencso-]; Lit. [kenkle], hough, bend of the knee, [kinka], knee joint; Ag.S. [ho/h] (=[han@G[h]]), Eng. [hough] (Strachan for Lit.). The gen. is , whence [ceo\s], etc. , the coarse part of the wool on sheep's legs (Heb.), M.Ir. [ce/slach]; from [ceus], ham. , crucify, Ir. [ce/asaim], [ceusaim], O.Ir. [ce/ssaim], suffer, [*kentso^], suffer: I.E. [qentho]; Gr. @G[pe/nqos], @G[pa/qos], suffering, Eng. [pathos]; Lit. [kenczu\], suffering , becoming; see [ciatach]. --page 81 , , not, Ir. [nocha n-], O.Ir. [ni/ con] aspirating. The particle [no] or [nu] is no part of this negative: only [ni/] and [con], "non quod", [con] being the same as [gu'n]. Aspirating power of it is as yet unexplained. Ulster Ir. [cha]. , went, ivit, Ir. [cochuaidh], O.Ir. [docho/id], he went, [*coud-]; Skr. [codati], make haste, [codayati], drive, [co/da], a goad; Eng. [shoot]. See [deach]. , for ever, Ir. [choidhche], E.Ir. [chaidche], [coidchi]; for [co-aidche], [gu oidhche], "till night". , already, Ir. [cheana], E.Ir. [chena], in sooth, quidem, jam, [ol chena], [ar chena], O.Ir. [cene], [olchene]; from [cen-e/], "without this", root in [gun], without, [cion], want. , will see, Ir. [chidhim], [chi/m], O.Ir. [atchi/], videt, [*ad-cesio^], [*kesio^]; Skr. [caksh], see, for [*ca-kas]; Lat. [canus] ([*cas-no-]?), grey; Ag.S. [hasu], grey, Eng. [hare]. See [chunnaic], [faic]. The aspiration of [chi\] is due to the lost [ad-] initial, which is confused with the verbal particle [do], [a]. , , as, so, Ir. [comh], W. [cyn]; from [com], with. See [comh-]. Gaelic "Cho dubh ri feannaig" = Welsh "Cyn ddued a'r fra^n". , to; dialectic form of [gu]. The [n] belongs to the article. Also [thun]; q.v. Compare [chugad] and [thugad] to [chon] and [thun] in phonetics. , heard, Ir. [do chuala], O.Ir. [rochu/ala], W. [cigleu], [*kuklova]; root [kleu] as in [cluinn], q.v. , towards thee, so Ir., O.Ir. [chucut], [*cu-cu-t], where the prep. [cu] or [gu], to, is reduplicated. See [gu]. The [t] or [-ut] is for [tu], q.v. So with , , etc. , , , to, for, in order to, Ir. [chum], [do chum], O.Ir. [dochum n-], [dochom n-]; an idiomatic use of [com], side? Cf. Eng. [side], [beside]. , to, until; see [chon]. , saw, Ir. [chonacadar], they saw, O.Ir. [conaca], vidi; from [con]+[faic]; for [con], see [comh-], and see [faic]. The old past was , still used in Ir. as [chonnairc], from [con]+[dearc], q.v. , who, what, Ir. [cia], O.Ir. [ci/a], W. [pwy], Cor. [pyu], Br. [piu], [*qei]; Lat. [qui] (Old Lat. [quei]). See further under [co]. , a lock of hair, so Ir., E.Ir. [ciab]: [*kes-abu-], [kes] of [cas]? , , Wednesday, Ir. [Ce/adaoin>, O.Ir. [ce/ta/in], first fast, "Day of the First Fast". The first weekly fast was the latter half of Wednesday, the next was Friday - [Di-h-aoine]. Thursday is the day "Between two fasts" - [Diardaoin], q.v. See further under [Di-]. , sly-jumoured (Dialectic): , side or brim of a vessel; see [ciobhull]. --page 82 , sense, understanding, Ir., O.Ir. [ciall], W. [pwyll], Cor. [pull], Br. [poell], [*qeisla^]: I.E. [qei], observe, see, shine; Gr. @G[pinuto/s], wise; Skr. [cetati], perceive, [cittam], thought, [cino@-ti], discover; further Ger. [heiter], clear. , sad (Sh., Arm.), Ir. [ciamhair], [ciamhaire] (O'Cl., O'Br.): , remote, so Ir., O.Ir. [ci/an], [*keino-]; from the pronominal root [kei], there, Gr. @G[ke@ninos], ille, Lat. [cis], [citra], Eng. [he]. Others have referred it to root [qei], [qi], Skr. [ciras], long, Got. [hveila], time, Eng. [while]. Hence , sad, lonesome, Ir. [cianamhuil]. , a small measure of arable land (Heb.: H.S.D.); see [cionag]. , dusky, Ir., E.Ir. [ci/ar], [*keiro-s], "shadowy"; root [sqhei], Gr. @G[skiero/s], shady, @G[skia/], shadow, Skr. [cha^ya@-/], shadow, Ag.S. [scimo] (do.). It has been compared to Eng. [hoar], Norse [ha/rr], but the vowels do not suit. , g. , border, skirt, fringe: , , elegant, becoming, Ir. [ce/adfadhach], discreet, belonging to the senses; from [deudfadh], q.v. , rump (of a bird, M`D.), Ir. [cibi/n], the rump (Con.). Cf. Ir. [giob], a tail. , a shepherd; from Sc., Eng. [keeper]. , a mask, vizard (M`D.), , masqueraders; from Sc. [gyis], a mask, [gysars], masqueraders, M.Eng. [gi@-sen], to dress, Eng. [guise], [disguise]; all from O.Fr. [guise], modus, [desguiser], disguise. The Sc. was directly borrowed in the Stuart period. , tickle (Sh.); see [ciogail]. , a diminutive, weakly person (Arg.): , a diminutive, weakly person (Arg.): , a large codfish; from Norse [keila], gadus longus or "long cod". Also (Sutherland). , a church; locative case of [ceall], q.v., used for the most part in place-names. , a concealed heap, repository, Ir. [cilli/n], a purse or store of hoarded cash (O'B.), dim of [ceall], cell, church, q.v. offspring, clan, Ir. [cineul], O.Ir. [cene/l], W. [cenedl], O.W. [cenetl], Corl [kinethel], [*kenetlo-n]: I.E. [qen], begin; Gr. [kaino/s], new (@G[kanjo/s]); Lat. re-[cens], Eng. [recent]; Ch.Sl. [koni], beginning; Skr. [kana/], young. , grow, increase, spring from, Ir., E.Ir. [cinim], spring from, descend of; root [qen] of [cineal], q.v. Also , grow, increase. , , tribe, clan, Ir. [cineadh], [cine], E.Ir. [ciniud] (g. [cineda]); from root [qen] in [cineal], q.v. Hence , gentiles, Ir. [cineadhach], a gentile. --page 83 , a spindle (Sutherland): , need, desire (Arm.), contact, origin (M`A.). In the first sense, the word is from [cion], want; in the second, from [cinn]. In the sense of "contact", as exemplified by M`A., the Sc. [kinches], correspondence, etc. ("to kep kinches wi' one"), has to be remembered, a word apparently from [kin]. , certain, so Ir., O.Ir. [cinnim], definio, [e/cintech], infinitus; from [ceann], head, q.v. , bite, wound (Bib. Gl.); see [caob]. [ci\bidh] (Hend.). , coarse mountain grass, tow, Ir. [ci/ob], coarse mountain grass, scirpus c@aespitosus. Club rush, flaky peat (Carm.). , the jaw (M`D., who writes "na ci/obhuill"), (Sh.), more properly (Arm.), q.v. H.S.D. gives the pl. as . , a woman's breast, Ir. [ci/och], E.Ir. [ci/ch]; cf. W. [cig], flesh, M.Br. [quic] (do.), [*ki^ka^] ([ke^ka^]?). Bez. suggests (with query) connection with Bulg. [cica], teat, Polish [cyc]. , hunger, longing, Ir. [ci/ocras], hunger, greed, ravenousness: , what, Ir. [cad], O.Ir. [cate], [cote], lit. "quid est", [co]+[ta], q.v. Ir. [caide/] (North [goide/], O.Ir. [cate/], what is it, O.Ir. [ite/], it is. , tickle, Ir. [giglim]; see [diogail]. In the Heb. , tickling, also signifies terror, a crisis of timerous determination (H.S.D.). , a comb, wool-card, Ir. [ciomam], I comb (O'B., Sh.); from M.Eng. [kemb], to comb. H.S.D. has not the word. , a prisoner, Ir. [cimidh], O.Ir. [cimbid], [*km@.biti-] (Stokes), root [kemb], wind; Lat. [cingo], surround; Gr. @G[ko/mbos], band, Norwegian [hempa] (do.). See [ceangal], from the same I.E. root [qen@g]. , bell, cymbal, so Ir.,; from Lat. [cymbalum], Eng. [cymbal]. , a bundle of hay or straw (Heb.); from Norse [kimbill], a bundle [kimbla], to truss, Sc. [kemple], fory bottles of hay or straw, [kimple], a piece (Banffshire). , want; from the root [ken] of [gun], without. , love, esteem, Ir. [cion], [cean], M.Ir. [cen], O.Ir. [fochen], welcome; root [qino-], [qi], I.E. [qei], notice, as in [ciall]. Further, Gr. @G[timc/], honour, @G[ti/w], honour, @G[ti/nw], pay penalty. The sense of honour and punishment is combined in the same word. See [ciont]. , a small portion of land, one-fourth of a [cleitig] or one-eighth of a "farthing" land (Heb.), Ir. [ciono/g], a small coin, a kernel; cf. W. [ceiniog], a penny. , music (Arm.; Sh. has ; H.S.D. has from A.M`D., querulous music): , , etc.; this is the old dat. of [ceann], head ([*qenno@-]). --page 84 , identical, idem; Ir. [cionda] (dial. Gaelic ), for [ceudna], by metathesis of the [n]. The G. [-arra] is an adjectival form of the [-ar] in [aon-ar], etc. , how, Ir. [cionnus], O.Ir. [cindas] = [co]+[indas]; see [co] and [ionnas]. , guilt, Ir. [cionnta], O.Ir. [cintach], injustice, [cin], guilt ([*cin-at-]), dat.pl. [cintaib]; also G. ++; I.E. [qin], Gr. @G[ti/numai], punish, @G[poinc/], punishment, Lat. [p@oena], punishment, Eng. [pain]. See [cion]. , a pet lamb or sheep, , a petted sheep, , the call to a sheep to come to one: all from a shorter form of the root [ka'er] or [kair] (i.e. [kir]) of [caora], q.v. , cheerful, , snug; from Eng. [cheerful]. Cf. [ti\orail]. , hurt, damage, wounding, Ir. [ci/orrbhadh], E.Ir. [cirriud], [cirud], [*cir-thu-], root [ker], destroy, Lat. [caries], decay, Gr. @G[kc/r], death, Skr. [c@,r@.na^ti/], smash. [ro cirrad], was mutilated. , subdue: "make tributary"; from [ci\s], tribute, tax. , a bread basket, corn-skep (M`D.), Ir. [cisean], [cis], basket, M.Ir. [ceiss], possibly allied to (if not borrowed from) Lat. [cista] (Stokes). See [ce/is]. Sc. [cassie]. , left-handed, sinister, so Ir., W. [chwith], [*sqi^ttu-] (Stokes), [*sqit-tu-], and [sqit] is an extension of [sqi], [sqai] in Gr. @G[skaio/s], Lat. [scaevas] ([*sqai-vo-]), left. , a little plaid, shawl, O.Ir. [ce/taig], acc. case (Bk.of Armagh); , a comb, Ir. [ci\or], O.Ir. [ci/r], [*kensra^]; cf. Gr. @G[kte/is], g. @G[kteno/s], (from [skens]), Ch.Sl. [ceslu@u], Lit. [kasy/ti], scratch (Stokes, Strachan), root [qes], shave, scratch; cf. Gr. @G[xe/w], @G[xuro/n]. Zimmer refers it to the root [qers], to furrow, Skr. [karsha], a scratch, etc.; but [qers] would give a G. [cerr]. A Celtic [ce^ra] would be the ideal form, suggesting Lat. [ce^ra], wax, "honey-[comb]". , cud, Ir., E.Ir. [ci/r], Manx [keeil], W. [cil], Br. [das-kiriat], ruminer. Perhaps identical with the above >>(Windisch). [cir], [ciridh], sheep (Carm.). , tribute, tax, Ir. [ci/os], O.Ir. [ci/s]; from Lat. [census], whence Eng. [census]. , , a chest, Ir. [cisde], M.Ir. [ciste], W. [cist]; from Lat. [cista], Ir. [cis], piece of basket work of osiers. Cf. O.Ir. [cass], basket, Lat. [quasillus]. , hamper (Islay); from [ce\is]. , a light tweed (N.Lochaber). , a kitchen; from the Eng. , a shower, Ir. [cith], [cioth], g. [ceatha], E.Ir. [cith], O.Ir. [cithech], flebilium; [*citu-]: --page 85 , rage, ardour; [*ketu-], cf. [cuthach]: , attuned, where [cith] seems from Eng. [key], mood. , a complaining; see [caoin]. , confusion (M`L.): "hurly-burly"; an onomatopoetic word. , , , small rain, drizzle, Ir. [ceo/bhra/n]. See [ceo\ban]. M.Ir. [ciabor], mist. , beautiful, dimpling (Sh., Arm.; not H.S.D.): , , a low-voiced plaint: from Norse [kjo@"kra], whine, [kjo@"kr], a voice stifled with tears. , mild, Ir. [ciu/in], [*kivo-ni-], I.E., [kivo-], [keivo-], akin, dear; Lat. [civis], Eng. [civil]; Norse [hy/rr], mild, Ag.S. [heo/re], Ger. [ge-heuer], safe; Ch.Sl. [po-c@,ivu@u], benignus; Skr. [c@,iva/], friendly. , hurt, Ir. [ci/orrbhaigim], I maim, wound: see [ciorram]. Cf., however, O.Ir. [dufiurrsa], adteram, [du-furr], attriveris, [iu/rthund], to hurt, root [org] as in [tuargan]. , an open mouth, Ir. [clab]; from Eng. [clap], a clap, noise, the human tongue. Hence , a mill-clapper. , top of the head, brain-pan (H.S.D.); cf. W. [clopen], G. [claigionn], q.v. Possibly Pictish? , filth, mire, clay, Ir. [cla/bar] (whence Eng. [clabber]); cf. [la\ban]. , the clasp of wooden cow collar (Arg.): , a good bargain, great pennyworth: , a stone, Ir., E.Ir. [cloch], W. [clwg], a rock, detached rock, [clog], a rock, [clogan], a large stone, [*kluka^]; root [kal], [kl-], hard; Got. [hallus], stone, Norse [hella], flat stone, Skr. [c@,ila^], a stone. Usually correlated with Lat. [calculus], a pebble, Eng. [calculate]. , kirk or kirk town, Ir. [clocha/n], monastic stone-cells singly or in group; also G. and Ir. "stepping stones". , comb wool, , a wool comb; from Sc. [claut], [clauts], wool comb, also a "clutching hand, a hoe or scraper"; from [claw]. , a shore, beach, so Ir., [*claddo-], "a score, shore"; from [clad] of [cladh], q.v. , a burr, a thing that sticks, Ir. [clada/n], burr, flake; from [cla\d]. , churchyard, Ir. [cladh], a bank, ditch, E.Ir. [clad], a ditch, W. [cladd], [clawdd], fossa, Cor. [cledh] (do.), Br. [cleuz] (do.), [*klado-], [*kla^do]; root [kela], [kla], break, split, hit; Gr. @G[kladaro/s], easily broken; Lat. [cla^des]; Russ. [kladu], cut. See further [claidheamh], sword. Hence , dig. , a poltroon, so Ir.; "digger, clod-hopper", from [cladh]? , a bell, Ir. [clog], O.Ir. [clocc], W., Cor. [cloch], Br. [kloc'h], [*klokko-], [*kloggo-]; root, [klog], [klag], sound; Lat. [clango], Eng. [clang]; Gr. @G[kla/zw], @G[klaggc/], clang; Lit. [klage@?ti], cackle. Bez. suggests --page 86 Bul. [klu@ucam], hit, giving the stem of [clag] as [*klukko-]. Hence Eng. [clock], etc. , a lock, ringlet; see [cla\d], [cla\dan]. , the last handful of corn cut on the farm, the "maiden" (Badenoch); Sc. [claaik-sheaf] (Aberdeen, etc.), from [claaick], the harvest home; the state of having all the corn in. , a sword, Ir. [clo/idheamh], O.Ir. [claideb], W. [cleddyf], Cor. [cledhe], Br. [kleze], [*kladebo-s]; root [klad], Skr. [kladga]: Gr. @G[kla/dos], a twig; Ch.Sl. [kladivo], a hammer. Further root [kela], [kla^], hit, split; Lat. [culter], per-[cellere], etc. See [cladh]. , better , the bolt of a door, Ir. [claibi/n]; from the same source as [claidheamh]. H.S.D. gives it in supp. as [cla\imhean]. , a damaging, shattering: [*claddo-]; root [clad] of [claidheamh]. , a skull, Ir. [cloigionn], M.Ir. [cloicend], W. [clopen], Br. [klopenn], [*cloc-cenn], from [clag] and [ceann], "bell-head, dome-head". Stokes considers the Ir. borrowed from the Welsh. Cf. [claban]. , a furrow, ditch, so Ir., E.Ir. [class], W. [clais], [*clad-s-ti-]; from [*clad] of [cladh]. Br. [kleus], pit. , hearing, listening; from [*clo^sta^], ear; see [cluas]. , gentle rain (Arran): , wrangling, Ir. [clampar]; from Lat. [clamor]. , a buzzard: , a scratching, so Ir.: [*clam-rad]; see [cloimh], itch. , an alley, close, so Ir.,; from Eng. [close]. , sleet: , children, clan, so Ir., O.Ir. [cland], W. [plant], [*qlanata^]: I.E. root [qel]; Gr. @G[te/los], company; O.Slav. [celjadi@u], family, Lit. [kiltis] = Lett. [zilts], race, stock; Skr. [ku/la], race. Some have added Lat. [populus]. Usually regarded as borrowed from Lat. [planta], a sprout, Eng. [plant], whence G. , comatus. , vex, oppress, Ir. [claoidhim], O.Ir. [clo/im], W. [cluddio], overwhelm, [*cloid]; I.E. [klei], incline, as in [claon], q.v. Windisch and Stokes refer it to [*clovio^], root [qlov], [qlav], [qlu], shut in, Lat. [claudo], close, [claudus], lame, Gr. @G[klei/s], @G[kleido/s], key. , inclining, squint, oblique, Ir. [claon], O.Ir. [clo/in]: [*kloino-]; Lat. [cli@-no], [accli@-nis], leaning, Eng. [incline]; Gr. @G[kli/nw] (@G[i] long), incline; Eng. [lean]; Lit. [szle@"/ti], incline; Skr. [c@,rayati] (do.). , , clap, clapping; from the Eng. [clap]. , a board, tablet, Ir., O.Ir. [cla/r], W. [claur], O.W. [claur]; Gr. @G[klc/ros] (for @G[kla@nros]), a lot, @G[kla/w], break; root [qela], [qla^], break, --page 87 etc., as in [claidheamh], [coille], q.v. Hence, [inter alia], , a woman of clumsy figure, "board-built". , a harp, Ir. [cla/irseach]; from [cla/r]. Cf. for meaning [fiodhcheall], chess-play, "wood-intelligence". , , a clasp, Ir. [clasba]; from the Eng. , mire (Dial.); from Sc. [clart]. , bashfulness (M`D., who writes . H.S.D. gives the form in the text): [clath]+[na\ire]; see [na\ire]. [clath] seems from the root [qel], hide, as in [ceil], q.v. (H.S.D.). , a practice, custom, Ir. [cleachdadh], E.Ir. [clechtaim], I am wont, [*kl@.cto-], root [qel], as in Lat. [colo], Eng. [cultivate], Gr. @G[pe/lomai], go, be, etc. Cf., however, [cleas]. , a ringlet, a fillet of wool, E.Ir. [clechtaim], I plait (Cam.), W. [pleth]; from Lat. [plecto], Eng. [plait]. , a curl, lock of hair: , a play, trick, feat, so Ir., E.Ir. [cless], [*clessu-], [*clexu-]; root [klek], [klok], as in [cluich], q.v. , concealment, hiding; also ([*kleti-s]); inf. to [ceil], hide, q.v. , an instrument for laying hold of fish, or of sea-fowls, Ir. [clipe]; from Eng. [clip], a gaff or cleek, a fastener, Norse [kly/pa], to pinch, O.H.G. [chluppa], tongs. , the clergy, Ir. [cle/ir]; from Lat. [cle^rus]. See the next word.>> , a clerk, a cleric, O.G. [cle/rec] (Bk.of Deer), Ir. [cle/ireach], E.Ir. [cle/rech], Br. [kloarek]; from Lat. [cle@-ricus], a clerk, cleric, from Gr. @G[klcriko/s] (do.), from @G[klc@nros], a lot, office: "the lot (@G[klc@nron]) of this ministry" (Acts i. 17). , a quill, feather, down, Ir. [cleite]: , a rocky eminence; from Norse [klettr], rock, cliff. Common in Northern place-names. , bar, ridge (Carm.). , a stake, wattle, Ir. [cleith], [cleath], E.Ir. [cleth], tignum, W. [clyd], sheltering, M.Br. [clet], warm (place); root [qleit], [qlit], O.Sax. [hhli^dan], cover, Got. [hlei@dhra], hut, Ch.Sl. [kleti], house. Hence , roof; the E.Ir. [cle/the], roof, roof-pole, appears to be for [kleitio-], the same root in its full vocalic form (Schra@"der). , concealing, O.Ir. [cleith]; see [cleath]. , , a measure of land - an 8th of the "penny" land: , a cloak, Ir. [clo/ca]; from the Eng. , one who neglects work (Arran): , vigour: , left (hand), wrong, Ir. [cli/], E.Ir. [cli/], W. [cledd], O.W. [cled], Br. [kleiz], [*klijo]; root [klei], incline, Got. [hleiduma], left, etc. See further under [claon]. --page 88 , a basket, hamper, the chest (of a man), Ir. [cli/abh], O.Ir. [cliab], corbis, [*cleibo-]. Root [klei] as in [cliath]. , a burr; cf. [cla\dan]. , son-in-law, Ir. [cliamhuin], G. and Ir. , affinity; root [klei], lean, Lat. [cliens], Eng. [client], in-[cline], [lean]. , a poet, hero or heroes, Ir., E.Ir. [cli/ar], society, train, clergy; from Lat. [cle/rus], as in [cle/ir], q.v. Hence , a bard, swordsman. The , (Senchan's Lot) was the mythic bardic company, especially on its rounds (Gaelic Folk Tales). Hence , singing, feats. , a level plot of ground: [*cliath-t-an], a participial formation from [cliath], harrow - "harrowed, level". , harrow, hurdle, Ir. [cli/ath], E.Ir. [cliath], O.Ir. Vadum [clied] (Adamnan), Dublin, W. [clwyd], hurdle, Cor. [cluit], Br. [kloned], Gaul. [8cle^ta], whence Fr. [claie], hurdle, [*kleita^]; root [klei], lean; Lett. [slita], wood fence, Lit [szlite/], a rack (of a waggon). , tread hens, as cock: , side, the side of the ribs, Ir. [cliatha/n], side, breast, [*kleito-], "slope", root [klei], incline; Norse [kli/@dh], a slope, mountain side, Gr. @G[klitu/s] ([i] long), a slope, hill-side. , a trick, wile (H.S.D.); from [cleibe], [clip], as [cli\chd] from [cleek]. , a misadventure; see [cliob]. , a hook, gaff: see the next word.>> , an iron hook; from Sc. [cleik], Eng. [cleek], [click]. , a cunning trick; from the above. Sc. [cleiky], ready to take the advantage, tricky, [cleek], inclination to cheat: "There's a [cleek] in 'im" (Banffshire). , to stumble, , stumbling, awkward. Cf. Sc. , a fall. See next. , anything dangling, excrescence, , a dew-lap, Ir. [cliob], [clibi/n]; also Ir. [cliobach], hairy, shaggy, [clibo/g], a (shaggy) colt, etc. Cf. Sc. [clype], an ugly, ill-shaped fellow: origin unknown (Murray); [clip], a colt, Ger. [klepper], palfrey. Root [ql@.@g], stumpy, Gr. @G[kolobo/s]. , halt in speech (H.S.D.): cf. Eng. [clip] words. , a clyster; from the Eng. , a hook, clip, Ir. [clipe], a gaff; from the Eng. [clip]. See [cleibe]. , deceit (H.S.D.); see [clibeag]. , active, Ir., M.Ir. [cliste], ready, quick. Cf. W. [clys], impulse: [*cl@.-sto-]; root [kel], as in Lat. [celer], swift, etc.? "", the Merry Dancers. From [cleas]. Cf. Ir. and E.Ir. [deil-clis], staff-sling. , unsteady of foot, cripple; from [clis]. Also . --page 89 , start, Ir. [cliosg] (Meath Dial., [clist]); from [clis]. , boat ribs, [clisneach], rib: , the human body, carcase, outward appearance (Arm.; not H.S.D.): , a bar-gate (H.S.D.), a rib (Wh.): , renown, praise, Ir., O.Ir. [clu/], W. [clyw], sense of hearing, [clod], praise; Gr. @G[kle/os], fame; Skr. [c@,rava/s], I.E. [kleu], hear. See further under [cluinn]. , mend nets: , a slap with the fingers; from the Sc. [clout], Eng. [clout], a cuff, "clout". , a small or disabled hand; from Sc. [cloot], hoof, half-hoof? , , broad-cloth; from Eng. [cloth], [clothing], etc. , a print, printing press, M.G. [clo/] (Carswell), Ir. [clo/], [clo/dh] ([clodhuighim], Coneys; E.Ir. [clod], mark?); cf. the next word.>> Also . ++, a nail, Ir., E.Ir. [clo\], W. [clo], key, Br. [klao], tool, [*klavo-]; Lat. [cla^vus], nail, [clavis], key; Gr. @G[klei/s], key, etc. See [claoidh]. , slumber; see [clo\th]. , a pair of tongs; from Norse [klofi], a fork (of a river), a forked mast, snuffers, [klof], fork of the legs, "cloven, cleft". The Ir. [clobh(a)] in Con. and Fol., and the [clomh] of Lh., seems a Scottish importation, for Coneys says the vernacular is [tlobh]. In fact, the Ir. word is [tlu/], [tlu/gh]: "lifter"; root [tl@.-] as in Lat. [tollo]? , a close, lane, farm-yard, Ir. [clamhsa], W. [claws]; from Eng. [close]. Also, [clamhsa], q.v. , wheezing in the throat (M`F.; Sh. has , and , respire); from Sc. [clocher], wheezing, [cloch], cough feebly. It is an onomatopoetic word, like Eng. [cluck], [clock]. , a clod, turf; from the Eng. , , a helmet, Ir. [clogad], M.Ir. [clogat], [at chluic], E.Ir. [clocatt]; from [ad], hat, q.v., and ++, head, which see in [claigionn]. , a wooden clog; from Eng. [clogs]. , the pitch of the box-tree or any shrub tree (Arm.; not H.S.D.). Cf. [glaoghan]. , scab, itch, Ir. [clamh], scurvy, E.Ir. [clam], leprosus, W. [clafr], leprosy, [claf], diseased, Cor. [claf] (do.), M.Br. [claff] (do.), Br. [klanv], [*klamo-], sick; Skr. [klam], weary; Gr. @G[klamaro/s], weak (Hes.); Lat. [cle^mens]. , wool, down of feathers, Ir. [clu/mh], down, feathers, E.Ir. [clu/m], pluma, W. [pluf], plumage; from Lat. [pluma] (Eng. [plumage]). --page 90 , rub or scratch as itchy; same as [clamhradh] in meaning and root. , icicle, snot; from [clo\imh] , the herb "stinking marsh, horse tail", Ir. [clo/is], [clo-uisge] (O'R.), "water nail" (Cameron). , a shrimp, prawn (M`D.), Ir. [cloitheo/g]. Possibly for [claidh-], [*cladi-], root [clad] of [cladh]: "a digger". M`L. has instead [cloidheag], a small shore-fish. , counteract, subdue (Carm.). See [caochail]. , cloves; from the Eng. , rest, sleep, stillness; [*clud-to-], root [klu], [klav]; see [claoidh]. , a carcase; from [clos], q.v. , a closet, Ir. [closeud]; from the Eng. , mitigate, still; from the root [klav], of [claoidh], q.v. , a green plain, pasture, Ir. and E.Ir. [cluain]: [*clopni-]; Lit. [szlapti], become wet, [szlapina], a wet spot; Gr. @G[kle/pas] (Hes.), a wet muddy place (Strachan). , , intriguing, deceit, Ir. [cluainearachd], [cluain], [*clopni]; Gr. @G[kle/ptw]; steal, Eng. [lift], [cattle lifting] (Strachan). [cluain] = sense (Glenmoriston). , a thistle; cf. W. [cluro], whisk. , ear, Ir., O.Ir. [cluas], W. [clust], [*klousta^], root [kleus], [klus], [kleu], hear; O.Sax. [hlust], hearing, Eng. [listen], etc. See [cluinn]. , a patch, clout, Ir. [clu/d], W. [clwt]; from the Eng. [clout], Ag.S. [clu/t] (Rhys, Murray). , play, Ir. [cluiche], a game, E.Ir. [cluche], a game, O.Ir. [cluichech], ludibundus: [*klokjo-]; Got. [hlahjan], Eng. [laugh], Ger. [lachen] (Windisch, Stokes). [placere]? , a little bell, anything dangling; from [clag]. , hear, Ir., E.Ir. [cluinim], W. [clywed] hearing, Cor. [clewaf], audio, Br. [klevet], audire, [*klevo^], I hear; Lat. [clueo], am reputed, in[clustus], famous; Gr. @G[klevo^], hear; Eng. [loud], [listen]; Skr. [c@,ru], hear, [cra^vas], sound. Hence [cliu\], [cluas], etc. , cheat: hardly [*kloppi-]; Gr. @G[kle/ptw]. , the swollen throat in cattle: , cover, clothe, Ir. [cluthmhar], sheltered, warm. Cf. E.Ir. [clithaigim], I shelter, [clith], clothing, W. [clyd], sheltering; root [qel] of [ceil], q.v. Ir. [clu/daim], I clothe, cover, from Eng. [clothe], has possibly influenced the vowel both in G. and Ir. , chase, Ir. [cluthaighim]: [*kluto-], [*klu]; see [claoidh]? , pull, haul; see [cnap]. , an instrument for dressing flax, Ir. [cna/ib], hemp; see [cainb]. , a crack, Ir. [cnag]; from the Eng. [crack]. --page 91 , a pin, knob, Ir. [cnag]; from the Eng. [knag], a peg, Dan. [knag], a peg, Sw. [knagg], a knag. , a scoff, Ir. [cna/id]: , bone, Ir. [cna/imh], O.Ir. [cna/im], [*kna^mi-s]; Gr. @G[knc/mc], leg; Eng. [ham]. , a pimple, bear-berry: , chew, digest, Ir. [cnaoi], [cnaoidhim], E.Ir. [cna/m], gnawing, W. [cnoi]; Gr. @G[knw/dwn], a tooth, @G[kna/w], scrape; Lit. [kandu/], bite; Skr. [kha^d], chew. Root [qne@-], [qen]. Hence , gangarene. , matured person (M`D.): , a knob, Ir. [cnap], E.Ir. [cnapp]; from Norse [knappr], a knob, M.Eng. [knap]. Hence also G. and Ir. , a blow, Sc. [knap], Eng. [knappe], blow. , a youngster; from [cnap]. But cf. Norse [knapi], boy, varlet, Eng. [knave]. ++, a ship, Ir. [cnarra]; from Norse [kno@"rr], g. [knarrar], Ag.S. [cnear]. , a cold: [*krod-to-]; Ger. [rotz], catarrh; Gr. @G[ko/ruza] (do.). Also . , a sigh, groan, so Ir., E.Ir., [cnet]; from the root [can] of [can], say, sing. , a wound, so Ir., E.Ir. [cned], [*knida^]; Gr. @G[kni/zw], sting, @G[kni/dc], nettle; Ag.S. [hni/tan], tundere. Cf. Teut. [hnit], hit; Gr. @G[knizw], stick, cut; [cneidh-ghalar], painful complaint. , a button, bead; see [cnap]. , skin, waist, Ir. [cneas], E.Ir. [cnes]; from [cen] of [cionn], skin; see [boicionn]; Corn. [knes], body, W. [cnawd], human flesh. , humane, modest, Ir. [cneasda]; from [cen] as in [cineal], kin. , fir cone, shinty ball: , slender (M`D.); from [cneas]. , caress, stroke: , a nut, Ir. [cno/], O.Ir. [cnu/], W. [cneuen], pl. [cnau], Cor. [cnyfan], Br. [knaouenn], [*knova^]; Norse, [hnot], Ag.S. [hnutu], Eng. [nut], Ger. [nuss]. , a hillock, Ir, [cnoc], O.Ir. [cnocc], O.Br. [cnoch], tumulus, Br. [kreac'h], [krec'henn], hill, [*knokko-]; from [knog-ko-], Norse, [hnakki], nape of the neck, Ag.S. [hnecca], necl, Eng. [neck]. Some have given the stem as [*cunocco], and referred it to the root of Gaul. [cuno-], high, W. [cwn], height, root [ku], be strong, great, as in [curaidh], q.v. Cf. Ag.S. [hnoll], O.H.G. [hnol], vertex, head. See [ceann]. , a young woman's hair bound up in a fillet. Founded on the Sc. [cockernonny]. --page 92 , a knot, Ir. [cnota]; from the Eng. , a patch, piece on a shoe; cf. Sc. [knoit], [knot], large piece. , acquire, lay up, Ir. [cno/dach], acquiring (O'R.); see [cno\d]. , the gurnet, Ir. [cnu/da/n] (Fol.); cf. Sc. [crooner], so-called from the [croon] or noise it makes when landed. The G. seems borrowed from Sc. [crooner], mixed with Sc. [crout], croak. , a sumptuous present (Heb.); : , tooth-ache, sever pain; see [cnuimh]. , a large whelk, buckie; cf. [cno\], nut. , unhusk barley; from , the block or joint of wood hollowed out for unhusking barley. The word is the Eng. [knot]? , head, brow, temple, Ir. [cruaic] (O'R.); cf. W. [cnuwch], bushy head of hair, [cnwch], knuckle, [cnuch], joint, [*cnoucco-], "a prominence"; root [kneu], [knu]; Norse [hnu/kr], [hnju/kr], knoll, peak, [hnu@dhr], a knob. Hence , shrewd: "having a head". , gnash, chew, crunch; for [cruas], [cruais], founded on Eng. [crush], [crunch]? , ponder, collect, Ir. [cnuasuighim], [cnuas], a collection, scraping together, G. and Ir. , reflection, collection, [*knousto-]; root [knu], [knevo], scrape, Gr. @G[knu/w], scratch, Norse [hno@"ggr], niggard, Eng. niggard, Ag.S. [hnea/w], sparing. The idea is "scraping together": a [niggard] is "one who scrapes". Stokes (Dict.) gives the root as [knup], and compares Lit. [knupsyti], oppress. St. now, possibly, [*knoud-to], Norse, [knu/@dhr], ball. Cf. [cruinnich], for force. , a worm; wrong spelling for [cruimh], q.v. , a handful (Heb.); for [crobhagan], from ++, the hand? See [cro\g]. , , who, O.Ir. [co-te], now G. [ciod], q.v.; W. [pa], Cor. [py], [pe], Br. [pe], quia, root [qo-], [qa], [qe]; Lat. [quod]; Gr. @G[po/-qi], etc.; Eng. [who]. , , as, so; see [cho]. , plenty (Sh.); from Lat. [copia]. Ir. [co/ib], party, followers. , assistance, so Ir., O.Ir. [cobir], [*cobris], [co]+[ber], root [bher], carry, see [beir]; and cf. for meaning Gr. @G[sumfe/rei], it is of use. , coffer, box, Ir. [cofra]; from Eng. [coffin], [coffer]. , foam, Ir. [cubhar], E.Ir. [cobur]: [co]+[bur]; for [bar], see [tobar], well. , spoil, booty: , fleet. See [cabhlach]. , cock, to cock; from the Eng. , a cook, Ir. [co/caire], M.Ir. [cocaire], Cor. [peber], pistor; from the Lat. [coquo], I cook. --page 93 , also (Carm.), husk, hood, Ir. [cochal], O.Ir. [cochull], W. [swcwll], hood, cowl; from Lat. [cucullus], Eng. [cowl]. , smartness (A.M`D.); see [coc], [gog]. , share, divide; from [codach], gen. of [cuid]. , a meeting; see [comhdhail]. , war, so Ir., O.Ir. [cocad]: [*con-cath], "co-battle"; see [cath]. , conscience, Ir. [cogus], O.Ir. [concubus]: [con]+[cubus]; and O.Ir. [cubus], conscience, is for [con-fis], [co] and [fios], knowledge, q.v. , a loose husk, covering (H.S.D.), a small vessel; see [gogan] for latter force. , tares, cockle, Ir. [cogal]; borrowed from M.Eng. [cackel], [cokkul], now [cockle]. proper spelling of [caoimhneas], which see. , propriety, so Ir. [coibhseach], becoming; cf. M.Ir. [cuibdes], fittingness, from [cubaid]; see [cubhaidh]. , suspicion, doubt: , five, Ir. [cu/ig], O.Ir. [co/ic], W. [pump], E.W. [pimp], Cor. [pymp], Br. [pemp], Gaul. [pempe], [*qenqe]; Lat. [quinque]; Gr. @G[pe/nte]; Lit. [penki]; Got. [fimf]; Skr. [pa/n@~ca]. , spare, save, so Ir., E.Ir. [coiclim], [cicill] (n.); [*con-cel], root [qel], as in Lat. [colo], etc. Also . The E.Ir. [cocell], concern, thought, is for [con-ciall]; [ciall], sense. , a stranger, Ir. [coigcrigheach], [co/igcri/och], [*con-cri/ch-ech], "provincial", E.Ir. [cocri/ch], province, boundary. See [cri\och]. The meaning is, "one that comes from a neighbouring province". , bed materials, ++, a bed, Ir. [coilce], a bed, E.Ir. [colcaid], flock bed, O.W. [cilcet], now [cylched]; from Lat. [culcita], a pillow, Eng. [quilt]. , a little cock, water spouting; from [coileach], q.v. , a cokc, so Ir., O.Ir. [cailech], W. [ceiliog], Cor. [celioc], Br. [kiliok], [*kalja/kos], the "caller"; rrot [qal], call; Lat. [calare], summon, Eng. [Calends]; Gr. @G[kale/w], call; Lit. [kalba], speech, etc. , a cole of hay; from the Sc. [cole], a cole or coil of hay. See [go/ileag]. (Perth.). , a stir, noise (Heb.); cf. Eng. [coil], of like force. The G. seems borrowed therefrom. , a collar, Ir. [coile/ar]; from the Eng. , a candle; see [coinneal]. (Dial.), race, course (Hend.): [coimhliong]. , a kind of gun; see [cuilbheir]. , , wood, Ir. [coill], O.Ir. [caill], W. [celli], Cor. [kelli], [*kaldet-], Gr. @G[kla/dos], a twig; Eng. [holt], Ger. [holz]. Further root [qla], [qela], split, hit, as in [cladh], [claidheamh], q.v. --page 94 , a cockle (M`D.), Ir. [coilleo/g] (O'R.), Cor. [cyligi]: , a rural song, a young potato, a smart blow: , (accent on end syllable; Perth.), a smart stroke: , equalizing cattle stock (Heb.); [colpach]. , a rope: , comparison, co-equal, Ir. [coimheas], E.Ir. [coimmeas]: [com]+[meas]. See [meas]. , ; see [comh-]. , strange, foreign, cruel, Ir. [coimhtheach], [co/imhthigheach], [co/imhightheach], strange, M.Ir. [comaigthe], foreign, O.Ir. [comaigtech], alienigena; for [comaitche] (Stokes). See [tathaich]. ++, God, Ir. [Co/imhdhe], God, the Trinity, O.Ir. [comdiu], gen. [comded] (Bk.of Deer), Lord, [*com-medio^s], "Providence", root [med], think as in G. [meas], esteem, Lat. [modus], [mediator], [mediate]. See [meas]. The fanciful "Coibhi, the Celtic arch-druid", is due to a confusion of the obsolete [Coimhdhe] with the Northumbrian Coifi of Bede. , looking, watching, Ir. [co/imhe/ad], O.Ir. [come/t], [*com-entu-]. For [entu], see [di\dean]. , a neighbour, Ir. [co/mharsa], gen. [co/mharsan], E.Ir. [comarse]; from [com] and [ursainn], a door-post (Zimmer). See [ursainn]. , a comparison; [*com-be/rt], root [ber], of [beir]. Cf. Lat. [confero]. , wrangling: [com]+[farpauis], q.v. , rivalry, striving (Arg.); same root as [oidhirp]. , a race, course, also (Dial.); Ir. [co/imhling]; from [com] and [lingim], I leap. For root, see [leum]. , perceive, Ir. [coimighim]: [com-meas]; see [meas]. , mercy, quarter, so Ir.; see [comairce]. , an equal, match; from Eng. [compeer] or Lat. [compar]. , trouble; from Sc., Eng. [cumber], [cumbering]. , indifferent (Sh.); from [coimeas], co-equal. , a kit (Arm.: not in H.S.D.): , a nest of wild bees (M`L.); from [co\inneach], moss. See [caonnag]. , a rabbit, coney, Ir. [coini/n], W. [cwning]; from M.Eng. [cuinin], from O.Gr. [connin], [connil], from Lat. [cuniculus], whence Eng. [coney], through Fr. , indifferent, same as, no matter; [con-geas], from [geas], desire, etc. Cf. [a\illeas], from [ail-ges]. , a whirlpool (H.S.D.): , a loan, Ir. [coinghioll], obligation; [con]+[giall], q.v. , a pair (Sh.): --page 95 , a nostril; see [cuinnean]. , fit of coughing; a nostril (Hend.): , a supper, a party to which every one brings his own provisions (Heb.). Cf. E.Ir. [coindem], [coinmed], coigny, conveth, quartering, [*kond], eat, as in [cna\mh], q.v. , woman (Hend.); from N. [kona], [kvenna] (gen. pl.), woman, Eng. [queen]. , , a meeting, Ir. [coinne], E.Ir. [conne], [*con-nesia^]; root [nes], come, dwell, Gr. @G[ne/moi], go, @G[nai/w], dwell; Skr. [nas], join some one. Stokes seems to think that [kon-de^-] is the ultimate form here, [de^] being the I.E. [dhe^], set, Gr. @G[ti/qcmi], etc. , when used as adverb = [coinnibh], dat.pl.? , moss, Ir. [caonach], M.Ir. [cu/nnach], O.Ir. [coennich], muscosi: , candle, so Ir., E.Ir. [candel], W. [canwyll], O.W. [cannuill], Cor. [cantuil]; from Lat. [candela], whence Eng. [candle]. , a ferret; [*con-neas], "dog-weasel"? See [neas]. , conscience (Hend.): , a stalk, Ir. [coinli/n], M.Ir. [coinnlin], O.Ir. [connall], stipula, [*konnallo-]; Lat., [canna], a rood, Gr. @G[ka/nna]. Stokes also joins W. [cawn], reed, [*ka^no]. , just, right, Ir., O.Ir. [co/ir], W. [cywir]: [*ko-ve^ro-], "co-true", from [ve^ro-], now [fi/or], q.v. Hence , justice, right, share. Also in the phrase <'n an co\ir>, in their presence; see [comhair]. , cross, vicious, Ir. [corbadh], wickedness, E.Ir. [corpte], wicked; from Lat. [corruptus]. Also see [coiripidh]. , a bee-hive (Sh., O'R.): , fault, so Ir., O.Ir. [caire], O.W. [cared], W. [cerydd], Br. [carez], [*karja^]; Lat. [carinare], blame, abuse; Let. [karina/t], banter, Ch.Sl. [karati], punish. , a cauldron, so Ir., E.Ir. [core], [coire], W. [pair], Cor., Br. [per], [*qerjo]; Norse [hverr], kettle, Ag.S. [hwer]; Skr. [caru/]; Gr. @G[ke/rnos], a sacrificial vessel. , coral, from the Eng. , a quarry, Ir. [coireul], [coile/r] (F.M.); from Fr. [carriere], with dissimilation of [r]'s (Stokes). , coriander, so Ir.; founded on the Lat. [coriandrum], Gr. @G[kori/annon]. , a carol; from the Eng. , corruptible; from Lat. [corruptus]. , a colonel, Ir. [curnel], [corniel] (F.M.); from the Eng. , a corporal; from the Eng. , bless (Sh.); [con]+[seun] or [sian], q.v. , walk, Ir. [coiseachd] (n.); from [cas], [coise], q.v. --page 96 , win; see [cosnadh]. , a festive party, chorus, Ir. [coisir], feast, festive party, [co/isir] (O'R., O'B., and Keat.), feasting, "coshering": , consecration, O.G. [consecrad] (Bk.of Deer), Ir. [coisreagadh], O.Ir. [coisecrad]; from Lat. [consecratio]. , a small boat, Ir. [coit], E.Ir. [coite]. Cf. Lat. [cotta], species navis, Norse [kati], a small ship, Eng. [cat]. Stokes suggests that the G. and Ir. are from the Low Lat. [cotia], navis Indica. Hence Eng. [cot]. Now from [*quontio]; Gaul. [ponto], whence Eng. [punt]. , common, public, so Ir., O.Ir. [coitchenn]: [*con-tech-en]? , a cottar, Ir. [coiteo/ir]; from the Eng. [cottar]. , press one to take something: [*con-tec-], root [tek], ask, Eng. [thig]; see [atach]. , an impediment, Ir. [colaim]; root [qela], [qla^], break, split? See [call]; and cf. Gr. @G[kwlu/w], hinder, which is probably from the same root. , sin, Ir., E.Ir. [col], W. [cwl], O.Br. [col], [*kulo-]; Lat. [culpa], [colpa], fault. Stokes hesitates between referring it to the root of Lat. [culpa] or to that of Lat. [scelus], Got. [skal], Eng. [shall], Ger. [schuld], crime. , a small steak or collop (Arg.); from Eng. [collop]. , a collage, Ir. [colaisde]; from the Eng. , the hake (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [colamo/ir]; cf. Sc. [coalmie], [colemie], the coal-fish. , a fellow-soldier, companion; cf. [co\mhla], together. The Ir. [co/mhlach] is for [com-lach], the [lach] of [o\glach]. , , a body, so Ir., O.Ir. [colinn], gen. [colno], W. [celain], carcase, O.W. [celein], cadaver, [*colanni-] (Brugmann); root [qela], break, the idea being "dead body"? Cf. for meaning Gr. @G[ne/kus], corpse, from [nek], kill. , pillar, Ir. [colbh], E.Ir. [colba], W. [celff], Br. [kelf]; Lat. [columna], Eng. [column]; root [qel], high. G. , plant stalk, Ir. [colmh], is allied to Lat. [culmus]. The Celtic words, if not borrowed from, have been influenced by the Lat. , an eider duck (Heb.); from Sc., Eng. [colk], E.Fris. [kolke], the black diver. , wrath, Ir., [colg]; a metaphorical use of [calg] (i.e. [colg]), q.v. , sword (ballads). See [calg]. , boorish (H.S.D.; O'R. quoted as authority), Ir. [collach-amhuil]; from Ir. [collach], boar. See [cullach]. , a clamour, Ir. [collo/id]; see [cole/id]. , carnal, sensual, so Ir., E.Ir. [collaide]; for [colnaide], from [colann], body, flesh. --page 97 , , white poppy (H.S.D.; O'R. only quoted), Ir. [collaidi/n], [codala/n]; from [colladh], [codal], sleep. , a smart stroke; also . , a dove; see [calman]. , a heifer, steer, Ir. [colpack], M.Ir. [calpach]; apparently founded on Norse [ka/lfr], a calf. Hence Sc. [colpindach]. , like; for [co-amhuil-t-ach]. See [amhuil], [samhuil]. , a coulter, Ir. [coltar], E.Ir. [coltar]; from M.Eng. [cultre], Lat. [culter]. , a dove, Ir. and O.Ir. [colum], W. [colomen], [cwlwm], Corn. [colom], Br. [coulm]; from Lat. [columbus], [columba]. , the cavity of the chest, Ir. [com], [coim], chest cavity, waist, body. The G. is allied to W. [cwm], a valley, "a hollow", [*kumbo-]; Gr. @G[ku@nfos], Lat. [cumbere]; Ger. [haube], hood; root [kumbo-], bend. The O.Ir. [coim], covering, is from the root [kemb], wind, as in [ca/m], q.v. , indifferent, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuma], O.Ir. [cumme], idem, [is cumma], it is all the same; from root [me], measure: "equal measure". , a messing, eating together, E.Ir. [commaid], [*kom-buti-s], "co-being", from [*buti-s], being. See [bi\], be. , obligatino, Ir. [comaoin], O.Ir. [comma/in]: [*com-moini-]; Lat. [communis]. See [maoin]. ++, protection; see [comraich]. , celebration of the Lord's Supper; from [comann] or [comunn], society, Lat. [communio], Eng. [communion]. , a command; from the Eng. ++, a confluence, Ir. [comar], [cumar], E.Ir. [commar], W. [cymmer], Br. [kemper], confluent, [*kom-bero-]; Lat. [con-fero]. Root [bher], as in [beir]. , , power, Ir. [cumas], E.Ir. [commus], [*com-mestu-], [*mestu-], from [med], as in [meas] (Zimmer, Brugmann). , a companion; a shortened form of [companach]. , company (Dial.): , , a compass, Ir. [compa/s]; from the Eng. , prefix denoting "with, com-, con-", Ir. [comh-], O.Ir. [com-], [*kom-]; Lat. [cum], [com-], [con-], Eng. [com-], [con-], etc. It appears as [comh-], [com-] (before [m] and [b]), [con-] (before [d], [g]), etc. , prize, prey: [*com-agos-]; root [ag], drive? , owl, W. [cuan], Br. [kaouen], O.Br. [couann]; L.Lat. [cavannus] (from the Celtic - Ernault), Fr. [chouette], O.Fr. [choue]. Cf. Ger. [schugu], [uhu]. An onomatopoetic word originally. , a comparison (Sh.); [comh]+[fada], q.v. , contention about rights (M`A.): --page 98 , dispute, assert, contend: , a convoy, Ir. [comhailtim], I join; from , a joining, so Ir., E.Ir. [accomallte], socius, O.Ir. [accomol], conjunctio, W. [cyfall], [*ad-com-ol]. For [ol], see under [tional], alt. , presence, e regione, etc., Ir. [co/mhair], E.Ir. [comair], W. [cyfer], O.W. [cwer]: [com]+[air], the prep. [comh] and [air], q.v. (Asc.). Cor. [kever]. Cf. [comhghar] of Ir. , an outcry, appeal, forewarning, Ir. [co/mhairce], E.Ir. [comaircim], I ask: [com]+[arc]. For [arc], see [iomchorc]. , advice, Ir. [co/mhairle], O.Ir. [airle], [air]+[le]. This [le] is usually referred to the root [las], desire, Skr. [lash], desire, Lat. [lascivus], wanton. Ascoli suggests the root [la@-] of O.Ir. [la/aim], mittere, Gr. @G[e@'lau/nw]. , a joining - an Ir. word; see [comhailteachd]. , a foster-brother, Ir. [co/mhalta], E.Ir. [comalta], W. [cyfaillt], friend, [*kom-altjos], root [al], rear, Lat. [alo]. See [altrum]. , a mark, Ir. [co/mhartha], O.Ir. [comarde]; from [com] and O.Ir. [airde], signum, W. [arwydd], M.Br. [argoez], [*are-video-]; root [vid], as in Lat. [video], here [pr@oe-video], etc. , the bark of a dog; from [comh] and [art], O.Ir. [artram], latratus, W. [cyfarth], [arthio], to bark, O.Br. [arton]. Cf. Ir. [amhastrach], barking. , clothing, covering, Ir. [cu/mhdach], veil, covering, defence, E.Ir. [comtuch], [cumtach], covering, "shrine": [*con-ud-tog]; root [teg], [tog], as in [tigh], q.v. Cf. [cu/intgim], peto: [*com-di-segim]. , allege, prove: [*com-atach]; see [atach]? , a meeting, Ir. [co/mhdha/il>, E.Ir. [comda/l]: [com]+[da/il]; see [da/il]. , together, Ir. [co/mhla/mh]: [com]+[la\mh], "co-hand, at hand". See [la\mh]. , door, door-leaf, Ir. [co/mhla], E.Ir. [comla], gen. [comlad]: [*com-la@-], root [(p)la@-], fold, groove (cf. Lat. [sim-plu-s], O.H.G. [zwi^fal], two-fold); root [pal], [pel], as in [alt], joint. , a combat, Ir. [co/mhlann], E.Ir. [comlann]: [*com+lann]; see [lann]. , conversation, colloquy, Ir. [co/mhluadar], company, conversation; from [luaidh], speak ([*com-luad-tro-]). See [luaidh]. , help, Ir. [cu/ngnamh], O.Ir. [congnam], inf. to [congniu], I help: [com]+[(g)ni\], "co-doing". See [ni\], do [gni\omh], deed. , level, Ir. [co/mha/rd]: [com]+[a\rd], "co-high, equally high". , a dwelling, Ir. [co/mhnuidhe], a tarrying, dwelling, E.Ir. [comnaide], a waiting, delay, (also [irnaide]): [*com-naide]; root --page 99 [nes], [nas], dwell; Gr. @G[nai/w], dwell, @G[ne/omai], go, @G[nae/tes], inhabitant; Skr. [nas], join any one. , conversation, Ir. [co\mhradh]; [com]+[ra\dh]; see [ra\dh]. , a conflict, Ir. [co/mhrac], E.Ir. [comrac], battle, O.Ir. [comracc], meeting, W. [cyfrang], rencounter, [*kom-ranko-]; root [renk], assemble; Lit. [ri\nkti], assemble, [surinki\mas], assembly. , a borrowing, loan: [*com-iasad-]; see [iasad]? Cf. E.Ir. [costud], consuetudo. , partnership, Ir. [co/mpa/rtas]; from [com-] and [pa\irt], q.v. , companion, Ir. [co/mpa/nach], M.Ir. [companach]; from E.Eng. [compainoun], through Fr., from L.Lat. [compa^nio^], "co-bread-man", from [pa^nis], bread. Dialectic . , aid, assistance: , protection, sanctuary, Ir. [co/mairce], [comruighe], E.Ir. [comairche], M.Ir. [comairce]; from the root [arc], defend, as in [teasairg], q.v. , society, company, Ir. [cumann]; from Lat. [communio], Eng. [communion]. , with; see [comh-]. , cat's tail or moss crops (Sh.); see canach. Cf. [gonan], grass roots. , a carcase, so Ir.; for [con-ablach]; see [con-] and [ablach]. "Dog's carcase" (Atkinson). , a conch (M`A.); from the Eng. , a sick person who neither gets worse nor better (M`A.), uproar (M`F.): , tempest, raging gale (Hend.): , a path, way (Sh., O'B.), so Ir., O.Ir. [conar]: , the herb "loose-strife", Ir. [conair] (O'R.); see [conas]. , love, fruitage (Carm.): , brandishing (Sh.; not H.S.D.); cf. the name [Conall], [*Cuno-valo-s], roots [kuno] (see [curaidh]) and [val], as in [flath], q.v. , conversation, Ir. [conaltra] (O'R.; Sh.): [*con-alt-radh]? For [alt], see [alt], joint. , a wrangle, so Ir. (O'R., Sh.); from [con-], the stem of [cu\], dog: "currushness"? , , furze, whins, Ir. [conasg] (O'R., Sh.): cf. [conas] above. Manx [conney], yellow furze. , , mischance, curse, E.Ir. [contracht]; from Lat. [contractus], a shrinking, [contraction]. , rage, Ir. [confadh], M.Ir. [confad]: [con]+[fadh]; for [fadh], see [onfhadh]. , an assembly, Ir. [conla/n]. H.S.D. gives as authorities for the Gaelic word "Lh. et C.S.". --page 100 , sense, so Ir., E.Ir. [cond]: [*cos-no-], root [kos], [kes], as in G. [chi\], see; Gr. @G[konne/w], understand, @G[ko/smos], array ("what is seen"), world. See further under [chi/] for [kes]. Stokes equates [cond] with Got. [handngs], wise; but this is merely the Eng. [handy]. It has been suggested as an ablaut form to [ceann], head. Got. [hugs], sense, has also been compared; [*cug-s-no-] is possible. , fuel, so Ir., O.Ir. [condud], W. [cynnud], Cor. [cunys], [*kondutu-]; rrot [kond], [kn@.d]; Lat. [candeo], [incendo]; Gr. @G[ka/ndaros], coal. , lust: , straw, stubble, so Ir. O.Ir. [connall], stipula: [konnallo-]; Lat. [cannula], [canna], a reed, [canalis], Gr. @G[ka/nna], reed. See [coinnlein]. , dispute; see under [ionnsaich]. , a disputant: [*con-desbair]; see [deasbair]. , a wasp, Ir. [connspeach] (Fol.); see [speach], wasp. , a dispute, Ir. [conspo/id]; from a Lat. [*consputatio], for [*condisputatio]. See [deasbud]. , , , a hero, Ir. [conspullach], heroic (O'R.): , the township's bailiff (Heb.); from Eng. [constable]. , neaptide, O.Ir. [contracht]; from Lat. [contractus], shrinking (Zeuss, Meyer). See and . , wild angelica, Ir. [contran] (O'R.): , a hornet (H.S.D.), (Arm.), , (M`L., M`A.); used by Stewart in the Bible glosses. Same root as [conas]. , foam, M.Ir., E.Ir. [copp]; from Ag.S., M.Eng. [copp], vertex, top, Ger. [kopf], head. , docken, Ir. [copo/g], [capo/g]; M.Ir. [copo/g]. Founded on the Eng. [cop], head, head-dress, crest, tuft; W. [copog], tufted. The same as [cop], q.v. , a boss, shield boss, cup; from the Norse [koppr], cup, bell-shaped crown of a helmet, Eng. [cup]. , copper, Ir. [copar]; from the Eng. , state, condition, Ir. [cor], O.Ir. [cor], positio, "jactus", [*koru-], vb. [*korio^], I place. See [cuir]. , a faction, a set (M`A.); from the Eng. [quorum]. , a cork, so Ir.; from the Eng. , a knife, gully, dirk, Ir. [corc]: [*korko-], [*qor-qo-], root [qor], [qer] cut; Lit. [kirwis], axe; Gr. @G[ke/rma], a chip, @G[kei/rw], cut. Allied to the root [sqer] of [sgar], q.v. , oats, Ir. [coirce], M.Ir. [corca], W. [ceirch], Br. [kerc'h], [*korkjo-]. Bezzenberger suggests connect with Lettic [kurki], small corn. Possibly for [kor-ko-], where [kor], [ker] is the root which --page 101 appears in Lat. [Ceres], Eng. [cereal], Gr. @G[ko/ros], satiety, Lit. [sze/rti], feed. The meaning makes connection with Gr. @G[ko/rkoros], pimpernel, doubtful. , crimson, Ir. [corcur], scarlet, O.Ir. [corcur], purple, W. [porphor]; from Lat. [purpura] (Eng. [purple]). , a rope, Ir. [corda]; from Eng. [cord], Lat. [corda]. , agree, Ir. [cord]; from obsolete Eng. [cord], agree, bring to an agreement, from Lat. [cord-], the stem of [cor], heart, whence Eng. [cordial], etc. The Sc. has the part. as [cordyt], agreed. , spasms (Sh.): "twistings", from [co\rd]. , bran, refuse of grain (M`D.; O'R has [corlach]), , coarsly ground meal, over-plus. A compound of [co\rr], "what is over"? , a drinking horn, Ir., E.Ir. [corn], W. [corn], Br. [korn], [*korno-]; Lat. [cornu]; Eng. [horn]; Gr. [ke/ras], horn. , retching, violent coughing: [*kors-no-]? For [kors], see [carrasan]. , a crown, Ir., E.Ir. [coro/in], [coro/n], W. [coron]; from Lat. [corona] (Eng. [crown]). , a body, Ir., O.Ir. [corp], W. [corff], Br. [korf]; from Lat. [corpus] (Eng. [corpse], Sc. [corp]). , tiptoe (Arm.); seemingly founded on [corr] of [corrag]. , a crane, Ir., E.Ir. [corr], W. [crychydd], Cor. [cherhit], O.Br. [corcid], ardea, [*korgsa^], [korgjo-s]; Gr. @G[ke/rhw], be hoarse, @G[kerhnc], a hawk, O.Sl. [kraguj], sparrow-hawk. Cf. W. [cregyr], heron, "screamer", from [cregu], be hoarse; Ag.S. [hra/gra], Ger. [reiher], heron, Gr. @G[kri/zw], @G[kri/ke], screech. , excess, overplus, Ir. [corr]; G. , odd, Ir. [cor], [corr], odd; also Ir. [corr], snout, corner, point, E.Ir. [corr], rostrum, corner. The E.Ir. [corr], rostrum, has been referred by Zimmer and Thurneysen to [corr], crane - the name of "beaked" bird doing duty for "beak". The modern meanings of "excess, odd" (cf. [odd] of Eng., which really means "point, end") makes the comparison doubtful. Refer it rather to [kors-], stick out, point, head; Gr. @G[ko/rsc], head; stem [keras-]; Lat. [crista], Eng. [crest]; further is Gr. @G[ke/ras], horn, Lat. [cerebrum], Norse [hjarsi], crown of the head; and also [corn], horn, q.v. Hence , headland. , an attitude of readiness to start; from [co\rr], point, and [biod] = [biog], start. (M`A.). , abrupt, steep, Ir., M.Ir. [corrach], unsteady, wavering; "on a point", from [corr], point, odd? , glow-worm-like figures from raked embers, Ir. [corrchagailt]; from [co\rr], a point, and [cagailt]. --page 102 , first effor of an infant to articulate. An onomatopoetic word. , a forefinger, finger; from [co\rr], point, etc. , a heron, crane, Ir. [corr-ghrian], heron; from [co\rr], and (E.Ir.) [grith], a cry, scream, [*gr@.tu-], root [gar], of [goir], q.v. , a sickle, Ir. [corra/n], [carra/n], M.Ir. [corra/n], [*korso-], root [kors], [kers], an extension of I.E. [qero], Gr. @G[kei/rw], etc., as in [corc], q.v. Cf. I.E. [qerpo], cut, from the same root, which gives Lat. [carpo], cull, Gr. @G[karpo/s], fruit (Eng. harvest), Lit. [kerpu], cut, Skr. [kr@.pana], sword. G. may be from a [korpso-], [korso-]. The Gaelic has also been referred to the root [kur], round, as in [cruinn], Ir. [cor], circuit (O'Cl.). , headland; see [co\rr]. , a spear, barbed arrow (Ossianic Poems); from [corr], a point, q.v. , loud weeping, "coronach", Ir. [cora/nach], a funeral cry, dirge: [co]+[ra\n-ach], "co-weeping"; see [ra/n]. , a murmur, chirping (Heb.); see [corradhuil]. , coarsely ground meal, overplus; see [co\rlach]. , anger, rage, Ir. [corruighe], vb. [corruighim], stir, shake; from [corrach]. The striking resemblance to M.Eng. [couroux], O.Fr. [couroux] (from Lat. [corruptus]), has been remarked by Dr Cameron (Rel.Celt. II, 625). , a coast; from the Eng. [course]. Cf. , a cruiser. , thraw-crook; from [cor] or [car], q.v., and [si\oman], q.v. , a foot, leg; see [cas]. , a cave, Ir. [cuas], topographically [Coos], [Coose], M.Ir. [cuas], a cave, hollow: [*cavosto-], from [cavo-], hollow; Lat. [cavus]. It is possible to refer it to [*coud-to], [koudh], hide, Gr. @G[keu/qw], Eng. [hide], [hut]. The Norse [kjo/s], a deep or hollow place, is not allied, but it appears in Lewis in the place-name [Keose]. , industrious; see [cosnadh]. , cost, Ir. [cosdus] (n.), M.Ir. [costus], W. [cost]; from O.Fr. [cost], Eng. [cost]. , slaughtering; see [casgairt]. , valuation of the sheep and cattle which a crofter is entitled to; Norse [kost-gor@dh], state of affairs (Lewis). , cost; a by-form of [cost]. , like, , likeness, Ir. [cosmhuil], like, O.Ir. [cosmail], [cosmailius] (n.): [con]+[samhail], q.v. , like; see the above.>> , rubbish, refuse of meat, etc. (M`A.): --page 103 , earning, winning, Ir. [cosnamh], defence, O.Ir. [cosnam], contentio, [*co-sen-], root [sen], Skr. [san], win, [sangias], more profitable, Gr. @G[e@'\nara], booty. M.Ir. [aisne], gain, [*ad-senia], Skr. [sanati], Gr. @G[a@'/numi]. , costmary; from the Eng. , a cottage; from Eng. [cot]. , a coat; Ir. [co/ta]; from the Eng. , a groat: , cotton, Ir. [cotu/n]; from the Eng. , earning support, Ir. [cothughadh], M.Ir. [cothugud], support; from [teg], [tog], as in [tigh]? , contend, strive; from [cath], battle? , pulp, froth; see [omhan]. , a coffer, Ir. [co/fra]; from the Eng. , things of a different nature mixed together: , fairplay, justice, Ir. [co/mhthrom], equilibrium, E.Ir. [comthrom], par: [com]+[trom], q.v. , devout, Ir. [cra/bhach], O.Ir. [cra/ibdech], [crabud], fides, W. [crefydd], [*krab], religion; Skr. [vi-c@,rambh], trust. , conversation; from Sc., Eng. [crack]. , torment, Ir. [cra/dh], E.Ir. [cra/d], [cra/idim] (vb.). Ascoli has compared O.Ir. [tacra/th], exacerbatione, which he refers to a stem [acrad-], derived from Lat. [acritas]. This will not suit the [a\] of [cra\dh]. Possibly it has arisen from the root [ker], cut, hurt ([ker], [kra^]). , blood-red, E.Ir. [cro/-derg]; see [cro\]. , , a fissure; from the Eng. [crack]. , skin, Ir. [croiceann], O.Ir. [crocenn], tergus, Cor. [crohen], Br. [kroc'hen], [*krokkenno-], W. [croen], [*krokno-] (?) From [*krok-kenn]: [krok] is allied to Ger. [ru@cken], back, Eng. [ridge], Norse [hryggr]; and [kenn] is allied to Eng. [skin]. For it, see [boicionn]. , a skeleton, a gaunt figure, , a dried peat; for root, see [creathach], [cri\on] ([*krat-ni-]). , a frog, from [cra\g], [cro\g], q.v.: "the well-pawed one". , cancer, Ir. [cnamhuinn]; from [cna\mh], q.v. , a sow, Ir. [cra/in], M.Ir. [cra/nai] (gen. case): [*cra@-cnix], "grunter", root [qreq], as in Lat. [cro@-cio], croak, Lit. [kro@~kti], grunt. , a niggard woman; likely from [cra\dh]. , torment; from [cra\dh-lot], [cra\dh] and [lot], q.v. , a crease by folding (Skye): --page 104 , a cramp-iron, Ir. [crampa]; from the Eng. , , a quarrel: , crawl, crawling; from the Eng. , tree, a plough, Ir. [crann], a tree, lot, O.Ir. [crann], W. and Br. [prenn]: [*qrenn-]; cf. Gr. @G[kra/non], cornel, Lat. [cornus], Lit. [ke/ras], tree stump, O.Pruss. [kirno], shrub (Bezzenberger). Windisch correlated Lat. [quernus], oaken, but this form, satisfactory as it is in view of the Welsh, rather stands for [quercnus], from [quercus], oak. , withering, shrivelling, Ir. [crannda], decrepit; from [crann]: "running to wood". , a pulpit, a wooden frame to hold the fir candles, Ir. [cranno/g], a hamper or basket, M.Ir. [crannoc], a wooden vessel, a wooden structure, especially the "crannogs" in Irish lakes. From [crann]; the word means many kinds of wooden structures in Gadelic lands. , lot, casting lots, Ir. [crannchar], O.Ir. [crannchur]; from [crann] and [cuiir]. , the teal, red-breasted merganser; from [crann] and [lach], duck, q.v. , tree, so Ir., E.Ir. [cro/eb], [cra/eb], [*croib]? "the splittable", root [krei], [kri], separate; as [tree] of Eng. and its numerous congeners in other languages is from the root [der], split; and som other tree words are from roots meaning violence of rending or splitting ([kla/dos], [twig], e.g.). For root [kri], see [criathar]. , a spear, E.Ir. [cro/isech]; from [craobh]? , a croft; see [croit]. , a wide, open mouth, gluttony, so Ir., E.Ir. [cro/es], [cra/es], O.Ir. [crois], gula, gluttony. Zimmer cfs. W. [croesan], buffoon. Possibly a Celtic [krapesty-], allied to Lat. [cra@-pula], or to Gr. @G[kraipa/lc], headache from intoxication. , cross-ways, , an across place; for [crosg], from [cros] of [crois], a cross, q.v. , corpulent (Sh.; H.S.D. for C.S.); from obsolete [cras], body (O'Cl.), Ir. [cras], for [*crapso-], [*kr@.ps], root [kr@.p] of Lat. [corpus]? , back of person, side (Skye): [crot]? , shake, Ir. [crathadh], O.Ir. [crothim], [*kr@.to-]; perhaps allied to Lit. [kresti], [kraty/i], shake. But it may be allied to [crith], q.v. It has been compared to Gr. @G[krada/w], brandish, which may be for @G[skarda/w], root [sker] in @G[skai/rw], spring, Ger. [scherz], joke. This would suit G. [crith], W. [cryd] and [ysgryd]. --page 105 , clay, Ir., O.Ir. [cre/], g. [criad], W. [pridd], Cor., Br. [pry]. Its relation to Lat. [cre^ta], which Wharton explains as from [cre^tus], "sifted", from [cerno], is doubtful. If [cerno] be for [*crino], Gr. @G[kri/nw], we should have the root [kri], [krei], separate, as in [criathar], and it is not labialised in any language (not [qrei]). The Celtic phonetics are not easily explained, however. Stokes gives the stem as [qreid-], but the modern G. has the peculiar [e\] sound which we find in [gne\], [ce\]. This points to a stem [qre@--ja^], root [qre^], which is in agreement with Lat. [cre^ta] without doing the violence of supposing [crino] to give [cerno], and this again [cre^tus]. Cf. O.Ir. [cle/], left. , , body; see [creubh]. , a ball for playing, fir cone: , plunder, so Ir., E.Ir. [crech], plundering, hosting; cf. Br. [kregi], seize, bite, catch (as fire). From the root [ker], cut, ultimately. See [corc], knife, and [creuchd]. , a cockle, Ir. [creach], scollop shell (O'R.); cf. W. [cragen], a shell, Cor. [crogen], Br. [krog]. , , bare summit of a hill wanting foliage, a mountain: "bared", from [creach]? , pudding mad with a calf's entrails (M`L.): , a twitching, piercing pain (Heb.); possibly for [cneadh-ghonadh], "wound-piercing". , a rock, so Ir.; a curtailed form of [carraig]. Also (Dialectically) . Hence Eng. [crag]. , garlic, Ir. [creamh], earlier [crem], W. [craf]; Gr. @G[kro/muon], onion; Ag.S. [hramse], Eng. [ramsons]; Lit. [kermu/sze@?], wild garlic. , , quake, tear up (Carm.): , sedition (Arm.; not H.S.D.), so Ir. (O'R.): , whetting or hacking of sticks (M`F.; H.S.D. considers it Dialectic), neat-handed (M`L.): , entanglin, hindering, so Ir.; it is an Ir. word evidently, from Lh.; founded on Eng. [cripple]. , a garter, (Skye); (Arm. [creapull]): , (faded) underwood, firewood, Ir. [creathach], hurdle, brushwood, faggots (O'R.): [*kr@.to-]; cf. [cri\on]. , cradle, from Northern M.Eng. [credil], Sc. [creddle], Eng. [cradle], Ag.S. [cradol]. Further derivation at present uncertain (Murray). , a lamprey: , a wilderness, so Ir. (Lh., etc.); M`A. gives the word, but it is clearly Ir. Cf. [creathach]. --page 106 , sell, M.Ir. [creicc], sale, E.Ir. [creic], buying, O.Ir. [crenim], I buy, W. [prynn], buy; Skr. [kri^nami] (do.). There seems a confusion in G. and E.Ir.with the word [reic], sell, q.v. , believe, Ir. [creidim], O.Ir. [cretim], W. [credu], Cor. [cresy], Br. [cridiff], [*kreddio^], O.Ir. [cretim], W. [credu], Cor. [cresy], Br. [cridiff], [*kreddio^]; Lat. [cred]; Skr. [c@,rad-dadha^mi]. From [cred-do^], "I give heart to". , a grapple (M`D.); from some derivative of Norse [kr@aekja], to hook, [kr@aekill], a crooked stick, Eng. [crook]? , , gnaw, chew, nibble, Ir. [creimim], [creidhmim], M.Ir. [cre/im]. Ir. is also [creinim], W. [cnithio], [cnoi] (which also means "gnaw"): from [knet], [knen], [kno@-], [ken], bite, scratch, as in [cna\mh], q.v. The [n] of [kn] early becomes [r] because of the [m] or [n] after the first vowel. , suffer for (W. H.. Allied to the O.Ir. [crenim], buy: "You will [buy] for it!" See under [creic]. , grease; from Sc. [creische], from O.Fr. [craisse], [cress], from Lat. [crass], [crassus], thick. Eng. [grease] is of like origin. , a gadful, so Ir. (Fol.), M.Ir. [crebar], W. [cre@"yr], root [creb], scratch? Cf. Lett. [kribina/t], gnaw off. Ir. [creabhar], horse-fly. , wound, hurt (Dialectic), Ir. [creo], a wound (O'R.); , being pained: [*krevo-] as in [cro\], blood. , , , the body; cf. M.Ir. [cri/], [*kreivio-], flesh, body; Got. [hraiva-], Norse [hrae], body, O.H.G. [hreo^], corpse. It is possible to refer [cri/], [cre/] to [*krepi-], Lat. [corpus], O.H.G. [href], Ag.S. [hrif], body, Eng. mod-[riff]. Stokes: [cri/], [kr@.pes]. , dun, crave; from the Eng. [crave]. , tender in health; seemingly from [creubh]. , wound, Ir. [cre/achd], O.Ir. [cre/cht], W. [craith], scar, [creithen], M.Br. [creizenn] (do.), [*crempto-]; root [kerp], [ker], Lit. [kerpu\], cut, Skr. [kr@.pana], sword (Strachan). Stokes gives the Celtic as [krekto-s], and Bez. cfs. Norse [hrekja], worry. This neglects the [e/] of Gadelic. , what, Ir. [creud], [cre/ad], E.Ir. [cre/t]; for [ce re/t]. See [co] and [rud]. , creed, Ir. [cre/idh], M.Ir. [credo], W. [credo]; from Lat. [credo], I believe; the first word of the Apostles' [Creed] in Lat. , creature, Ir. [cre/atu/r], W. [creadwr]; from Lat. [creatura]. , clay, so Ir. Really the oblique form of [cre/], q.v. , a sieve, Ir., O.Ir. [criathar], O.W. [cruitr], Cor. [croider], M.Br. [croezr], [*kreitro-]; Ag.S. [hridder], [hriddel], Eng. [riddle], Ger. [reiter]; further Lat. [cri^brum] ([*kri-@G[q]??ro-n]); root [kri], [krei], separate, whence Gr. @G[kri/nw], Eng. [critic], etc. , proposing to oneself; from [cri\och], end. Cf. Eng. de[fine], from [finis] and [end], used for "purpose". --page 107 , heart, Ir. [croidhe], O.Ir. [cride], W. [craidd], Br. [kreis], middle, [*krdjo-n]; Gr. @G[kradi/a], @G[kardi/a]; Lat. [cor], [cordis]; Eng. [heart], Ger. [herz]; Lit. [szirdis]. , a small creel (M`E.), a box, small coffer (H.S.D.), (Arm., M`L.), a box, Ir. [crili/n], E.Ir. [criol], coffer, [*kre^polo]. (Arran, Perth). Stokes gives the stem as [kre^po-], and Bez. adds Skr. [c@,u@-/rpa], winnowing basket (Cf. for phonetics [li\on], and Skr. [pu^rna], full). Sc., Eng. [creel], which appears about 1400, is usually derived hence; but as the G. form itself is doubtful, and, from all appearance, taken from Lh., it is best to look elsewhere for an etymology for [creel], as, through Fr., from Lat. [craticula]. The G. [criol] exists only in Sh., who found it in Lh. See [croidhleag]. , end, Ir. [cri/och], O.Ir. [cri/ch], [*kri^ka],from the root [krei], separate, as in [criathar], q.v. Stokes and Bezzenberger join W. [crip], a comb, and compare Lit. [kreikti], strew, and, for sense, appeal to the Ger., Eng. [strand], "the strewed", O.Slav. [strana], side. It has also been referred to the root of Lat. [circus], circle, Gr. @G[kri/kos]. , nibbling, , a bit; see [creim]. , little, withered, Ir. [cri/on], E.Ir. [cri/n], W. [crin], fragile, dry, Br. [krin], [*kre@-no-s]; the root [kre@-] appears to belong to root [ke@-r], [kera], destroy, Skr. [c@,r@.n@.a@-/mi], break, rend, Lat. [caries], decay, Gr. @G[a@'kc/ratos], pure, untouched, Got. [hairus], sword. Stokes allies it to Skr. [c@,ra^n@.a], cooked, [c@,ra^], cook, possibly a form of the root [kera], mix, Gr. @G[ke/ramai], mix. , a strife, quarrelsomeness, Ir. [cri/onca/nachd]: an Ir. word from Lh., apparently. Perhaps [cri/on-ca/n], "small reviling". , attentive to small things, prudent, so Ir. ([cri/onna], Con.); also dialectic , which shows its connection with [cri\on]. Cf. W. [crintach], sordid. , a wrinkle, Ir. [criopo/g]; founded on Eng. [crimp], [crumple]. M`A. has , a clew of yarn. , a belt, girdle, so Ir., O.Ir. [criss], [fo-chridigedar], accingat, W. [crys], shirt, E.W. [crys], belt, M.Br. [crisaff], succingere, Br. [kreis], middle. Bez. suggests comparison with Lit. [skrituly/s], circle, knee-cap, [skreiste@?], mantle. It has been referred also to the root [krid] of [cridhe], heart. , a Christian, Ir. [Criosduighe], M.Ir. [cristaige]; from the G. [Cri\osd], Ir. [Cri/osda], Christ; from Lat. [Christus], Gr. @G[Hriosto/s], the Anointed One. , a crystal, so Ir; from the Eng. , an earthen vessel (Dialect, H.S.D.), Ir. [criotamhail], earthen, made of clay (O'B.), [criot], an earthen vessel (O'R.): --page 108 , caress; see . , a cripple; from the Eng. [cripple]. , shake, quiver, Ir., E.Ir. [crith], W. [cryd], O.W. [crit], [*kritu-]; Ag.S. [hri@dha], fever, Ger. [ritten], fever. See [crath], to which [crith] has been suggested as cognate (root [kr@.t], [krot], [kret]. , , the aspen tree, Ir. [crann-critheach]; from [crith]. , a sheep cot, pen, Ir. [cro/], M.Ir. [cro/ caerach], ovile, [cro\ na muice], pig-stye, W. [craw], hovel, pig-stye, Br. [kraou], [crou], stable, [*kra^po-s], a stye, roof; Ag.S. [hro/f], Eng. [roof], Norse [hro/f], a shed (Stokes). The Norse [kro/], small pen, Sc. [croo], seem borrowed. , the eye of a needle, Ir., E.Ir. [cro/], W. [crau], M.Br. [cra@"o], Br. [kraouenn]. ++, blood, E.Ir. [cro/], [cru/], W. [crau], Cor. [crow], [*krovo-s]; Lat. [cruor], gore; Lit. [krau/jas], blood; Skr. [kravis], raw flesh; Gr. @G[kre/as], flesh; Eng. [raw]. ++, death, Ir., E.Ir. [cro/]. From the same origin as [cro\], blood. This is the Sc. [cro], the weregild of the various individuals in the Scoto-Celtic Kingdom, from the king downwards. , beat, pound (Dialectic, H.S.D.): , a branch of a deer's horn; cf. Norse [kro/kr], Eng. [crook]. , a crook; from the Norse [kro/kr], Eng. [crook]. , hang, Ir. [crochaim], [croch], a cross, gallows, E.Ir. [croch], cross, W. [crog]; from the Lat. [crux], [crucis]. , saffron, Ir. [cro/ch]; from Lat. [crocus], from Gr. @G[kro/kos], [crocus], and its product saffron. , cattle, Ir. [crodh], a dowry, cattle, M.Ir. [crod], wealth (cattle): [*krodo-], I.E. [qordh], [qerdh]; Eng. [herd], Ger. [herde]; Lit. [kerdz@?us], herd (man), Ch.Sl. [creda], a herd; Skr. [c@,ardhas], a troop. , valiant, Ir. [cro/dha], E.Ir. [cro/da], valiant, cruel, [*croudavo-s], "hardy"; root [croud] of [cruaidh], q.v. , hoof, parted hoof, Ir. [crobha/n], a little hoof or paw, See [crubh]. , an earthen vessel, , a pitcher, Ir. [croga/n], pitcher, E.Ir. [crocann], olla, W. [crochan], [*krokko-]; Gr. @G[krwsso/s], pitcher (@G[*krwkjos]); to which are allied, by borrowing somehow, Eng. [crock], Ag.S. [crocca], Norse [krukka], Ger. [krug]. G. and W. phonetics (G. [g] = W. [ch].) are unsatisfactory. Schrader derives these words from O.Ir. [crocenn], skin - a "skin" vessel being the original. , an aged ewe; from the Sc. [crock]; cf. Norw. [krake], a sickly beast, Fries. [krakke], broken-down horse, etc. --page 109 , large hand, hand in paw form, <*crobhag>, Ir. [crobh], hand from wrist to fingers, paw, hoof, O.Ir. [crob], hand. See [crubh]. , a beast with small horns (M`A.); from [crog]? , a gnarled tree (Arg.); cf. [cro\can]. , thornbush (Arg.), from [cro\g], W. [crafanc], claw. , foam on spirits, rage, difficulty, cast sea-weed: , gallows, Ir. [croch], gallows, cross, E.Ir. [croch], cross, W. [crogbren], gallows; from Lat. [crux], [crucis]. , a sumptuous present (Heb.); see [cno\id]. , pen cattle, house corn; from [cro\]. Dialectic for latter meaning is . , a basket, amall creel; see [cri\lein]. , a little fold, a group; from [cro\]. , a cross, so Ir., E.Ir. [cross], W. [croes]; from Lat. [crux]. , a cross, so Ir., E.Ir. [cross], W. [croes]; from Lat. [crux]. , , also <-ta\ra>, <-tarra>, the fiery cross: [crois]+[tara]; see [crois] above. As to [tara], cf. the Norse [tara], war (Cam.). , a hump, hillock, Ir. [croit], W. [crwth], a hunch, harp, [croth], a protuberant part (as calf of leg), [*crotti-]; from [krot], [kurt], root [kur], round, as in [cruinn], [cruit], q.v. , a croft; from the Eng. [croft]. In the sense of "vulva", cf. W. [croth], Br. [courz], which Stokes refers to [cruit], harp; but the G. may be simply a metaphorical use of [croit], croft. , wound dangerously; [cro\]+[lot], q.v. , bent, Ir. E.Ir. [crom], O.Ir. [cromm], W. [crwm], Br. [krom], O.Br. [crum], [krumbo-]; from the same root as [cruinn]? The Ag.S. [crumb], crooked, Eng. [crumple, Ger. [krumm], have been compared, and borrowing alleged, some holding that the Teutons borrowed from the Celts, and [vice versa]. Dr Stokes holds that the Celts are the borrowers. The Teutonic and Celtic words do not seem to be connected at all in reality. It is an accidental coincidence, which is bound to happen sometimes, and the wonder is it does not happen oftener. , measure the length of the middle finger, Ir. [cruma], [cromadh]; from [crom]. , kite, hawk, from [crom]. , fault, harm, Ir. [cronaim], I bewitch; cf. M.Ir. [cron], rebuking. The idea is that of being "fore-spoken" by witchcraft. See next.>> , rebuke, Ir. [cronuighim], M.Ir. [cronaigim], [cron], rebuking, E.Ir. [air-chron] (do.), [*kruno-]; cf. Teut. [hru], noise, Norse [ro/mr], shouting, Ag.S. [hre/am], a din. , a dirge, croon, purring, Ir., E.Ir. [crona/n]. O'Curry (Mann. and Cust. III., 246) writes the Ir. as [cro/na/n], and defines it as the low murmuring or chorus to each verse of --page 110 the [aidbsi] or choral singing. Sc. [croon], [croyn] (15th century), corresponds to Du. [kreunen], groan, M.Du. [kro@"non], lament, M.Low G. [kronen], growl, O.H.G. [chro^nan], M.L.G. [kroenen], chatter (Murray, who thinks the Sc. came from Low Ger. in M.Eng. period). It seems clear that the Gadelic and Teutonic are related to each other by borrowing; seemingly the Gadelic is borrowed. , deformed person (Suth.); from Norse [kroppinn], deformed. See under [cru\b]. , crossing, thwarting, Ir. [crosanta]; also G. (and ), a peevish man; all from [cros], the basis of [crois], cross, q.v. , from [crosan], poet, chorister. , perverse, irascible, so Ir.; from the G. base [cros] of [crois], cross. , lichen, especially for dyeing, cudbear: [*crottal]; [*crot-to-], from [krot], cf. Gr. @G[krotw/nc], an excrescence on a tree. Hence Sc. [crottle]. M.Ir. [crotal] means "husk" (which may be G. above), "kernel, cymbal". In the last two senses the word is from the Lat. [crotalum], a rattle; the Irish used a small pear-shaped bell or rattle, whence the Ir.Eng. [crotal] (Murray). , a pile, heap, Ir., E.Ir. [cruach], W. [crug], Cor. [cruc], O.Br. [cruc], [*krouka^]; Lit. [kra/uti], to pile, [kru/vi], heap; Norse [kru/ga], heap. Others have compared the Norse [hraukr], a small stack, Ag.S. [hrea/c], Eng. [rick]. , , hip, upper part of the hip, E.Ir. [cruachait]; from [cruach], heap, hump. Stokes translates the Ir. as "chine", and considers it like the corresponding Ger. [kreuz], derived from Lat. [cru^cem], cross. The Gaelic meaning is distinctly against this. , hard, Ir. [cruaidh], O.Ir. [cruaid], [*kroudi-s]; root [kreva], to be blood, raw, whence [cro\], blood, q.v.; Lat. [cru^dus], Eng. [crude]. Hence , hard, rocky. , squat, crouch, Ir. [cru/badh], to bend, crook; also G. , cripple, Ir. do.; from Norse [krju/pa], to creep, kneel (Eng. [creep], etc.), [kroppinn], crippled, root [kreup], [krup], as in Eng. [cripple], Sc. [cruppen thegether], contracted, bowed. Cf. W. [crwb], bent. , bed recess (Carm.): , the crab-fish, Ir. [cru/ban], W. [crwban]. From [cru\b] above. , a horse's hoof, Ir. [crobh], paw, hoof, E.Ir. [cru\], [*kruvo-], hoof; Zend [c@,rva], [c@,ruva], nail, horn; further Gr. @G[ke/ras], horn, and [corn], q.v. (Stokes). , horse shoe, Ir. [cru/dh]: seemingly from the above word.>> --page 111 , the king-fisher, Ir. cruidi/n>: , paw (Arm.) = [cru\ibhean]. , a worm, Ir. [cnuimh], O.Ir. [cruinn], W., Cor. [pryf], Br. [prenv], [*qr@.mi-]; Lit. [ki??rmis], Lett. [se/rms]; Skr. [kr@.mis], [kri/mis]. , round, so Ir., O.Ir. [cruind], W. [crwn], Br. [krenn], [*krundi-s]; root [kuro-], circle, turn, as in [car], q.v. Cf. Lat. [curvus]; Gr. @G[kurto/s], bunt, @G[korw/nc], ring, Lat. [corona], Eng. [crown]. Bezzenberger cfs. the form [crundi-] from [kur] to Lat. [rotundus] from [rota]. , a lamp, jug, Ir. [cru/isgi/n]; from M.Eng. [cruskyn], from O.Fr. [creusequin], from Teut. [kru^s], whence Eng. [cruse]. , , mausoleum, hollow vault of a church; from M.Eng. [cruddes], vault, crypt, [crowd], by-form of Eng. [crypt]. , a harp, so Ir., O.Ir. [crot], W. [crwth], fidicula, Late Lat. (600 A.D.) [chrotta], [*krotta]: [krot-ta-], from [krot], [kurt], root [kur], as in G. [cruinn], round, q.v., Gr. @G[kurto/s] (do.): "the curved instrument". Stokes refers it to the root [krot], strike, as in Gr. @G[krote/w], rattle, clap. Hence Eng. [crowd]. , , wheat, Ir. [cruithneachd], O.Ir. [cruithnecht]: [*kr@.t-on-], root [kert], [ker], cut, "that which is cut"; Lit. [kertu\], cut; Gr. @G[kei/rw], Lat. [curtus], etc. (Rhys). It has been compared to the Lat. [Ceres], Eng. [cereal], and Lat. [cresco], [creo], as in [cruth]. , a rocky hill (H.S.D., from MSS.); from [cruaidh]? Cf. [cruailinn]. , the plant skirret; Sc. [crummock]. From Gaelic [crom] (Cameron). , the hip bone, Ir. [cruma/n], hip bone, crooked surgical instrument; from [crom]. , crown, Ir. [cru/n]; from M.Eng. [crune], from O.Fr. [coronne], from Lat. [corona]. , a quick measure in pipe music: [cruinn]+[luath]. , crouch, contract, Ir. [crupaim]; founded on the M.Eng. [cruppel], cripple, a root [crup], appearing in Sc. [cruppen], contracted. See [cru\bach]. , crucible (Hend.). , wrinkling: , form, figure, O.Ir. [cruth], W. [pryd], [*qr@.tu-s], root [qer], make; Lat. [cerus], creator, [creo], Eng. [create]; Lit. [kuriu\], build; Skr. [kar], make, [kr@.tas], made. , placenta of mare: , a dog, Ir., O.Ir. [cu/], g. [con], W. [ci], pl. [cwn], Cor., Br. [ki], pl. Br. [koun], [*kuo^], g. [*kunos]; Gr. @G[ku/wn]; Lat. [canis]; Eng. [hound]; Skr. [c@,va^], g. [c@,u/nas]. --page 112 , a cup, bowl, Ir. [cuacho/g], O.Ir. [cu/ach]: Lat. [caucus], Gr. @G[kau@nka]; Skr. [koc@,a]. It is generally held that [cuach] is borrowed from the Lat., though phonetically they may be cognate. Thw W. [cawg] is certainly borrowed. , curl, so Ir.; from the above. , an awkward curve, kink, an excrescence on the heel; also (Dialectic): [*kougga^], [*kouk-ga^]; root [qeuq], bend; Skr. [kuc], bend. Lit. [kuku], hook? , , cuckoo, Ir. [cuach], O.Ir. [cu/ach], W. [co^g], of onomatopoetic origin - from the cuckoo's cry of [kuku], whence Eng. [cuckoo], Lat. [cucu^lus], Gr. @G[ko/kkux], Skr. [ko^kilas], [koka]. , the hair, a lock, curl, Ir. [cuailen] (Stokes). This Stokes refers to a stem [*koglenno-], and cfs. Gr. @G[ko/hlos], a spiral-shelled shell-fish, @G[kohli/as], spiral-shelled snail, Lat. [cochlea]. As the Gr. may be for [ho/hlos], the derivation is uncertain. Ir. [cuaili/n], a bundle, faggot, suggests that a similar derivation from [cual] was used metaphorically for a "bundle or cord of hair". , a club, bludgeon, Ir., E.Ir. [cuaille], [*kaullio-]; Gr. @G[kaulo/s], stalk; Lat. [caulis], stalk; Lit. [ka/ulas], a bone (Stokes). It may, however, be for [*coud-s-lio-], from [qoud], Lat. [cu^do], strike. , roll, wreathe, so Ir.; from [cuairt], with the termination [-sqo^]. , circuit, so Ir., O.Ir. [cu/airt]. Stokes gives the stem as [kukr@.ti], from [kur], circle, as in [cruinn]. , a faggot, burden of sticks, Ir. [cual], [M.Ir. [cual], heap, [*kuglo-], root [kug], [qeu@g]; Eng. [heap]; Lat. [cumulus] (=[cub-lus]?); Lit. [ku/gis], heap. , herding or tending cattle: , society, family, Ir. [cuallaidheachd], society, [cuallaidhe], a companion: , the ocean, Ir., M.Ir. [cuan], harbour, [copno-]; Norse [ko@"fn], Ger. [hafen], Eng. [haven]. , , a company, a band of singers, flocks (Carm.), E.Ir. [cu/an], host, [*koupn-], Lit. [kupa], heap, Eng. [heap](?). , , handsome, fine, Ir. [cuanna]; also , robust, neat: [*kaun-navos], from [kaun], [skaun]; Ger. [scho@"n]. ++, crooked, Ir. [cuar], E.Ir. [cu/ar], [*kukro-], root [kuc], bend; Skr. [kucati], bend, Lit. [kuku@?], hook (Strachan). But cf. [cuairt]. , paining, tormenting; cf. W. [cur], pain, care, [curio], beat. The Dictionaries refer the word to [ciu\rr], as a Dialectic form. , a brogue, sock, Ir. [cuaro/g], M.Ir. [cu/ara/n], W. [curan], a covering for the foot and leg [*kourano-], "mocassin": [*keu-ro-]; root [keu], [ku], as in Lat. [cu-tis], skin, Eng. [hide], Ag.S. [hy/d] (*ku^ti/-]). --page 113 ,a fever (Arg.); from [cuairt]. , ringworm (Hend.): , a cave; see [co\s]. , sweetheart (Carm.): , a tumbril, box-cart; from Sc. [coop], [coup], box-cart, etc., probably the same as Eng. [coop], basket. Dialectic . , pulipt; ultimately from Lat. [pulpitum], a speaking platform, whence Eng. [pulpit], Sc. [poopit]. Dialectic . , a cooper; from the Eng. , cuckoo; see [cu'ag]. , fit, so Ir., O.Ir. [cobaid], fit, [cubaithiu], concinnior: [*convedo-], "suiting"; root [ved], bind, as in [feadhainn]. , fragrant, Ir. [cumhra], [cu/mhra], M.Ir. [cumra], [cumrae], E.Ir. [cumrai] (i n-aballgort chumrai); [*com-rae]: , , a coverlet; founded on the Eng. [cover], [coverlet]. Dialectic . , a residence (Arm.; not H.S.D.), Ir., [cuclaidhe]; [*concladh-]; from [cladh], q.v. , the fish cuddy, young of the coalfish, Ir. [cudo/g], [co/dog], haddock, [*cod-do-]; Eng. [haddock]? Sc. [cuddy], [cudden], may be of G. origin (Murray). A.so . , a large bushel or tub; cf. Norse [ku/tr], cask, Sc. [coodie], [quiddie], small tub. M.Ir. [cuidin], [coithin], cati^nus, is probably from a Celt. [koti^no-], Gr. @G[kotu/lc], cup, Lat. [cati^nus], a dep vessel. , , weight: [*con-trom-], "co-heavy"; O.Ir. [cutrumme], similis. See [trom]. Dialectic . , delicacy, "kitchen", E.Ir. [cuicen]; from Lat. [coquina]. , food (Carm.): , mab, or wild cat (Carm.): , precarious, unstable (Carm.): , sufficiency: , tolerable, middling, Ir. [cuibheasach], decent, pretty good, fairly good (in health), [cuibheas], decency, [cuibhe], decent. See [cubhaidh] for stem. The Ir. [cuibhe] shows that it is possible to derive the word from [*con-vesu-], root [vesu] of [feabhas]. , , a wheel; from Eng. [wheel]. , deer's horn (Arm., M`L.), deer's tibia (H.S.D.): , a bond, chain, so Ir., O.Ir [cuimrech], vb. [conriug], ligo, W. [rhwym], vinculum, Br. [rum], [kevre], [*kom-rigo-n]; [rigo-], a bond; Lat. [corrigia], shoe-lace; M.H.G. [ric], band, string. --page 114 Stokes (rightly) now gives root is [rek], bind, Skr. [rac@,ana], cord, rope, [rac@,mi] (do.). , cover, coverlet; see [cubhraig]. , portion, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuibrend], W. [cyfran]: [*com-rann]; see [rann]. , coquetting, secretly hobnobbing (Arg.): [co-ceann]. , share, part, Ir. [cuid], g. [coda], O.Ir. [cuit], W. [peth], res, pars, Cor. [peth], Br. [pez], [*qezdi-], [*qozdi-]; [qes], [qos], seemingly from the pron. root [qo], [qe] (see [co]). Cf. Lat. [quotidie], [quota], Br. [ped], how much. Bezzenberger compares Lit. [kede@?ti], burst, Sl. [ce@?sti], part; root [qed]. Hence Eng. [piece]. Some have suggested comparison with Lat. [costa], rib, Eng. [coast]. , company, Ir. [cuideachda], O.Ir. [cotecht], coitio, conventus: [*con-techt]; see [teacht]. , a spider (H.S.D.), Ir. [cuideog] (O'R.): , pride (Arm.), (M`A.); from [cuid]? , weight; see [cudrom]. , , inclosure (Barra); from Norse [kue/], Orkney [quoy], a pen, Orkney and Shetland [quey], [quay], enclosed land. , wreath of snow; see [cuith]. , quit, requite, Ir. [cu/itighim]; from Eng. [quit]? , assist, Ir. [cuidighim], M.Ir. [cuitigim], share; from [cuid]. , common (Sh.; not H.S.D.), Ir. [cuidri(dh)], entertainment, commons: [*con-trebi-], as in [caidreabh]? , the wadding of a gun; from Sc. [colfin]. , a distaff, so Ir., M.Ir. [cuigel], W. [cogail], Corn. [cigel], Br. [kegel]; from M.Lat. [conucula], for [colucula], from [colus]. From Lat. [conucula] comes Ger. [kunkel], Fr. [quenouille]. , corner, recess, Ir. [cu/il], O.Ir. [cuil], W. [cil], [*ku^li-]. See [cu\l] , a wile, trick; from [cu\il]+[beart]. , a gun; from the Eng. [culverin]. , reed, cane, Ir. [cuilc], [*kolki-]; root [kol], as in Lat. [culmus], stalk, Gr. @G[ka/lamos], reed, Eng. [haulm]. , an apartment where stores are kept, O.Ir. [cuile fi/nda], vinaria, [*kolia^]; Gr. @G[kali/a], hut, Skr. [kula@-/ya], hut, nest (Stokes); from [*kol-io-], root [qel] of [ceil]. , a fly, Ir. and E.Ir. [cuil], W. [cylion], flies, Cor. [kelionen], Br. [quelyenen], [*kuli-s], [kulia^no-s]; Lat. [culex]. , feast (in a corner) (Carm.). , a whelp, Ir. [cuilea/n] (O'B.), [cuileann] (O'R.), E.Ir. [cule/n], W. [colwyn], Cor. [coloin], catulus, Br. [kolenn], young of quadrupeds; Gr. @G[ku/lla]=@G[sku/laz], whelp (Bez.). It may be from [cu\], [*kun], dog. Ernault, [*culenos]: root of @G[ku/os]; M.Br. [colen], so D'Arbois. Rhys says W. borrowed. --page 115 , cellar, secret place, treasury; see [cuile]. , holly, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuilenn], W. [celyn], Cor. [celin], Br. [kelenn] (pl.), [*kolenno-]; Eng. [holly], Ag.S. [holegn] , a feast; Dialectic for [cuirm], q.v. , the plant cumin, Ir. [cumi/n]; from Lat. [cuminum], Eng. [cumin]. , rememberance, so Ir., O.Ir. [cuman], [cuimnech], memor, W. [cof], Cor. [cov], M.Br. [couff], [*co-men]; root [men], as in Lat. [memini], I remember, Eng. [mention], [mind], etc. , brief, handsome, so Ir., E.Ir. [cumbair], [*com-berro-]; for [berr], see [bearr]. , trouble; see [coimrig]. , a mark, aim, moderation, Ir. [cuimse]; from [com]+[meas]; see [meas]. Cf. [eirmis]. , when, E.Ir. [cuin], W., Br. [pan]; Lat. [quum]; Eng. [when]; see [co]. The Ir. [can] (O'Cl.) is allied to Lat. [quando], and more nearly than [cuin] to W., Br. [pan]. , a yoke, Ir., E.Ir. [cuing]: [*con-jungi-], root [jung], [jug], as in Lat. [jungo], Eng. [joke]. For phonetics, see next.>> Stokes since gives the stem as [ko-jungi-]. , narrowness, O.Ir. [cumce]; see [cumhang]. , coin; from the Eng. , a pail, milk pail, Ir. [cuinneo/g], M.Ir. [cuindeog], W. [cunnog], [cynnog]; cf. Lat. [congius], a quart. , a nostril: , a stalk of corn, a nostril; for the first meaning, see [connlach]; for the second, [cuinnean] above. , a quince; from the Eng. , a dagger, sword; from the Eng. [whinger]. , a whip; from Eng. [whip]. , put, Ir., E.Ir. [cuirim], O.Ir. [cuiriur], W. [hebgor], put aside, [*korio^], I put. The root is likely [ker], [kor], of [cruth], q.v. For meaning cf. Lat. [facio] and Gr. @G[ti/qcmi]. Bezzenberger compares it to Skr. [kala/yati], drive, bear, do, Lit. [karta], position, lie. , a particular kind of head-dress for women, Ir. [cuirci/n], head, crest, comb (O'R.); from [currachd]? Sc. [courche], [curges] (pl.), a covering for a woman's head, Eng. [kerchief]. E.Ir. [cuirce], bow, knot; which makes the Sc. and Eng. comparison doubtful. , an invitation, so Ir.; from [cuir], q.v. , a kind of pack-saddle (H.S.D. from MSS.): , , turn, wile; from [car], q.v. , the white water-lily (H.S.D., which quotes only O'R.), Ir. [cuirini/n] (O'R.): --page 116 , a feast, so Ir., E.Ir. [coirm], [cuirm], M.W. [cwrwf], W. [cwrw], beer, Cor. [coref], Gaul. @G[kou@nrmi], [cervisia] [*kurmen]; Lat. [cremor], broth (Eng. [cream]; Gr. @G[kera/nnumi], mix; Skr. [c@,ra^], [c@,r@.], cook; I.E. [kera], [kra], mix. , a small heap of stones, dew-drop, ringlet, Ir. [cuirnea/n], head of a pin, brooch, ringlet. In the first sense, it is from [ca/rn], and possibly also in the other two senses, the idea being "cluster, heap". , wicked, corrupt; see [coirbte], [coirb]. , court, Ir. [cu/irt]; from the Eng. , a curtain, , plaiding (Dialectic); formed on Eng. [curtain]. , cause, matter, Ir., E.Ir. [cu/is], O.Ir. [co/is]; from Lat. [causa]. , the little finger (Sh., H.S.D.), Ir. [cuisdeog] (O'R.): , a stalk, kind of grass, Ir. [coisi/n], a stem, stalk, little foot; from [cas], foot. But see next.>> [di fetchoisig], "by piping". , pulse, vein, pipe, Ir. [cuisle], E.Ir. [cuisli], g.pl. [cuislend], a pipe for music, O.Ir. [cusle], g. [cuslen], [cuislennach], a piper. It has no connection with Lat. [pulsus], and its etymology is obscure (Stokes). Cf. Eng. [hose]. , a couch, Ir. [cu/iste], [cuiste] (O'B.); from Eng. [couch]. , a wreath of snow, a pit, Ir., E.Ir. [cuithe], a pit, W. [pydew]; from Lat. [puteus], Eng. [pit]. , pen for sheep (Carm.); see [cuidh]. , quit, requite; see [cuidhtich]. , back, Ir., O.Ir. [cu/l], W. [cil], Cor. [chil], Br. [kil], [*ku^lo]; Lat. [cu^lus]. Hence [cu\laist], recess. , a good condition of the body, , fat, sleek: "well-covered", from [cul] of [culaidh]? , apparel, so Ir.; root [qel], [qol], cover; Ger. [hu@"lle], a covering, Lat. [occulo]. See [ceil]. , boat (Suth.): , turf for the back of the fire, sitting behind another on horseback, a collop; all from [cu\l]. , tresses, hair; from [cu\l]. , behind, the back; E.Ir. [cu/laib] (dat.pl.), [cu/lu] (acc.pl.); from [cu\l]. The dat. (and acc.) pl. of [cu\l] used locatively - for rest (and motion). Compare [beulaobh]. , a cucumber, Ir. [culara/n], W. [cylor], earth nuts, Br. [coloren], earth nut. Ernault makes the Celtic word to be [*carul-an-], and compares Gr. @G[ka/rnon], nut. , a boar, Ir., E.Ir. [cullach], O.Ir. [callach], [cullach], [caullach], Br. [kalloc'h], "entire", [qellecq], epithet for stallions and boars, [*kallua^ko-s], from [*kalljo-], testicle, W. [caill], testiculus, M.Br. --page 117 [quell]; root [kal], hard, as in [clach], q.v., Norse [hella], flat stone, etc. (Bezzenberger). Cf. Lat. [cuelleus], bag, scrotum, whence O.Fr. [couillon], Eng. [cullion], testicles, Sc. [culls]. Hence , wether-goat, Ir. [culbhoc]. , impotence, , eunuch; from [coll, [call]; see [call]. , goal-keeper (Suth.); from [cu\l] and [raon]? , birth-wort, cucumber; see [cularan]. , keep, hold, Ir. [congbhaighim], inf. [congmhail], O.Ir. [congabin]; from [con] and [gabh], take. The G. [cum] is for [congv] or [congbh], and the [gv] becomes [m] as in [i\m], [ciomach], [tum], etc. , Mcumadh>, shape, form, Ir. [cuma], E.Ir. [cumma], vb. [cummaim]: , keeping, Ir. [cumail], [congmhail]; inf.to [cum], i.e., [cum-gabhail]. , a milking pail; Gr. @G[ku/mbc], @G[ku/mbos], cup; Ger. [humpen], bowl. , common, Ir. [cumann]; from the Eng. [common]. , mourning, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuma]: I.E. root [qem], [qom]; Eng. [hum], Ger. [hummen]. , a stipulation, Ir. [cumha], E.Ir. [coma], bribe, gift, condition: [*com-ajo-], "co-saying", O.Ir. [a/i], a saying, Lat. [ajo]? See [adhan]. Cf. [cunnradh]. , power, so Ir., O.Ir. [cumachte], W. [cyfoeth], power, riches, [*kom-akto], root [ag], drive, carry, Lat. [ago], Gr. @G[a@'/gw], Eng. [act], etc. (Stokes). The O.Ir. [cumang], potestas, is doubtless a nasalised form of the root [ag] (=[ang]); it has been referred to the root [ang], Lat. [angere], etc., as in [cumhang] below, but the meaning is unsatisfactory. The word [cumhachd] has also been analysed as [co-mag-tu-], where [mag] has been bariously referred to I.E. [meg], great (G. @G[me/gas], Eng. [much]), or I.E. [me@-gh] (Eng. [may], Lat. [machina], [machine]). , narrow, Ir. [cu/mhang], O.Ir. [cumang], W. [cyfang], [*kom-ango-s]; root [ang]; Gr. @G[a@'\gw], choke, @G[a@'/ghi], near; Lat. [ango], [angustus]; Ger. [eng]. , stipulations (Hend.): , covenant; from M.Eng., Sc. [conand], [couenant], Eng. [covenant], from O.Fr. [convenant], Lat. [convenire]. M.Br. has [comanant], W. [cyfammod]. Dial. plurals are and . , cumber; from the Eng. , constant, steady, Ir. [cungbhailteach], firm, miserly; from [cungbhail], keeping, Ir. inf. of [cum], q.v. , instrument, accoutrements: [*con-gen-], root [gen] of [gni\omh], deed. See next.>> --page 118 , help, co-operate, Ir. [cunghas], co-operation, vb. [cungnaighim], I help, [cungantach], helpful, E.Ir. [cungnam], assistance: [*con+gni/om]; see [co\mhnadh]. , danger, M.G. [cunntabhart] (M`V.), Ir. [cuntabhairt], [contabhairt], danger, doubt, O.Ir. [cumtubart], [cundubart], [contubart], [doubt], [*con-to-bart], root [ber], of [beir], q.v. (Cam.). , , bargain, covenant, Ir. [connradh], [cunnradh], O.Ir. [cundrad], [cunnrath], Manx [coonrey]: [*con-ra/dh]; see [ra\dh], say. Corm. derives from [ra/th], surety. , count, Ir. [cunntas], [cuntas], reckoning, [cuntaim], I count; from the Eng. , an objection (Sh.), Ir. [cunuil] (Lh.): , box-cart, coup; see [cu\b]. , a cup, Ir. [cu/pa/n], W. [cib]; from Lat. [cu^pa], tub, Eng. [cup], [coop], etc. , a couple, Ir. [cu/pla], [cupall], W. [cwpl]; from M.Eng. [couple]. , a placing, setting; inf. to [cuir], q.v. , a boat, coracle, Ir., E.Ir. [curach], Irish Lat. [curucis], dat.pl. (Adamnan), W. [corwc], [cwrwg], [cwrwgl], [*kuruko-] (Stokes); Armen. [kur], a boat, O.Sl. [korici], a kind of vessel. The Lat. [carina] has been compared, but the vowels are unsuitable. Hence Eng. [coracle]. , affliction, obstacle, (Lh.), obstacle. In the sense of affliction, cf. [cuaradh]. , frisky, cunning; see [cuireid]. , a champion, Ir. [curadh], E.Ir. [cur], g. [curad], [caur], W. [cawr], Cor. [caur], gigas, Gaul. @G[Kau/aros] (Polyb.), [Cavarillus], etc., [*kauaro-s], a hero, mighty, root [keva], [ku^], be strong; Skr. [c@,avi^ra], mighty, [c@,u@-/ra], hero; Gr. @G[ku/rios], lord, @G[ku@nros], might. , , a coverlet (Dialectic, H.S.D.); founded on Eng. [covering]. M`A. has , plaiding (felt); of the same origin. , care, Ir. [cu/ram]; from Lat. [cura]. , sandpiper, M.Ir. [cuirrcech], plover; from [currech], a marsh (K. Meyer). See next.>> , bulrush, so Ir. (O'B., etc.), E.Ir. [curcas], O.Ir. [curchas], O.W. [cors], cannulos, W. [corsen], reed, Br. [corsenn], reed, [*korokasto-], [korkasto]; Lat. [ca^rex] (Stokes, Ernault). The E.Ir. [currech], a marsh, is allied, [*gr@.siko-], Gaul. [*parriko-], A.S. [pearroc], Gr. [parc] (St.), Lat. [cursus]. Perhaps Eng. [hurst] (St.). , corner, pit, Ir. [curr], Keat. [curr], pit, [corr], well, cistern; cf. w. [cwr], corner. , a bubble on the surface of liquids; see [currachd]. --page 119 , hood, cap, night-cap, Ir. [currach] (O'R.), M.Ir. [curracach], cuculatus (Stokes, Ir. Gl. 598, who suggested connection with W. [pyrchwyn], crest of a helmet). Sc. [curch], [courchie], Eng. [kerchief], seem to be the origin of the G. word. , peat-heap (M`A.); cf. [gurracag]. , a crowding together (Macpherson's [Ossian]): , exhausted (H.S.D.), (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [currtha]; cf. [ciu\rr]. , , a carrot, root, radish, Ir. [curra/n], any kind of tap-rooted plant (O'R., Sh.): [*cors], head, as in [corr]? Cf. Eng. [carrot], ultimately from Gr. @G[karwto/n], carrot, from @G[ka/ra], head, top; [*cors] and [kar] of @G[ka/ra] are ultimately from the same source. , , horse-panniers for heavy loads; cf. Sc. [currack], [corrack] (do.), Eng. [crooks]. , cooing of pigeons, Ir. [curru/cadh] (O'R.), Sc., Eng. [curr], [curring]. The word is onomatopoetic. , the lapwing: see [curcag]. , a milk-pail: , course, manner, Ir. [cu/rsa], from the Eng. [course]. , bad (Sh.; not H.S.D.), [curtsa] (O'R.); from Eng. [curst], [cursed]. , sufficiency, overplus: , a wild mustard (Sh., Arm.; not H.S.D.): , a kibe: , an object, mark, Ir. [cuspo/ir], M.Ir. [cuspo/ir] (Keat., Oss.@+[3] 296). Dialectic , a customer (see [cuspunn]). , custom, tribute, also ; founded on Eng. [custom]. , hank of yarn, Ir. [cuta], one-twelfth of a hank of yarn; from Eng. [cut]. , to gut (fish); from Eng. [gut]. , bobtailed, so Ir., E.Ir. [do-chotta], they cut short, W. [cwta]. The relationship, if any, existing between [cut], [cutach], and Eng. [cut], is one of borrowing; the history of Eng. [cut] is obscure, and the Celtic words mean "short, shorten", not "to cut" with a knife. Besides, the E.Ir. appears a century and a half earler than the Eng. (1139 [v]. 1275). Stokes has suggested a borrowing from Fr. [couteau] (= [cultellus], knife) for the E.Ir. form. Rhys says W. is Eng. [cutty], borrowed. , , rage, Ir. [cuthach], [*koti-aca-]; root [kot], Gr. @G[ko/tos], wrath. See [cath]. Stokes says Pict. Skr. [kva/thati], seethe, Got. [hvapjan], foam. --page 120 , two, Ir. [da/], O.Ir. [da/] (m.), [di/] (f.), [da n-] (n.), W. [dau] (m.), [dwy] (f.), Cor. [dou], [diu], Br. [daou], [diou], (f.), [*dva^], [*dva^u] (m.), [dvei] (f.), [dvabin] (dat.); Skr. [dvau], [dva^], [dve] (f., n.); Gr. @G[du/w]; Lat. [duo^]: Got. [tuai], Eng. [two]. , a vat, a measure of land (either one or four ploughgates, according to locality and land), O.G. [dabach] (Bk.of Deer), Ir. [dabhach], a vat, [*daba^ka^]; Gr. @G[qa/ptw], bury, @G[ta/fos], grave; root [dhabh], [dho^bh], deepen, dig out. Cf. Lit. [du@obiu/], hollow out. Bezzenberger suggests alliance with Eng. [top], Ger. [topf]. Eng. [tub], if allied to the Ger. [zuber], is from the root of [two], "a two-eared" vessel. Also , and in place-names . , more likely; see [do/cha]. , home (adverb), a home, Ir. [do thigh], M.Ir. [dia tig], home, E.Ir. [dia thaig]; from [do] and [tigh]. In Ir. the phrase is a prepositional adverb; in Gaelc it ceases to be a phrase and becomes a welded noun. , anything, aught, tittle, M.G. [dad], mote (in sunbeam), Ir. [dadadh], [dadamh], aught, a jot, etc., [*da-z-dho-], root [da], divide, Lit. [dali\s], part, Gr. @G[dasmo/s], division? See ++[da\il]. Hence , a mote, and = [dad]. , a pistol; from M.Eng. [dag], a pistol, from Fr. [dague], a dagger, whence Br. [dag]. The change of meaning from "dagger" to "pistol" is one which occurs in the history of "pistol" itself, for it originally meant "dagger". Eng. [dagger] is allied. , poor, Ir. [daidhbhir], M.Ir. [daidber]: [*do-adberi-], from [do-] and [adber], [*a/d-bhero^], Lat. [adfero]. See [saoibhir]. , handsome, Ir. [do/igheamhuil], well appointed, decent; see [da/cha], [do/cha], [do\igh]. , daddy, Ir. [daidi/n], [daid], M.Ir. [data/n], foster-father, [datnait], foster-mother, W. [tad], Cor. [tat]; Lat. [tata]; Gr. @G[te/tta]; Lit. [tety/tis], Ch.Sl. [teta]; Skr. [tata/s]. Eng. [dad] is borrowed from the Welsh (Skeat). , firm or well-built (of a man) - Arg. Cf. [daingean]. , a wooden collar for cattle; cf. W. [dal], a hold, catch, Br. [dal], a holding; root [dhe^], [dho^], set? Cf. Gr. @G[qc/kc], repository, @G[ti/qcmi], place, Lat. [faci^o], etc. But see [da/il], delay. , a dale, meadow, from Norse [dalr], Eng. [dale]. , delay, credit, Ir. [da/il], M.Ir. [da/l], gen. [da/la], respite, [*da^li-]; from [dvo^l], [dvel], whence Eng. [dwell], Norse [dvo@"l], delay. --page 121 , a meeting, so Ir., O.Ir. [da/l], O.W. [datl], forum, W. [dadl], sermo, O.Br. [dadlou], curi@ae, Br. [dael], [*datla^], root [dha], [dhe^], set, as in [dail] (Ernault). Stokes suggests connection with O.Sl. [de^], dicere. ++, ++, portion, tribe, Ir. and O.Ir. [da/il], [da/l], Bede [daal] = part, [Dalreudini], later [Da/l-riata], [Dalriada], the early Scotic kingdom of Argyle, etc: [*da^lo-], root [da^], divide, Gr. @G[date/omai], divide, @G[dasmo/s], division, Lit. [dalis], a part, Skr. [da@-/ti], cut off, [dalas], part. The verb , distribute, is given in H.S.D. as a dialectic form; the Ir. is [da/ilim]. Zimmer thinks [da/il], meeting, and [da/il], part, are originally the same. , prophetic vision. See [tairgneachd]. , relationship, Ir. [da/mh], tribe, family, E.Ir. [da/m]: [*da^ma^], tribe, company; Gr. @G[dc@nmos], Dor. @G[da@nmos], people, tribe, Eng. [demo]cracy. It is usual to compare O.W. [dauu], cliens, W. [daw] ([dawf]), son-in-law, M.Br. [deuff], Br. [den] (do.); but these words may be allied to Gr. @G[da/mar], spouse, and be from the root [dam], [dom], house. , strong, firm, so Ir., O.Ir. [daingen], W. [dengyn], barbarous, [*dangeno-], firm, hard, verb [*dengo^], E.Ir. [dingim], press. Bezzenberger compares Norse [tengja], fasten, tie together, Ag.S. [tengan], press, O.H.G. [gi-zengi], conjunctus. Thurneysen compares W. [tengyn], obstinate, and Gr. [tangoner], press. It is possible to connect [daingean] with Norse [dyngja], heap, women's apartment, Ag.S. [ding], carcer, Lit. [dengiu], cover; perhaps O.H.G. [tunc], earth-house, Eng. [dung]. , inire vaccam, Ir. [da/ir], M.Ir. [dair], [*da^ro^], root [dhr@-@.-], [dhoro], Gr. @G[qrw/skw], spring, @G[qoro/s], semen viri, Skr. [dha@-/ra], stream, seed. , rattling noise, E.Ir. [der-drethar], cries, W. [da^r], noise, [daredd], tumultuous noise, root [der], [dher], as in Gr. @G[qrc@nnos], dirge, Skr. [dhran@.], sound, Eng. [drone]. See [du\rd] and [stairirich]. , a heap of hay or peats, O.Ir. [ais], a heap, W. [da^s], O.W. [das], M.Br. [dastum], to mass, [*dasti-] (for G. and W.); Ag.S. [tass] (whence Fr. [tas]). Bezzenberger and Stokes correlate it with Norse [des], hay heap, Sc. [dass]. , , a blockhead (H.S.D.), , insipid rhymer (Arm.); seemingly borrowed from the Sc. [dawsie], stupid, [dase] stupefy. For root, see [da\sachd]. Norse [dasi], lazy fellow. , a musical instrument: , a diet; from the Eng. See [di\ot]. , one of two; see under [dara]. --page 122 , blind, Ir., E.Ir. [dall], W., Br. [dall], Cor. [dal], [*dvalno-], I.E. [dhvl@.-no-]; Got. [dvals], foolish, Eng. [dull]; Lat. [fallo], cheat (= [dhalno/]); Gr. @G[qolero/s], turbid. Hence [inter alia], , a field shrew, a mole, Ir. [dallo/g]. , a winnowing fan; from [dall]. , bold, forward, obstinate: "vigorous"?, root [dhl@.] in [duille]. , foster-son, god-son, O.G. [dalta] (Bk.of Deer), Ir. [dalta], O.Ir. [dalte], [*daltaio-s], root [dhe^], [dhe^l], suck; Gr. @G[qc@nlus], female; Lat. [fe^lo], suck, femina; etc. (Stokes, Strachan). See [deoghail]. It has been usual to refer [dalta] to the root [al] of [altram], the [d] being considered as the remains of [de], the prepositional prefix ([*de-altjo-s]). , a dam; from the Eng. , draughts, , draught board; from the Sc. [dams], [dambrod], Ger. [dambrett], from Fr. [dame], dame, draughts, Lat. [domina]. , ox, stag, so Ir., O.Ir. [dam], Cor. [da], dama, M.Br. [dauat], sheep, Br. [danvad], sheep, [demm], roe, [*damo-s]; Lat. [da^ma], [damma], deer; Gr. @G[dama/lcs], a stier, @G[da/malis], a calf; Skr. [damya], untamed stier. Allied is Eng. [tame], Lat. [domare], Eng. [domestic], etc. , rutting time; for [damh-dha\ir], from [damh] and [da\ir] (H.S.D.). (H.S.D.), (Sh., Arm.), earnest, keen: , spider, Ir. [damha/n-alla], O.Ir. [dama/n n-allaid] (g.pl.), "wild little deer"; see [damh] and [allaidh]. , cursing, condemnation, so Ir., M.Ir. [damnad]; from Lat. [damnatio]. , fate, destiny, Ir. [da/n]; cf. M.Ir. [da/n], gift, W. [dawn], gift, talent, Lat. [do^num], root [do/], Gr. @G[di/dwmi], give, Skr. [da^], give. , a poem, Ir. [da/n], song, O.Ir. [da/n], g. [da/no], ars. [*da^snu-], root [da^s], know; Gr. @G[dc/nea], plans, arts, @G[dac/mon], skilful; Ch.Sl. [danhanh], wisdom; Skr. [damsa/na], miracle (Stokes). , bold, Ir. [da/na], O.Ir. [da/ne], [da/na], [*da^snavo-s], from the root of [da/n] above (Stokes). , dance (thou), , , a dance, Ir. [damhsa], W. [dawns]; from the Eng. , obstinate, O.Ir. [doe], g. [doi], tardus, [*dausio-s]; Ag.S. [dysig], foolish, Eng. [dizzy], O.H.G. [tusi^c], stultus, Ger. [thor], foolish (Stokes, Windisch). , wicked, perverse (Heb.); see [dao]. , strong dislike, horror, , anger (Sh.): , wicked, a wicked man, Ir. [daoi], a wicked or foolish person; opposite of [saoi] (with [do-], [*du-]), which see for root. --page 123 , a diamond; from the Eng. , , a beetle, Ir. [daol], E.Ir. [dael], [doel], [dail]: [*daoilo-], root [dei], [di], as in [dian], q.v. Stokes connects with M.Ir. [dael], grightsomeness, root [dvei], fright, Gr. @G[de/os], a fright, Skr. [dvis], hate. , a lazy man, a niggard, Ir. [daol], lazy (O'R.): , , continually, always [*d'aon-tan] (?), "from one time". Cf. [greis]. , enslaved, so Ir., O.Ir [do/ir]; opposite of [saor] (with negative (do), [*du-]), which see for root. , dear, Ir. [daor], [daoradh], making dear (Four Masters); from M.Eng. [deere], [deore], dear (Stokes). , intoxication; cf. Sc. [deray], mirthful noise at a banquet, M.Eng. [derai], disorder, from Fr. [desroi], dis-[array]. , when (conj.), Northern form for <'n uair>; probably [d'uair] = [do-uair]. , second, so Ir.; M.G. [darle] (Oss. Ballad, Fernaig MS), [*ind-araile], "the other", from [ind] = [an], the, and O.Ir. [araile], alius = [ar]+[aile], [air]+[eile], q.v., [alalijos], Br. [arall]. Also , the one of two, O.Ir., [indala], from [ind] and [aile], that is [an] and [eile]. Further, (= [dala]), E.Ir. [indarna], [*ind-araile n-ai], the one of them (two), O.Ir. [indala n-ai], where [a/i], eorum, is the pl. of [a], his. , oak, Ir. [dair], [darach], E.Ir. [dair], gen. [darach], W., Cor. [dar], [*darik-]; Lat. [larix], Eng. [larch]; Gr. (Maced.) @G[da/rullos], oak, @G[dru@ns] (do.), [do/ru], spear; Eng. [tree], etc. Hence , body of a boat. , the hollow of the hand (Dialectic, H.S.D.); cf. [dea\rna]. , a teal: , one of two; see under [dara]. , darn, darning; from the Eng. [darning], which is itself from W. [darn], piece, patch (root [dera], split, Eng. [tear]). , rage, madness, M.G. [da/sacht] (M`V.), Ir. [da/sachd], O.Ir. [da/sacht], insania; Ag.S. [dwa/es], foolish, Sc. [dawsie], Du. [dwaas], senseless (Strachan). , colour, Ir., E.Ir. [dath], [*datu-]; from the root [dha], [dhe^], place, as in [dail], etc.? , singe, Ir. [doghaim], E.Ir. [do/thim], inf. [do/ud], [daif] (n.), Br. [deuiff], to burn, [*davio^], I burn; Gr. [dai/w], burn; Skr. [du], [duno/ti], burn, [davas], a brand. , fallow deer; , ; from [damh]+[seasg] (?). , of, Ir. [de], O.Ir. [de], [di], O.W. [di], W. [y], Cor. [the], Br. [di], [*de], [*di], [*de^]; Lat. [de^]; from [dve^], a case-form from [dvo^], two. Gaelic and Irish confuse this prep. with [do], to; a confusion --page 124 which even extends to O.Ir. in pre-accentual [de] compounds. Hence of the past tenses: [do chaidh], went, i.e., [deach]; [do rinn], did, from [do-gni/u], I do, etc. , what; also ; a curtailed form of [ciod e\], "what is it"; from [ciod] and [e\], q.v. Ir [caide/], Galway [gode/]. , , yesterday, Ir. [ane/], ([ande/]), O.Ir. [indhe/], W. [y ddoe], Br. [deac'h], M.Br. [dech], [*sendi-gesi], art. [an] and [*gesi]; Lat. [heri] (= [*hesi^]); Gr. @G[hqe/s]; Eng. [yesterday]. The Celtic forms are all influenced by the word for "to-day", G. [an diu], O.Ir. [indiu], W. [heddyw], [dyw]; from [diu], [*divo], day, q.v. Zimmer in fact refers the word to the root of [diu] (Zeit.@+[30] 17). [*jesi], [ghjesi], [heri], etc. (St.). : , M.Ir. [tene di/ait], lightning; [*deia], shine with [-anti] or [-anta] (n.) (St.). , drain, dry up, (pronounced [de\-u], shrinking (as the staves of a wooden vessel), Dialectic ; I.E. [dhevo-], run, Eng. [dew], Gr. @G[qe/w], run, Skr. [dhav], run, flow. , boddice, jacket; from Eng. [jacket]. , difficult, surly, Ir. [deacair], O.Ir. [deccair]; for [di-acar]: prep. [de] and [acar], as in [socair], q.v. , went; the post-particicle or enclitic form of [do chaidh], q.v. Ir. [deachaidh], O.Ir. [dechud]. , dictate, so Ir., [deachdadh] (n.); from Lat. [dicto], [dictatio], whence Eng. [dictation]. , good, Ir. [deagh], O.Ir. [deg-], [dag-], W. [da], Cor. [da], bonum (gl.), Gaul. [Dago-], [*dago-], [*dego-], "good, acceptable"; Gr. @G[de/hesqai], receive. Further allied to Gr. @G[dexio/s], right, @G[de/komai] receive; Lat. [dexter], right, [decus], [doceo]; Gaelic [deas], O.Ir. [dech], best (superlative to [deagh] or [maith]). , living, diet, morals (Uist); see [di\ot]. : see [de/idh]. , friendly (H.S.D., M`E.); see [di\leas]. , , a leech, Ir. [deal], a blood-sucker (O'R.); from I.E. root [dhe^], suck, as in [deoghail], q.v. Cf. Lit. [de@?le@?], leech; also Ir. (and G. in Dict. therefrom) , teat, E.Ir. [del]. , separate, Ir. [dealuighim], E.Ir. [deligim], [deil], separation; I.E. [delo-], to split, Skr. [dali/tas], split, Gr. @G[de/ltos], tablet, Lit. [dalis], part. Cf. ++[da\il], part. , , lightning, Ir. [deala/n], spark, flaming coal, [*dilo-]: root [di], [dei] ([de^i]), [deya] (Fick), shine; Gr. @G[de/elos] (= @G[de/j-elos]), conspicuous, @G[dc@nlos, clear; Skr. [di^], shine; further is [*dei-vo-s], whence G. [dia], etc. M.Ir. [tene-gelain], "lightning", now "will o' the wisp"; [tene-gelan], fireflaught. --page 125 , butterfly, Ir. [dala/n-de/], [deala/n-de/]. The G. also means the phenomenon observed by shirling a stick lighted at the end. Apparently the meaning is "God's fire". For [de/], see [dia]. , door-bolt (Sh., O'R.); see [deil]. , zeal, , zealous; from the Eng. [zeal], [zealous]. , form, so Ir., O.Ir. [delb], W. [delw], Br. [-delu], [*delvo-], root [del]; Lat. [dolare], hew, [dolo], a pike; Gr. @G[daida/llw], embellish, work cunningly; O.H.G. [zol], log; Ch.Sl. [dely], vat. , a pin, skewer, so Ir., O.Ir. [delg], M.W. [dala], sting, fang, W. [dal], a catch, Cor. [delc], monile, [*delgos]; Ag.S. [telgan] virgultum, twig, Du. [telg], M.H.G. [zelge], Norse [tja/lgr], a prong; Lit. [dalgi/s], scythe (?). Bezzenberger compares Norse [da/lkr], a cloak pin; cf. Ag.S. [dalc], buckle. , brightness, so Ir., E.Ir. [dellrad], jubar; from [deal-], as in [dealan], q.v. , dew, Ir. [dealt], M.Br., Br. [delt], moist, damp: , loud barking (H.S.D.); see [deileann]. , a demon, so Ir., O.Ir. [demon]; from Lat. [daemon], from Gr. @G[dai/mwn], Eng. [demon]. , , shears, Ir. [deimheas] (pronounced [di/os]), E.Ir. [demess], [*di-mess], "two-edged"; from [di] of [da], two, and E.Ir. [mess], edge (Cormac's Gl.), "cutter", from root [met], mow, cut, as in [meath], [meith], cut, prune, Lat. [meto]. Cf. Gaul, [mataris]. , do, Ir. [de/an] (imper.), O.Ir. [de/n], [de/nim]: enclitic or post-particle form of O.Ir. [dogni/u], G. [ni\], I do; from [de], of, and [gni^] of [gni\omh], q.v. Inf. (= [de-gni^mu-]). , haste, speed; cf. E.Ir. [denmne], haste, which Cormac explains as [di-ainmne], "non-patience", from [ainmne], patience; root [men], wait (Lat. [maneo], etc.). , a small pinch, a grain, , mill dust, Ir. [deano/g], a pinch, grain: , conflict, stir, so Ir. (O'R.); from [deann]. In the sense of "flash" (H.S.D.), seems a metathetical form of [dealan]. , a nettle, Ir. [neanto/g], M.Ir. [nennto/g], E.Ir. [nenaid], [*nenadi-], for [*ne-nadi], a reduplicated form; Ag.S. [netele], Eng. [nettle]; Lit. [ne/ndre@?], pipe, tube. The [t] of G. and Ir. is due to the same phonetic law that gives [teine] the pl. [teintean]. , poor, wretched, Ir. [dearo/il], E.Ir. [dero/il], feeble, O.Ir. [dero/il], penuria, from [der-], privative prefix (see [deargnaidh]), and [o/il], abundance, which Windisch has referred to [*pa^li-], a form of the root [pl@.], [pel], full, as in [la/n]. , , butterfuly (M`D., H.S.D.): --page 126 , certain, so Ir., O.Ir. [derb], [*dervo-]; I.E. [drevo-], whence Ag.S. [treo/we], Eng. [true], Ger. [treu]. , , a berry, so Ir., O.Ir. [derc], [*derkes-], Skr. [dra^ksha^], grape, vine (Stokes); root [derk], see, the idea being "conspicuous". Cf. Gr. @G[dra/kwn], dragon, @G[dorka/s], gazelle, from the root [derk], see. See [dearc], behold. The O.Ir. [derucc], g. [dercon], glans, is, like Ger. [eichel], glans (from [eiche], oak), from the root of [darach], oak (Zimmer). , , a lizad, Ir. [earcluachra], the "[earc] of the rashes", M.Ir. [erc], speckled, red, Ir. [earc], salmon, W. [erch], fuscus, darkish, [*erko-s], for [perko-]; Gr. @G[perkno/s], dark-blue, @G[pe/rkc], a perch; Skr. [pr@.c@,nis], speckled; Ger. [forelle], a trout, O.H.G. [forhanna]. For meaning, cf. [breac], a trout, "the speckled one". The [d] of G. [dearc] belongs to the article. ++, an eye, a cave, hole, Ir. [dearc] (do.), O.Ir. [derc] (do.); from the root [derk], behold. See verb [dearc]: "eye-pit" gives the meaning "cave". Shaw has [deirc] for "pit" in Engl.Gael. section. , behold, see, Ir. [dearcaim], O.Ir. [dercaim], video, [derc], eye, [*derko^], I see, perfect [*dedorka] (cf. [chunnairc] = [con-darc] I.E. [derk], see; Gr. @G[de/rkomai], @G[de/dorka], have seen; O.H.G. [zoraht], bright; Skr. [darc@,], see. , red, so Ir., O.Ir. [derg], [*dhergo-s]; Eng. [dark], Ag.S. [deorc]. , , a flea, Ir. [dearga/n], [dreancuid], [deargnuid], E.Ir. [dergnat]: [*derg-nat], "reddener", from [dearg], red? , unlearned (Arm.; M`A. says "Irish"), Ir. [deargnaidh], [*der-gnadi-]; from [der-], privative prefix ([di]+[air], see [de] and [air]), and root [gna^], [gen], know, as in [aithne]. , brimful; [*der-la/n]; from intensive prefix [der] (= [de]+[ro]) and [la\n], full. , neglect, forgetfulness, so Ir., O.Ir. [dermet], [*der-me/t]; from [der-], priv. particle (see [dea\rgnaidh]) and [me/t], [*mento-], mind; root [men], think; Lat. [mens], [mentio], [commentum]; Eng. [mind]; etc. , anxiety (M`D.), anxious (H.S.D.): , do, Ir. [dea/rnaim], O.Ir. [derninn], facerem, [*di-ro-gni^-], a side form of [de\an] with infixed [ro]. See [de\an]. , the palm of the hand, Ir. [de/arna], E.Ir. [derna]; cf. Gr. @G[dw@nron], palm, handbreadth, @G[da/ris], the distance between the thumb and little finger, a span (Hes.), @G[darei@`r], the distance between the big and little fingers (Hes.). It is further referred to the I.E. root [der], split, open (Fick, Prellwitz). , keenness, obstinacy; see [diarras]. --page 127 , a swig of liquor (Wh.): , radiance, effulgence, Ir. [dearsgaim], [dearsgnaim], I polish, burnish, M.Ir. [dersnaigim], explain, make clear, [*de-ro-sec-], root [sec], see, Eng. [see]? Hence burnished, brilliant. The word ++, excellent, is allied to O.Ir. [dersigem], pr@aecellimus, [diro/sci], excels, [doroscai], pr@aestet, [*di-roscag-] (Thur.), [*roscag] = [ro-od-sec-], root [sec], pass, as in [seach]? E.Ir. [dersciagthech], splendid. , right, south, Ir. [deas], O.Ir. [dess], W. [deheu], Cor. [dyghow], M.Br. [dehou], [*dekso-s], [*deksivo-s] (Stokes); Lat. [dexter]; Gr. @G[dexio/s]; Got. [taihsva]; Lit. [deszine@?] (n.), Ch.Sl. [desi@unu@u], right; Skr. [daksina-s]. , a disputant, , disputation, Ir. [deaspoirim] (O'R., Sh.); cf. [cuspair]. , a dispute; from the Eng. [dispute], Lat. [disputo]. , rennet, barm, , lees, yeast, Ir. [deasgadh], lees, O.Ir. [descad], faex, fermentum, leaven [*desc-a^tu] (Z. 803): [*disc-atu-]; cf. Lat. [faex], for [@dhaix]. Gaelic root [dik], whence [dik-sko], then [desc-]. , a terogeneous mass (= [dreamsgal], H.S.D.): , curiosity, (Sh.), Ir. [deismireach], [deismis], curious (O'B., O'R.): , spicy (Sh., H.S.D.): , an unshorn year-old sheep or wedder, , [*det-anti-], "sucking one"; from [det], [de], suck. See [deoghail]. , anxiety; cf. O.Ir. [dethitiu], [dethiden], care. For root, see [di\dean]. M`A. has also , necessary, which seems allied. , , smoke, Ir., M.Ir. [deatach], O.Ir. [de/], g. [diad], E.Ir. [dethach], [detfadach], smoky, W. [dywy], vapour. From I.E. root [dhe^u], [dheu], [dhu], [dhve], smoke, air; Lat. [fu^mus], smoke; Gr. @G[qumia/w], to smoke; Ch.Sl. [dymu@u] (n.); Skr. [dhu^mas]. Ir. [de/] is for [di@-va^], from [dhe^u], or [dhe^v]; the gen. [diad] is phonetically like the nom. [biad], food ([*bivoto-n]). The form [deatach] is probably for [*dett-acos], [dett] being from [dhve] (cf. Gr. @G[qeo/s], for @G[qes-o/s], from [dhve-s-]). The [t] (= [tt]) of [deatach] is difficult to account for. For phonetics cf. [beathach]. , a feeble or awkward person, M.Ir. [de/ble/n], E.Ir. [dedble/n], weakling, from [dedbul], weak; the opposite of [adhbhal], q.v. ([di-adbul]). Stokes allows the alternate possibility of it being from Lat. [de^bilis]; see [di\blidh]. (), convenient; cf. O.Ir. [tecte], becoming, [anas tecte], quod decet: --page 128 , ten, so Ir., O.Ir. [deich n-], O.W. [dec], W. [deg], Cor. [dek], Br. [dec], [*dekn@.]; Lat. [decem]; Gr. @G[de/ka]; Got. [taihun], Eng. [ten]; Skr. [da/c@,an]. , tenth, O.Ir. [dechmad], W. [decvet], Cor. [degves], Br. [decvet], [*dekm@.meto-s] (Brug.), an extension (by the superlative suffix -to-) of [*dekm@.mo-s], Lat. [decimus]. , , toothache, Ir. [de/ideadh]. See [deud]. , a pebble, toy; cf. [e/iteag]. , desire; a noun formed from the adverbial phrase [an de/idh], after. , , after, Ir. [a n-diaigh], O.Ir. [i n-dead], post, E.Ir. [i n-diaid], from O.Ir. [de/ad], finis, W. [diwedd], finis, Cor. [deweth], Br. [diuez], [*de^-ved-on] (Stokes); from the root [ved], lead, as in [toiseach], q.v. (Stokes prefers [ved] of [feadhainn]. Also , , the latter a bad form etymologically. The O.Ir. had also the form [degaid] (= [di-agaid]), the opposite of [i n-agid], now [an aghaidh], against, adversus. , , concerning, of; cf. E.Ir. [da/gin], [daigind], [im da/gin], because of, because, [da/ig], [de/ig], for the sake of, because (prep. and conj.), O.Ir. [de/g], quia. See [do\igh]. , haste, speed, Ir. [deifir], [deithfir], M.Ir. [deithbhireach] (O'Cl.), speedy, busy; to which Stokes and Ernault compare W. [difrif], serious, M.Br. [adevry], seriously. , ice, Ir. [oighear], snow, [leac-oighir], ice, O.Ir. [aig], g. [ega], [aigred], W. [ia], Cor. [iey], glacies, Br. [yen], cold, [*jagi-], ice; Norse [jaki], piece of ice, [jo@"kull], iceberg, Ag.S. [gicel], piece of ice, Eng. [icicle] (= [i/s-gicel]); Lit [iz@?as], ice lump. The [d] of G. is prothetic, arising from the art.: O.Ir. [ind-aig]. , a quire of paper (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [deighlea/n]: , an axle, Ir. [deil], an axle, rod, turner's lathe, O.Ir. [deil], rod, Cor. [dele], antempna, O.Br. [deleiou], antemnarum, Br. [delez], [*deli-], [*deljo-]; I.E. root [del], split. See [dealaich]. Stokes refers it to the root [dhel], whence Ger. [dolde], umbel, O.H.G. [tola], racemus, Gr. @G[qa/los], a short twig; as in [duileag], q.v. , , keen, diligent (Arg.); formed from [dealas], zealous. , leech; Dialectic for [deal]. , a forming, warping (for weaving), so Ir.; see [dealbh]. , a plank, deal; from the Eng. [deal]. , loud, sharp barkings, E.Ir. [deilm], stem [delmen], noise, alarm: , a grudging, eagerness; see [dealas]. , thorny, prickly, Ir. [deilgneach], thorns; from [dealg]. , the prickly sensation in a numbed limb. , deal with, a dealing; from Eng. [dealing]. , a slap with the open hand, : --page 129 , gilding, lacquering; [*deilt-rad], from ++, separation, root [del] of [dealaich]? , a shears; see [deamhais]. , certain, Ir. [deimhin], O.Ir. [demin], [demnithir], certius, [*demeni-], I.E. root [dhe^], set, fix, [dhemen-], setting, Gr. @G[qe/menai], set, @G[qe/ma], a pledge, theme, @G[qe/mis], law, "something laid down"; Eng. [doom], [deem]; etc. , eagerness; see [dian]. , , says (said), inquit, Ir. [deirim], O.Ir. [adbeir], dicit; [deir] is the root-accented fort ([*ad-be/ro^]) of [abair] (the prepositional accuented form, [*a/d-bero^]). See [abair]. The [a] of [a deirim] belongs to the [ad-], while the [d] of it takes the place of [b] in the root ([ber]). , alms, so Ir., M.Ir. [de/arc], [desheirc], O.Ir. [dearc], [deircc], [desercc] (caritas), for [de-shercc]; see [searc], love. , end, so Ir., O.Ir. [dered], O.G. [derad] (Bk.of Deer): [*der-vedo-n], root [ved] as in [de/idh], q.v.? Ascoli suggests that [der] is the basis, the opposite of [er], front, from the proposition [air] ([*pare]). Hence , injury. , , after, so Ir., O.Ir. [di e/is], retro, O.G. [daneis], after them ([di-an-e/is]), O.Ir. [e/is], footstep, track, [*in-sti], root [sto], [sta], stand, Lat. [instare]? Strachan gives the stem as [*encsi-], from [eng], footstep, as in [eang], q.v.; Stokes takes it from [*pend-ti], root [ped], as in [eadh], Eng. [foot]. , a sanctuary, halting place, halt (Wh.); [dess de/], "God's right hand" (K.Meyer in "King Eochaid"). , a disciple, Ir. [deisciobal], O.Ir. [descipul], W. [dysgybl], Br. [diskibil]; from Lat. [discipulus]. , a suit of clothes; from [deas]. Ir., M.Ir. [deise], a robe; E.Ir. [deis], entourage of chief. Cf. for meaning Eng. [suit]. , a slap; see [deillseag]. , southward, sun-ward, E.Ir. [dessel]; from [deas] and [sel] ([*svel]), W. [chwyl]. See [deas] and [seal]. , curious; see [deasmaireas]. , , disgust, Ir. [de/istion], edge (set the teeth on edge), disgust. Cf. M.Ir. [de/istiu], refuse of everything, posterity, from [de/is]? , , etc.; from [de/ine], from [dian]. , breath, Ir. [deo/] in [gu deo], ever, [*dveso-]; I.E. [dhves], breathe; W. [dywy]? Lit. [dve@?sti], breath, [dva/se@?], spirit, breath, Russ. [dvochati]; Gr. @G[qeo/s], god (= @G[qes-o/s]); M.H.G. [getwa^s], ghost. , a drink, Ir. [deoch], g. [dighe], O.Ir. [deug], g. [dige], [*degu-]. To [degu-] Bezzenberger cfs. Lit. [daz@?y/ti], dip, wet, tinge. W. --page 130 [diod], M.Br. [diet], are referred by Stokes to the root [dhe^], suck, as in [deoghail], or to [*de^-patu] (Lat. [potus]). , , eagerness, desire (, M`F., O'R.); from [dhevo-], Gr. @G[qe/w], run, @G[qumo/s], soul, etc. See [deathach]. , suck, Ir. [diuilim], [deolaim], M.Ir. [diul] (n., dat.), [*delu-], root [del] as in [deal], leech; I.E. [dhe^], suck; Lat. [fe^lare], suck, [fe^mina], woman, "suck-giver"; Gr. @G[qc@nlus], female, @G[qclc/], teat, @G[qcla/zw], suck; Skr. [dha/yati] (do.). The Breton forms show [n]; Br. [dena], suck. See [di\onag]. , , at last, finally, Ir. [fa/ dheoidh], O.Ir. [fo diud], postremo; dat. case of O.Ir. [de/ad], end. See [de/idh] for derivation. , assent, Ir., E.Ir. [deo/in], [*degni-]; I.E. root [deg], [degh]; Gr. @G[doke/w], seem, @G[do/xa], opinion, @G[didahc/], teaching, Lat. [doceo], [doctrina], etc. See [deagh], good. , an alien, Ir. [deo/raidh], a stranger, exile, M.Ir. [deorad]. Stokes thinks the word is borrowed from Brittonic - Br. [devroet], depayse/, "dis-countrified" ([di-brog-], see [brugh]), Cor. [diures], exul. [deo\radh]: opposite of [urradh], guarantor, = [di-urradh] (Jub.). [air-rad] (Meyer). Hence the name [Dewar]. , a heated boring iron: [*de/the/ine], the accent being on the second portion [teine], fire. For [de/], see [dealan-de/]. , henbane (M`D.): , , the gullet, weasand (M`D., Sh., etc.): peculiar as accented on [iach], properly [det-i/ach]; Dial. , epiglottis (Arg.). , shrink; see [de\abh]. , a fetter for a horse: , , a trial, attempt, Ir. [d'fhe/achain], to see. See [feuch], [feuchainn]. , a tooth, Ir. [de/ad], O.Ir. [de/t], W. [dant], Cor. [dans], Br. [dant]. [dn@.ta^] (Stokes); Lat. [dens] ([dentis]); Gr. @G[o@'dou/s] (g. @G[o@'do/ntos]); Eng. [tooth], Got [tun@thus]; Lit. [danti\s]; Skr. [dant-]. , , -teen, e.g., , fif-teen, Ir. [de/ag], O.Ir. [de/c], [deac], W. [deng], ten (?). The exact relationship of [deug] to [deich] is difficult to decide. The other I.E. languages, as a rule, make 13 to 19 by combining the unit numeral with 10, as Ger. [drei-zehn], Ag.S. [@dhri/te/ne], Lat. [tridecim]. [*dvei-penge] (St.). , , a tear, drop, Ir. [de/ar], [deo/r], O.Ir. [de/r], W., Cor., [dagr], O.Br. [dacr], M.Br. [dazrou], tears, [*dakru]; Gr. @G[da/kru]; Lat. [lacrima], for [dacrima]; Eng. [tear], Got. [tagr]. , [-day]; the prefix in the names of the days of the week, Ir., O.Ir. [dia], [die] (O.Ir.), W. [dydd], Cor. [det] (for [dedh]), Br. [dez], --page 131 [dijas] (*dejes-?); Lat. [die^s]; Skr. [dya/u/s], day, sky; Gr. @G[Zeu/s], @G[Dio/s], Jove. Allied to [dia], god. , Sunday, Ir. [Domhnach], E.Ir. [domnach], from Lat. (dies) [dominica], Lard's day - [dominus], lord; , Monday, Ir. [Dia-luain], M.Ir. [luan], W. [Dydd Llun], from Lat. dies [Lun@ae], "day of the moon"; , Tuesday, Ir. [Dia-mairt], E.Ir. [ma/irt], W. [Dydd mawrth], from Lat. dies [Martis], "day of Mars"; , , Wednesday, Ir. [Dia-ce/adaoine], O.Ir. [ce/ta/in], [ce/to/in], [de ce/tain] ([de] = [dia] = Lat. [die]), [dia ceta/i/ne], from [ceud], first, and [aone], fast, q.v., E.Ir. [a/ine]: "day of the first fast", Friday being the second and chief day; , Thursday, Ir. [Dia-dhardaoin], E.Ir. [dardo/en] = [etar da/ o/in], "between two fasts" - the day between the two fasts of Wednesday and Friday; , Friday, Ir. [Dia-aoine], [Dia-haoine], E.Ir. [a/ine], [dia a/ine], O.Ir. [dia oine di/dine] (day of the last fast): "day of the fast", from [aoin], fast, q.v.; , Saturday, Ir. [Dia-sathuirn], M.Ir. [satharn], [dia sathairn], from Lat. dies [Saturni], day of Saturn.. The days of the week were originally named (in Egypt) after the seven planets of the ancients - Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jove, Jove, Venus, Saturn. , negative prefix, Ir. [di/], [di/o-], O.Ir. [di/], W. [di], [*de^]; Lat. [de^], of. See [de]. Also , ([di\meas], [dimbrigh], [diombuaidh], [diomal]). , a god, so Ir., O.Ir. [di/a], W. [duw], O.W. [duiu], Cor. [duy], Br. [doe], Gaul. [de^vo], @G[Deiouona] = Di^vona, [*deiuo-s]; Lat. [di^vus] (for [deiuos]), deified one, [deus]; Gr. @G[di@nos], divine; Norse [ti/var], gods, Eng. [Tues]-day, "day of [Tiw]", the war-god; Lit. [de/@"vas], Pruss. [deiwas]; Skr. [deva/]. Hence , pious, Ir. [diadha], O.Ir. [diade], divinus. , devil, Ir. [diabhal], O.Ir. [diabul], W. [diawl], Br. [diaoul]; from Lat. [diabolus], whence also Eng. [devil]. , especially (Heb.): , a saddle, so Ir., M.Ir. [diallait], cloak, O.Ir. [dillat], clothes, W. [dillad], M.Br. [dillat]. , a bat, Ir. [ialto/g]. See [ialtag]. , idle; see [di\omhain] rather. , secret, Ir. [diamhair], M.Ir., E.Ir. [diamair], O.Ir. [diamair], [dimair]. Root [mar], remain; [di/-mar], disappear? , keen, hasty, so Ir., O.Ir. [di/an], [*deino-s]; root [dei], [di^], hasten; Gr. @G[di/emai], hasten; Skr. [di^], [di^yati], hurry, allied to the root [di^], [div], shine. , a two-year-old sheep; cf. O.Ir. [di/nu], lamb, from the root [dhe^], suck. See [deoghail]. But Sc. [dinmont]? --page 132 , Thursday; see [Di-]. , anger, Ir. [di/ardaoin], E.Ir. [diartain]; from [di-], intensive prefix (E.Ir. [di/], as in [di/mo/r], excessively great), from [de], and [ardan], pride. Cf. [andiaraid], wrathful. , , stubbornness, vehemence, Ir. [di/orruisg], fierceness, rashness: [di/-re/idh]? , an ear of corn, so Ir., O.Ir. [di/as], W. [twys] (pl.): [*steipsa^], root [steip], stiff, Lat. [stipes], stake, stipula, Eng. [stiff]? Cf. [geug] and W. [cang], [ysgainc], for phonetics. , an ant (H.S.D. quotes only O'R., while Arms. makes it obsolete; M`A. has it), Ir. [dibheach]: [*de+beach]? , vengeance, indignation, Ir. [dibhghearg], [di/bhfearg] (Keat.), E.Ir. [di/be/rg]; from [dim] and [fearg]; see [di-] of [diardan]. , diligent (Sh.; H.S.D., which refers to C.S., but neither in M`A. nor M`E.), Ir. [dibhirceach], diligent, violent (O'B., etc.): , forsake; see [di\obair]. , , luckless, lifeless (Carm.): , abject, vile, Ir. [di/bligh], O.Ir. [diblide], senium; seemingly from Lat. [de^bilis], weak, feeble (Eng. [debilitate], etc.). Zim. (Zeit. @+[24]) has suggested [*di/-adbul], "un-great", from [adbul], i.e. [adhbhal], q.v. , , contempt, Ir. [dimbrigh]; from [dim-], [di/-], and [bri\gh], q.v. , diligence, Ir. [di/thchioll]: [*di/cell-]; for [cell], see [timchioll]. Or from [ciall], sense; "attention to"? , Wednesday; see [Di-]. , a peep; an onomatopoetic word. , protection, a fort, Ir. [di/dean], O.Ir. [di/tiu], g. [di/ten], [*di-jemtion-] (Stokes); root [jem], cover, protect, Lett. [ju'mju], [ju'mt], cover a roof. The O.Ir. verb is [do-emim] tueor. Ascoli makes the root [em], as in Lat. [emo], buy. Cf. [eiridinn]. , Sunday; see [Di-]. , difference, Ir. [difir], [dithfir], M.Ir. [dethbir]; from Lat. [differo], Eng. [differ]. , a wall of loose stones, a dike; from the Sc. [dike], Eng. [dike]. , eager, keen. See [deil]. , , , a flood, Ir. [di/le], pl. [di/leanna], E.Ir. [di/li], g. [di/lenn], diluvium; from Lat. [diluvium] (Stokes), whence Eng. [deluge]. , dill (M`D.); from the Eng. , a legacy, Ir. [dilb] (O'R.): , a small drop; from [di\le], flood. --page 133 , dear, faithful, Ir. [di/leas], O.Ir. [di/les], proprius, own, [*de^lesto-], [de^l], I.E. [dhe^l], [dhe^], suck, Lat. [filius], [femina], etc. See [deoghal]. Zeuss has suggested [di+leas], from [leas], advantage. , digest, , digesting, Ir. [di\leaghadh], from [di-leagh], root of [leagh], melt. (accent on [leum]), a shackle; [di+leum], q.v. , , a stone [in situ], a rock appearing above ground: "natural", from [di\l-] as in [di\leas]. , an orphan, Ir. [di/lleachda], O.Ir. [dilechtu], orfani: "de[re]lict", from [di-] and [leig], let go ([di-le@-c-], let go). , contempt; see [di\brigh]. , contempt, Ir. [di/mheas], O.Ir. [di/mess]; from [di/-], [di/m-], and [meas]. , press, force down, squeeze, Ir. [dingim], [ding], a wedge, E.Ir. [dingim], perf. [dedaig], [*dengo^]; Ag.S. [tengan], press, Norse [tengja], fasten (Bezzenberger). See [daingean]. Brugmann refers it to [*dhingho^], Lat. [fingo], mould, feign, I.E. [dheigh], Eng. [dough]. , a small heap, Ir. [dinn], a hill, fortified hill, E.Ir. [dinn] [dind] (do.), [*dindu-]; Norse [tindr], spike, peak, Ger. [zinne], pinnacle, Eng. [tine]. But cf. Gr. @G[qi/s], @G[qino/s] (@G[i] long), a heap, Skr. [dhanvan]. , a dinner, Ir. [dinne/ar]; from the Eng. , ginger, Ir. [gingsear], M.Ir. [sinnsar]; from M.Eng. [ginger], Lat. [zingiber]. , forsake, Ir. [di\birim]; [for [di\]+[i\obair], q.v. [di-ud-ber] (St.). , loss, Ir. [di/oghabhail], O.Ir. [di/gbail], deminutio; [di\-] and [gabhail], q.v. , persecution, , fierce, keen, Ir. [dibheargach], vindictive; see [dibhfhearg]. , vomit: [*de+beir], Lat. [defero]; from [de] and [beir]. , lower, diminish (H.S.D., which quotes MSS. only); [di/]+[ad-cal]; from [ca\il]? , forgetfulness; Dialectic for [dichuimhne], that is [di-] and [cuimhne]. , , a drop; from the Eng. [jet]? [jot]? , a syllable, Ir. [digim], [diugam], cluck as a hen: G. , the call to hens. Onomatopoetic. , tickle, Ir. [giglim], O.Ir. [fogitled] (for [fogicled]?). The G. seems borrowed from the Eng. [tickle], [kittle]; and possibly all are onomatopoetic, and reshaped in later times. Cf. Eng. [giggle], Lat. [cachinnus]. , eager, Ir. [di/ogar] (O'R.), E.Ir. [di/gar] (?): , revenge, Ir. [di/ogan] (O'B., etc.); the word is Irish (not in M`A.; M`E. marks it doubtful.): --page 134 , , avenge, pay, Ir. [di/oghalaim], [di/olaim], O.Ir. [di/gal] (n.), W., Cor. [dial], [*de^-gala^]. See [gal], valour, etc. , glean, , a gleaning, Ir. [di/oghluim] (n.): [*ge-gluim]; for [gluim], see [foghlum]. , pay, Ir. [di/olam], M.Ir. [di/laim]; see [di\oghail]. , illegitemate, M.G. [diolain] (M`V.), Ir. [di/olanlas], fornication (O'B.): [*di/la/namnas], "non-conjugium"? See [la/nain]. , discontent, pain, Ir. [diomadh], [diomdha]; see [diu\mach]. , clover seed: , proud, Ir. [di/omus], pride, M.Ir. [di/umus], pride, "too great measure": [di/-od-mess], root [mess] of [comus] (Zimmer). , , displeased, Ir. [diombuidheach], unthankful; from [diom-], [dim-], un-, and [buidheach], thankful, q.v. Confused with [diu\mach], q.v. , unsuccessfulness, , transitory: negative compounds of [buaidh] and [buan], q.v. , idle, Ir. [di/omhaoin], O.Ir. [di/ma/in]; from [di/-] and [maoin], "office-less"; see [maoin]. , secret; see [diamhair]. , protection, Ir. [di/on], E.Ir. [di/n], g. [di/na], [*de^nu-]; root [dhe^], set? , match, equal, pay, E.Ir. [dingbain], ward off, [dingba/la], worthy: [*din-gab], "off-give". See [gabh]. , perfect, Ir. [di/ongmhalta], perfect, sure. See [diong] above.>> , a shot, fight; see [deannal]. , ability (H.S.D.): Cf. Ir. [di/r], proper, [*de^r]. , vehemence, vehement anger; see [diarras]. , a jump, kick with the heels (Dialectic); from Sc. [jisk], caper. , barren, , barrenness, not giving milk, Ir. [di/osc], [di/osg]: [di@--sesc-]; see [seasg]. For its composition, see [de/irc]. , a dish; from Lat. [discus], Norse [diskr], Ag.S. [disc], Eng. [dish]. , a creaking or gnashing noise, Ir. [di/osga/n]. See [gi\osgan]. , a meal, , dinner, M.Ir. [diet], [diit], E.Ir. [di/thait]; from Lat. [diaeta], Eng. [diet]; [dithit], feast during day (Meyer), [dithait] ([i@u]) (Ta/in). , a deepening (in a net), a certain measure of a net; from Sc. [deepin], a net, Eng. [deep]. , ascend; curtailed from [di\rich]. , strait, Ir. [di/reach], O.Ir. [di/rech], [*de^-reg], root [reg], stretch; Lat. [rego], [directus], Eng. [direct], etc. The root is found also in [e/irigh], [rach], etc. Hence , straighten, ascend. , susceptible to cold, Ir. [di/s], poor, miserable, E.Ir. [diss], [dis], weak, [*de-sti-]? Root [sta]. --page 135 , stormy, uncouth, straggling, Ir. [di/sligheach], deviating, [di/-slighe], [slighe], path, q.v. In the sense of "stormy", the derivation is doubtful. , a die, dice, Ir. [di/sle]; from M.Eng [dys], dice. , condemn, Ir. [di/otach], condemnatory, [di/ota/il], an indictment; from the M.Eng. [di^ten], indict, Sc. [dite] - a parallel form to [indict], [endit], from Lat. [indicto], [dicto], dictate, [dico], say. Further Sc. [dittay]. , press together, , a heap (Sh.): , want, defeat, Ir. [di/th], O.Ir. [di/th], destruction, [*de^to], from [de^] (as in [de], of, [di\-], un-); Lat. [le^tum] (=[de^tum]), death (Stokes). , daisy, darnel, blossom, M.Ir. [dithen], darnel, Manx [jean] (do.): , a pair, two, Ir. [di/s], O.Ir. [dias], g. [desse], dat. and acc. [diis] (also [di/as], [di/is]), duitas, [*dveista^], from the fem. [*dvei], O.Ir [di/], two. See [da\]. O.Ir. [dias], [*dveiassa]: cf. Lat. [bes], [bessis], from [*bejess] (St.). , a desert, Ir. [di/threabh], O.Ir. [dithrub]; from [di/-] and [treb]; see [treabh], [aitreabh]. , (to)-day, , to-day, Ir. [andiu], [aniu], O.Ir. [indiu], W. [heddyw], M.Br. [hiziu], Br. [hirio], [*divo-] (Stokes); Skr. [diva^]; Lat. diu^. See [Di-], day. The (O.Ir. [in]) is the article. , worth while: [*do-fiu\]; see [fiu\]. , , refuse, the worst, (M`F., M`E), Ir. [di/ogha]; opposite of [rogha]. See [roghainn]. , mischief, loss; see [di\obhail]. , difference, (Arm.): [*divr], [*difr], from [differ] of Lat. [differo]. See [difir]. , the pip, a sickness of fowls: , a duke, Ir. [diubhce], [diu/ic] (Keat.); from the Eng. [duke]. , a ducker, a bladder for keeping nets at the proper depth under water; from the Eng. [ducker]. , addled: , giddiness, (Arm.): , an interjection to call hens, cluck, Ir. [diugam], cluck: onomatopoetic. See [diog]. , mischance (H.S.D., which marks it as Dialectic): , to-day; see [diu]. , tender-hearted, a spiritless person, Ir. [diu/id], O.Ir. [diuit], semplex: , bravery, Ir. [di/olu/ntas], earlier [diolmhaineach], soldier, mercenarius; from [di\ol], pay. --page 136 , refuse, Ir. [diu/ltaim], E.Ir. [di/ultaim], O.Ir. [di/ltuch], refusing, [dori/ltiset], negaverunt, [*di-i^lt] (Thu.). Zimmer suggests the root of Lat. [lateo], lurk, Stokes gives [*de-laudi] ("Celt. Dec."), and Ascoli hesitates between [*di-la-] ([la], throw, Gr. @G[e@'lau/nw]) and [*di-shlond]. Possibly an active form of [till], return. [di/ltud], v.n. of [do-sluindi]. , displeased, Ir. [di/omdhach], M.Ir. [di/mdach], [dimmdach]: [*dim-med-], root [med], mind, as in [meas]. , , duty, Ir. [dlisdeanas], legality, E.Ir. [dlestanas] (do.), [*dlixo-], [*dl@.g-so-], right; see [dligheadh]. , law, right, Ir. [dli/gheadh], O.Ir. [dliged], W. [dyled], [dled], debt, [*dligeto-n], Cor. [dylly], debere, Br. [dle], debt, [*dl@.go^], I owe; Got. [dulgs]; Ch.Sl [dlugu] (do.). , a handful of corn, (M`L., M`E.), Ir. [dlaoigh], a lock of hair or anything, E.Ir. [dlai], a wisp; cf. W. [dylwf], wisp, and Lat. [floccus]? , handy, active (Dial.), Ir. [dlu/igh], active (O'B.), M.Ir. [dluigh], service, E.Ir. [dluig], service, [*dlogi-]; same root as [dligheadh]. , close, Ir. [dlu/th], E.Ir. [dlu/ith], O.Ir. [dlu/tai], (pl.), [dlu/the], adhaerendi, [*dluti-]. Cf. Gr. @G[qla/w], crush. [dru]? , the warp of a web, Ir., O.Ir [dlu/th], stamen, W. [dylif] ([*dlu^-mi-]?; from the above root ([dlu^]). , to, Ir. [do], O.Ir. [do], [du], Cor. [dhe], O.Br. [do], Br. [da]; Eng. [to], Ag.S. [to/], Ger. [zu]; Lat. [-do] ([endo], [indu]); Gr. @G[-de]. Stokes derives the prep [do] from the verbal particle [do], [to]. See the next word.>> , a verbal particle denoting "to, ad", Ir. [do], O.Ir. [do-], [du-], also [to-], when it carries the accent (e.g. [dobiur], I give, [*do-be/ro^], but [tabair], give, [*to/-bere]; W. [du-], [dy-], [y]. Cf. Gat. [du], to prep. and prefix, for [*@thu]? , thy, Ir. [do], O.Ir. [do], [du], W. [dy], E.W. [teu], Cor. [dhe], Br.[da], [*tovo]; Lat. [tuus]; Skr. [ta/va], etc. See [tu]. , , prefix of negative quality, Ir. [do-], [do/-], O.Ir. [do-], [du-], [*dus-]; Skr. [dus-]; Gr. @G[dus-]; Got. [taz-], Ger. [zer-]. Its opposite is [so], q.v. Following the analogy of [so], it aspirates the consonants though originally it ended in [s]. , a plasterer (M`D.), Ir. [do/bado/ir], W. [dwbiwr]; from M.Eng. [dauber], Eng. [daub]. , boisterous: [*du-vati-], root [vet], as in [onfhadh], q.v. ++, water, Ir. [dobhar], E.Ir. [dobur], W. [dwfr], Cor. [dofer], Br. [dour], Gaul. [dubrum], [*dubro-n], [*dub-ro-], root [dub], deep, as in [domhain], q.v. Cf. Lit. [dumblas], mire, Lett. [dubli] (do.); Lit. [duburys], a place with springs, [dumbury/s]; Ger [tu@"mpel], a deep --page 137 place in flowing or standing water. Hence ("water-dog") and , the otter. , grievous, hard, trouble, E.Ir. [doccair], uneasiness, trouble. , preferable, , prefer; see [toigh]. , more likely, Ir. [do/cha], O.Ir. [dochu]; comparative of [do/igh], O.Ir. [do/ig], likely, [*dougi-], [*douki-]; Gr. @G[deu/kei], thinks, @G[a@'deukc/s], unseemly; Ger. [zeuge], witness; further allied is Lat. [du^co]. Connection with Gr. @G[doke/w] has been suggested, and Zimmer has analysed it into [*do-ech], [*do-sech], root [sec], say (as in [casg], etc.: Cam.), citing the by-form [toich] (G. ), which is a different word. Hence , . , , hurt, damage, so Ir., E.Ir. [dochor]; from [do-] and [cor-], i.e., [cor], state: [dochar], "bad state". See [cor], [sochair]. Hence , sick. , injury, hurt, M.Ir. [dochond], ill-fortune, O.Ir. [conaichi], felicior, from [*cuno-], high, root [ku] (as in [curaidh])? , hope, Ir. [co/chas], M.Ir. [do/chus]; see [do\cha]. , anguish (Sh., Arm.; not H.S.D.); cf. [docrach], hard, from [docair]. , a tantrum, fret, Ir. [sdoid] (n.), [sdodach] (adj.), [do/iddeach], quarrelsome (Con.). Cf. Sc. [dod]. , a teetotum (Dialectic); from the Eng. , a bit; from the Eng. [dock]. , mischief (Sh.), O.Ir. [dodcad] (Str.). , cynical, , fierce; from the Eng. [dog]. , a sort of oath (Dialectic, M`L.); Sc. [daggand, Eng. [doggonit], Amer. [doggond]. , a burdock, Ir. [meacan dogha]; Eng. [dock], Ag.S. [docce]. , rude, uncivil, so Ir. (Lh., which H.S.D. quotes, O'B., etc.): "ill-bearing"; from [do-] and [beus]. , churlishness, Ir. [doicheall], g. [doichle]; E.Ir. [dochell], grudging, inhospitality: opposed to E.Ir. [sochell], meaning "kindness", [soichlech]. Root is that of [timchioll]. Gaul. [Sucellos], a god's name. , the hand, grasp, Ir. [do/id], E.Ir. [do/it], O.Ir. [inna n-doat], lacertorum, [*dousenti-]; Skr [dos] ([*daus]), [doshan], fore-arm, Zend [daosha], shoulder. Strachan, who cites the meanings "hand, wrist", suggests a stem [*doventi-], from I.E. [dheva] (move violently), comparing Gr. @G[karpo/s], wrist, from [qr@.p], turn. Hence , muscular. , a small farm: "a holding"; from [do\id], hand. Cf. , firmly grasping. --page 138 , frizzled up, shrunk (of hair); from [da\th], singe. , manner, manner, trust, Ir. [do/igh]. For root, see [do\cha]. , difficult (H.S.D.), dark (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [doilbh], dark, gloomy: cf. [suilbh]. , injury; from [do-] and [leas]. , sorrow, so Ir.; from [doiligh], sorry, the Ir. form of [duilich], q.v. , dark, Ir. [co/ile/ir]; see [soilleir]. , a slattern; cf. Ir. [doim], poor, and for root, see [soimeach]. , bulky, gross; see [do\mhail]. , , vexing, galling: [*do-ment-], "ill-minded". , stormy (Sh.; not H.S.D.): , sorrowful, baneful (Arm., who has [doineach] with short [o]), O.Ir. [do/inmech], [do/inmidh]. Dr. N. M`L. "fateful". [da\n]? , a tempest, Ir. [doineann], O.Ir. [doinenn]. See [soineann]. , a minnow, tadpole, Ir. [dairb], a marsh worm, murrain caterpillar, E.Ir. [duirb] (acc.), worm, [*dorbi-]: I.E. [derbho-], wind, bend, Skr. [darbh], wind, M.H.G. [zerben], whirl. , hard, difficult, so Ir., O.Ir. [doirb]; see [soirbh]. , grove, Ir. [doire], [daire], O.Ir. [daire] (Adamnan), [Derry], W. [deri], oak grove; see [darach]. , peewit; Dialectic form of [adharcan]. , , (Arg.), tempestuous weather; see [doinionn]. For phonetics, cf. [boirionn]. , sullen, so Ir.; cf. the above word. , , isthmus, beach, Ir. [doirling], promontory, beach: [*do-air-li/ng-] (for [ling], see [leum])? For meaning, see [tairbeart] , pour, Ir. [doirtim], [do/rtadh] (inf.), E.Ir. [doirti/m], O.Ir. [dofortad], effunderet, [dorortad], was poured out, [*fort-], root [vor], [ver], pour, E.Ir. [feraim], I pour, give; Lat. [u^rina], urine; Gr. @G[ou@'@nron]; Norse [u/r], drizzling raing, Ag.S. [va@"r], sea; Skr. [va@-/ri], water. to this Stokes refers [braon] (for [vroen-], [vero/ena^]?). , foul, dark (H.S.D. only): , a small coin less than a farthing; from the Sc. [doit]. , going, Ir. [dul], O.Ir. [dul], inf. to [doluid], [dolluid], ivit, from [luid], went, [*ludo^], from I.E. [leudho], go, Gr. @G[e@'leu/somai], will come, @G[c@'/luqon], came. Stokes and Brugmann refer [luid] to [*(p)ludo^, root [plu], [plou] of [luath], q.v. , destructive: "grievous"; from ++, grief, Sc. [dool], from Lat. [dolor]. , harm, so Ir., E.Ir. [dolod], O.Ir. [dolud], damnum, O.G. [dolaid], burden, charge; its opposite is E.Ir. [solod], profit: [*do-lud], "mis-go"; from [lud] of [luid], go (Ascoli). --page 139 , grief, Ir. [do/las]: formed from [so\las], consolation on the analogy of other [do-] and [so-] words. See [so\las]. , mean, surly, wretchedness, poverty. Cf. [do\lach]. , the gall, gall-bladder; see [domblas]> , damage; apparently founded on Lat. [damnum]. , gall, bile, Ir. [comblas], M.Ir. [domblas ae], i.e., "bitterness of the liver"; from M.Ir. [domblas], ill-taste; from [do-mlas]. See [blas]. , a savage; see [doimh]. , bulky: M.Ir. [derg-domla], pl., from [*domail], root of [meall]: [*do-fo-mell]? , deep, so Ir., O.Ir. [domain], W. [dwfn], Br. [don], [*dubni-s], [*dubno-s]; Eng. [deep], Got [diups]; Lit. [dubu\s], deep [dumbury/s], a hole in the ground filled with water, [dauba], ravine, Ch.Sl. [du@ubri@u], ravine: I.E. [dheub]. See also [dobhar]. , the Universe, so Ir., O.Ir. [domun], Gaul. [Dubno-], [Dumno-] (in many proper names, as [Dubnotalus], [Dumnorix], "World-king", Gaelic [Domhnall], [*Dumno-valo-s], W. [Dyfnual], Celtic [*dubno-], the world, the "deep"; another form of [domhain] above. Cf. Eng. [deep] for the "sea". D'Arbois de Jubainville explains [Dubno-] of Gaulish names as "deep", [Dumnorix], "deep king", "high king"; and he has similarly to explain [Biturix] as "king for aye", not "world king": all which seems a little forced. , Sunday, so Ir., E.Ir. [domnach]; from Lat. [dominica], "the Lord's". See under [Di-]. , evil, defect, Ir. [don]; see next word.>> , bad, so Ir., E.Ir. [donae], [dona], wretched, bad; opposite to [sona], [son], happy. See [sona]. , moist, humid; from the Sc. [donk], Eng. [dank]. , brown, Ir. O.Ir. [donn], W. [dwn], Gaul. [Donnus], [Donno-]; [*donno-s], [*dus-no-]; Lat. [fuscus]; Eng. [dusk], [dust]. Eng. [dun] may be hence. , a howl, complaint; [*don-no-], I.E. [dhven], whence Eng. [din], Skr. [dhvana], sound. Meyer says: "Better [donal], fem." G. is masc. , , a hand-line, Ir. [dorubha]; also , q.v. , a piece (Dialectic): [*dorco-], root [der], split, Eng. [tear]; N. [dorg]. , dark, Ir. [dorcha], O.Ir. [dorche]; opposed to [sorcha], bright, [*do-reg-io-], root [reg], see, Lit. [regiu\], I see. See [rosg]. The root [reg], colour, Gr. @G[r@`e/xw], colour, @G[e@'/rebos], Erebus, Norse [ro@"kr], darkness, [Ragna-ro@"kr], twilight of the gods, is allied. Ascoli and Zimmer refer it to the Gadelic root [rich], shine, O.Ir. [richis], coal, Bret. [regez], glowing embers, Skr. [ric], [r@.c], shine. --page 140 , a handful, quantity: [*dorn-lach], from [do\rn], a fist. , a fist, Ir. [dorn], O.Ir. [dorn], W. [dwrn], Cor. [dorn], O.Br. [dorn], Br. [dourn], hand, Gaul. [Durnacos], [*durno-]; Gr. @G[dw@nron], palm, @G[da/reir], @G[da/rin], a span; Lettic [du/rc], fist; I.E. root [der] split. [*dver], [*dur], strong. , more difficult, Ir. [dorrach], harsh, M.Ir. [dorr], rough, [*dorso-]; Czech [drsen], rough (Stokes, Strachan). , vexation, anger, Ir. [dorra/n], M.Ir. [dorr], [*dorso-]; see above word.>> , pain, anguish, Ir. [do/ghruing. Cf. E.Ir. [dogra], [do/gra], lamenting, anguish, [dogar], sad, from [do-] and [gar], q.v. , a door, Ir., O.Ir. [dorus], W. [drws], Cor. [daras], O.Cor. [dor], Br. [dor], [*dvorestu-]; Lat. [fores]; Gr. @G[qu/ra]; Eng. [door]; Lit. [du\rys]; Skr [dva@-/r]. , a bush, tuft, Ir. [dos], O.Ir. [doss], [*dosto-], root [dus]; Lat. [dumus] (= [dus-mus]), thicket; Eng. [tease], [teasel]. , a kind of food given to horses; from Eng. [dust]. , , misfortune; cf. Ir. [do/sgathach], improvident. From [do-] and [sgath], q.v. Ir. [dosguidhtheach], morose, extravagant. , sulky; see [dod]. , a doating on one; cf. Sc. [daut], dote, M.Eng. [doten]. , dirty slovenly, Ir. [drabaire], [drabo/g], slut, [drab], a stain; from Eng. [drab]. See [drabh]. Hence , obscene. , dissolve, , dregs, , filth, E.Ir. [drabar-slog], rabble; from Eng. [draff], allied to Ger. [treber], Norse [draf]. Stokes thinks that the G. is allied to, not derived from, the Eng. The Eng. word [drab] is allied to [draff], and so is [dregs]. , scatter, dissolve (M`A., Arg.), not (H.S.D., which, however, has , rifted). , wide-sutured, rifted (Arg.): , a drake; from the Eng. See [ra\c]. , trouble, O.Ir. g. [mor-draige], roughness: [*drago-], I.E. [dregho-], Ag.S. [trega], vexation, Norse [tregr], dragging, slovenly, [trega], grieve; Skr. [dra^gh], pain; Gr. @G[*tarahc/], @G[tra@-hu/s] (St.). , pull, draw, Ir. [draga/il]; from the Eng. [drag], [draw], Norse [drega]. , a dragon, Ir. [dragu/n], E.Ir. [drac], g. [dracon]; from Lat. [draco(n)], Eng. [dragon]. , a slattern (Arm.): , a trollop, draggle-tail (Arg.); from Eng. [draggle-tail]? Cf. [draghlainn] under [draoluinn]. , a sparkling light (Sh., H.S.D.); see [drillsean]. --page 141 , a foul mouth; cf. Ir. [drabhas], a wry mouth, [dramhaim], I grin. The G. seems from [drabh] above. , a snarl, grin; see [dranndan]. , , a dram, Ir. [dram]; from the Eng. , a foul mixture, crowdie (Sh., H.S.D.); from the Sc. [dramock]. , , a hum, snarl, Ir. [draint], [drannta/n], M.Ir. [drantaigim], I snarl; from a Celtic [*dran], I.E. [dhreno-], sound, drone; Eng. [drone]; Gr. @G[qrc@nnos], dirge; Skr. [dhran@.], sound, murmur. , , a word (M`A., Arg.); same as [drannd]. , a fretful or ghastly look, hair standing on end, Ir. [driuch], fretfulness, angry look: root [dhrigh]; Gr. @G[qri/x], @G[triho/s], hair. For meaning, cf. [snuadh], hue, hair. , , , a magicician, druid, Ir. [draoi], gen. pl. [druadh], E.Ir. [drai], [drui], g. [druad], Gaul. [druides] (Eng. [druid]). Its etymology is obscure. Stokes suggests relationship with Eng. [true], G. [dearbh], q.v., or with Gr. @G[qre/omai], cry, (as in [drannd], [du\rd]), or Gr. @G[a@'/qre/w], look sharp, Pruss. [dereis], see. Thurneysen analyses the word as [dru], high, strong, see [truaill]. Brugmann and Windisch have also suggested the root [dru], oak, as Pliny did too, because of the Druids' reverence for the oak tree. Ag.S. [dry/], magus, is borrowed from the Celtic. [draoineach], [druineach], artisan, "eident" person (Carm.); [draoneach], "any person that practices an art" (Grant), agriculturist; [druinneach], artist (Lh.). Ir. [druine], art needlework; @G[qro/na], flowers in embroidery drugs. , delay, tediousness, drawling; from the Eng. [drawling], Sc. [drawl], to be slow in action, [drawlie], slow and slovenly. Dialectic , a slovenly person, a mess. , tape; from the Eng. [drape]. , trash, filth, Ir. [draos]. Cf. Eng. [dross]. , , now, Ir. [dra/sda], M.Ir. [trasta], for [an tra\th sa], this time. , drawers; from the Eng. , aspect, Ir. [dreach], E.Ir. [drech], W. [drych], M.Br. [derch], [*dr@.ka^], [*dr@.kko-], root [derk] as in [dearc], q.v. , , duty, office, Ir. [dre/acht], song, O.Ir. [dre/cht], portio, [*drempto-], root [drep], Gr. @G[dre/pw], pluck, cull (Strachan). , , a meteor or portent; from the Ag.S. [dre/ag], apparition, Norse [draugr], ghost. Also . , , door-bar, , a swingle-tree: [dr@.s-lo-], root [der], split, Eng. [tree]? Cf. W. [dryll], [*dhruslo], @G[qrauw]. --page 142 , an idler; see [drollaire]. , a blazing fire; see [drillsean]. , a tribe, people, Ir. [dream], E.Ir. [dremm]; from , bundle, handful, manipulus, Br. [dramm], a sheaf, [*dregsmo-]; Gr. @G[dra/gma], a handful, @G[dra/ssomai]; Ch.Sl. [drazhaiti], grasps; Skr. [darh], make fast, I.E. [dergho-], fasten. Hence , a heterogeneous mass. [dreg]: [dreng], tramp? Cf. [drong]. , peevish, , snarl; cf. Ir. [dreamhnach], perverse, E.Ir. [dremne], fierceness, from [dreamh], surly, [*dremo-], from [drem], [drom], rush, Gr. @G[dro/mos], a race. G. [dreamach] may be for [*dregsmo-], root [dreg] as in [dreangan]. , a snarler, Ir. [drainceanta], snarling, [drainc], a snarl, also [draint], W. [drengyn], a surly chap, [dreng], morose, [*drengo-], root [dreg], from [dhre] of [dranndan]. , bramble, bramble-bush, Ir. [dreas]; see [dris]. , a dresser (house-furniture). , wren, Ir. [dreaa/n], [drean], W. [dryw], [*drivo-], [*dr@.-vo-], root [der], [dher], jump? See [da\ir]. Cf. for sense Gr. @G[tro/hilos]. or from [dhrevo], cry, Gr. @G[qre/omai], G. [drannd], q.v. , a grin, peevish face, E.Ir. [dric], wrathful; [*dreggo-], root [dreg] as in [dreangan]. , a ladder, Ir. [dre/imire], E.Ir. [dre/imm], ascent, vb. [dringim], W. [dringo], scandere, [*drengo^]. Bezzenberger compares the Norse [drangr], an up-standing rock (cf. [cliff] and [climb]. The root [dreg] of [dreimire] has also been compared to Ger. [treppe], staircase, Eng. [tramp]. See [dream], people, "goers". Ir. [ag dreim], advancing. , a grin: [*dreg-ni-], root [dreg] of [dreangan]. , the crying of the deer; from [dhrevo], [dhre], cry. , a wren, Ir. [dreo/la/n]: [*drivolo-]; see [dreathan]. , a silly person, Ir. [dreo/la/n], W. [drel], a clown; from Eng. [droll]? Thurneysen prefers to consider these words borrowed from Eng. [thrall], Norse [@thr@oel]. The word appears as , , . In the sense of "loiterer", these words are from the Norse [drolla], loiter, Eng. [droil]. , a blaze: , a dragon (Dialectic); see [dra\gon]. , plodding, obstinacy, Ir. [driachaireachd]: [*dreiqo-]; cf. Eng. [drive], from [dhreip]. , a fishing line, Manx [rimlagh], E.Ir. [ri/amnach]: [*reimmen-]; see [re/im]. , tricks (M`D.). , hurry (Heb.); see [drip]. --page 143 , a spark, sparkle, Ir. [dril], [drithle], pl. [drithleanna], M.Ir. [drithle], dat. [drithlinn], also [drithre], [*drith-renn-] (for [-renn-], see [reannag]), [*drith]. Hence , sparkles, from [drithlis], a spark. [dri\llsean], rushlight, rush used as wick. , dregs, lees, Ir. [dri/odar], gore, dregs: [*driddo-], [*dr@.d-do-], root [der], Eng. [tear]. Cf. Sc. [driddle]. , a drop, Ir. [driog] (dri/og], Con.), [driogaire], a distiller; seemingly borrowed from Norse [dregg], M.Eng. [dreg], dregs. , slowness, Ir. [drionga/n], a plaything, worthless pastime: , hurry, confusion, Ir. [drip], bustle, snare: [*drippi-], [*dhribh], Eng. [drive]? N. [drepa], hit. , a bramble, brier, Ir. [dris], O.Ir. [driss], O.W. [drissi], W. [dryssien], Cor. [dreis], Br. [drezen], [*dressi-]. Bezzenberger suggests a stem [*drepso], M.H.G. [trefs], Ger. [trespe], darnel, M.Eng. [drauk] (= [dravick] of Du.), zizanium. It must be kept separate from [droighionn], O.Ir. [draigen], Celtic root [dr@.g], thought G. [dris] might be for [*dr@.g-si-], for the W. would be in [ch], not [s]. See [droighionn]. , a rivet: , a sparkle, Ir. [drithlinn]; oblique form of [dril]. , a cowl, so Ir. (O'R.); Sh. has [dribhlach]. , a beak, Ir. [driuch]. M`A. gives also the meaning, "an incision under one of the toes". See [draoch]. activity (M`A.): , a stripe, as in cloth (M`A.): , a meteor, portent; see [dreag]. , a drove; from the Eng. , profusion, so Ir.: , evil, bad, Ir. [droch], O.Ir. [droch], [drog], W. [drwg], Cor. [drog], malum, M.Br. [drouc], [*druko-]. Usually compared to Skr. [druh], injure, Ger. [trug], deception. Stokes has suggested [dhruk], whence Eng. [dry], and Bezzenberger compares Norse [trega], grieve, [tregr], unwilling (see [dragh]). , a bridge, Ir. [droichiod], O.Ir. [drochet]: , a sea-swell at its impact on a rock (Arg.): , drugget, Ir. [droga/id] (O'R.); from the Eng. , a nad fishing line; also , , Ir. [dorubha], [drubha]; Norse [dorg], an angler's tackle. , a dwarf, Ir. [droich], [*drogi-], allied to Teut. [dwergo-], Ger. [zwerg], Norse [dvergr], Eng. [dwarf]. , bramble, thorn, Ir. [droigheann], O.Ir. [draigen], W. [draen], Cor. [drain], [drein], Br. [drean], [*dragino-]: cf. Gr. @G[trahu/s], rough, @G[qra/ssw], confuse, Eng. [dregs]. Bezzenberger compares Lit. [dri\gne@?s], black henbane, Gr. @G[dra/bc]. Ebel referred --page 144 it to the same origin as Gr. @G[te/rhnos], twig. Also , (1) thorn, (2) lumber, "entanglement". , tackle: , a pot-hook, Ir. [drol], [droltha], M.Ir. [drol], [drolam], handle, E.Ir. [drolam], knocker, ring: , an animal's tail, a door bar, unwieldy stick; cf. [drallag] for the last two meanings. , , a lazy fellow; see [dreo\lan]. , the alder tree; see [troman]. , , people, tribe, Ir. [drong], E.Ir. [drong], O.Br. [drogn], [drog], factio, Gaul. [drungus], whence Lat. [drungus], a troop (4th century), [*drungo-]; Got. [driugan], serve as a soldier, Ag.S. [dryht], people, Norse [dro/tt], household, people. , a drunkard; from the Eng. , the back, Ir. [dronno/g]: [*dros-no-], root [dros] of [druim], q.v. , a trunk; from the Eng. , a breeze (M`D.): , a small drop, , muddy water, , dregs, lees. The first is from Eng. [drop]; [druablas] is from M.Eng. [drubli], turbid, Sc. [droubly]; and [druaip] is from Norse [drju/pa], drip. [drubhag] and [dru\igean] (Wh.). , a wink of sleep, a mouthful of liquid; from Norse [drju/pa], drip. See the above words. , dew, Ir. [dru/chd], E.Ir. [dru/cht], [*dru@-b-bu], root [dhreub]; Ag.S. [dre/apian], trickle, Eng. [drip], [drop], Norse [drju/pa], drip, Ger. [triefen]. , penetrate, pierce, ; see the next.>> , oozing, soaking; cf. Skr. [dru], [dra/va], melt, run, Got. [ufar-trusian], besprinkle. Cf. Gaul. [Druentia] (Gaelic [Druie], a river in Strathspey). , a drudge, Ir. [drugaire]; from M.Eng. [druggar], a dragger, Eng. [drudge]. , close, Ir. [druidim], E.Ir. [druit], close, firm, trustworthy: [*druzdo-], [*drus], W. [drws]. See [dorus]. Stokes now refers [*druzdi-] to the same source as Eng. [trust]. , a starling, Ir. [druid], E.Ir. [truid], Manx [truitling], W. [drudwy], Br. [dred], [dret]: [*struzdi]; Lat. [turdus], thrush; Lit. [sta/zdas] (Bohemian [drazd]), thrush, Eng. [throstle]. , a magician; see [draoi]. , penetrate; see [dru\dh]. Cf. Ir. [treidhim]; [treaghaim] (Sh.). , back, ridge, so Ir., O.Ir. [druimm], pl. [dromand], W. [trum], [*drosmen-]; Lat. [dorsum]. , lust, , , lecherous, Ir. [dru/is], adultery, E.Ir. [dru/th], lewd, a harlot, [*dru@-to-]. Cf. M.Eng. [dru@"@dh], darling, --page 145 O.Fr. [drud] (do.), [druerie], love, whence M.Eng. [druerie], Sc. [drouery], illicit love. Mayhew refers the Fr. and Eng. to O.H.G. [dru/t] dear (also [tru/t], [dru/d]): a Teut. [dreu@dh]? Cf. Ger. [traut], beloved (Kludge). , a drum, Ir., M.Ir. [druma]; from the Eng. , elder; see [troman]. , a cramp in back, wrists, etc. (M`D.): , meet, proper, Ir., E.Ir. [du/]. This Stokes regards as borrowed from O.Fr. [du^] (= [debntus]), whence Eng. [due]. But see [du\thaich], [dual]. , , prefix denoting badness of quality, Ir., O.Ir. [du-], [do-], [*dus]; Gr. @G[dus-]; Got. [tuz-], Norse [tor-]; Skr. [dus-]. See [do-]. , gloomy, ugly, Ir. [duaichniu/ghadh], to disfigure. See [suaicheantas]. , a horrid scene, a fight, Ir. [du/aidh], evil (O'B.): [*du-vid]? , uncivil, Ir., E.Ir. [duairc]: opposite of [suairc], q.v. , a squabble, slander: [du-aireachas]. See [eireachdail]. , , a dowry; from the Eng. , a reward, so Ir., E.Ir. [duass], gift: [*dovesta^]; Gr. @G[dou@nnai], to give (= [doue/nai]): Lit. [du@oti] (do.), dovana\, a gift; Lat. [duint] (= [dent]). Root [do^], give. , a lock of hair, Ir., E.Ir. [dual], [*doklo-]; Got. [tagl], hair, Ag.S. [taegl], Eng. [tail], Norse [tagl], horse's tail. , hereditary right, so Ir., M.Ir. [du/al], [*dutlo-]; see [du/thaich]. Stokes refers it to Fr. [du^], as he does [du\], q.v. Ir. [du/al], just, proper, might come from [*duglo-], root [dhugh], fashion, Gr. @G[teu/hein], Got. [dugan], Eng. [do]. , a poem, song, so Ir., E.Ir. [du/an], [*dugno-]; Lettic [duga/t], cry as a crane (Bez.). Stokes derives it from [dhugh] above under [dual]. , a murmur; cf. [torman] from [toirm]. , Ir. [duba^ilte]; from M.Eng. [duble], O.Fr. [doble], Lat. [duplex]. , black, Ir. [dubh], O.Ir. [dub], W. [du], O.W. [dub], Cor. [duv], Br. [du], [*dubo-]; Gr. @G[tuflo/s] (= [quf-lo/s], blind; Got. [daubs], deaf, Ger. [taub], Eng. [deaf], also [dumb]. Cf. Gaul. river name [Dubis], now [Doubs]. , sad, Ir. [du/bhach], O.Ir. [dubach]; see [subhach]. , wickedness, Ir. [du/bhailce]; see [subhailc]. , sorrowful; founded on [dubh]. , said; see [thughairt]. , a pudding: , a hook, Ir. [dubha/n], M.Ir. [duba/n]: , the flank (H.S.D. from MSS.): --page 146 , a smoke, straw cinders, soot; from [dubh]. Cf. Ir. [du/bhada/n], an inkstand. , gloomy, wintry; cf. , a dark day, day of trial. From [dubh]. , a challenge, Ir. [dubhshla/n]; from [dubh] and [sla\n]; Ir. [sla/n], defiance. , the spleen, O.Ir. [lue liad], [lua liath], Cor. [lewilloit], W. [lleithon], milt of fish. Cf. Lat. [lie@-n]. , the great grandson's grandson; from [dubh] and [ogha]: [dubh] is used to add a step to [fionnogha], though [fionn] here is really a prep., and not [fionn], white. See [fionnogha]. , , (Perth), a heap (Arm.); [*dumhaca/n], E.Ir. [duma], mound, heap. Root of [du\n]. , hereditary right; see [du\thaich]. , a small lump (M`A.); see [tudan]. , a tingling in the ear, ear, Ir. [du/d]. See next word.>> , a trumpet, M.G. [doytichy] (D.of Lis.), Ir. [du/do/g]: onomatopoetic. Cf. Eng. [toot]. , depth of winter: , a plump woman of low stature (Perth); "My old Dutch"; [du\itseach] (Arm.). [Dutch]man, docked cock.. , expectation, hope, Ir. [du/il], [*du^li-], root [du], strive, Gr. @G[qumo/s], soul; Lit [dumas], thought (Stokes for Gr.). , an element, Ir. [du/il], O.Ir. [du/il], [du/l], [*du^li-]; Skr. [dhu^li-], dust; Lit. [dulke@?s] (do.); Lat. [fuligo], soot. Stokes (Dict.) refers it to [*dukli-], root [duk], fashion; Ger. [zeugen], engender; further Lat. [duco]. Hence dialectic , poor creatures! Ir. [du/il] means "creature" also. Hence also , a term of affection for a girl. , dulse, Ir. [duileasg], M.Ir. [duilesc], W. [dylusg], what is drifted on shore by floods. Hence Sc. [dulse]. Jamieson suggests that the G. stands for [duill' uisge], "water-leaf". , difficult, sorry, Ir. [doiligh], E.Ir. [dolig]; cf. Lat. [dolor], grief. , a leaf, Ir., M.Ir. [duille], W. [dalen], M.Br. [del]; Gr. @G[qu/lla], leaves, @G[qa/llw], I bloom; Ger. [dolde], umbel: root [dhl@.] [dhale], bloom, sprout. Gaul. @G[pempe-doula], "five leaved", is allied. , customs, taxes (M`D.): , shut, Ir. [du/naim] "barricading"; from [du\n], q.v. , a man, Ir., O.Ir. [duine], pl. [do/ini] (= [*dua/n@~ji], W. [dyn], pl. [dyneddon], Cor., Br. [den], [dunjo/-s]: "mortal"; Gr. @G[qane@nin], die, @G[qa/natos], death, @G[qncto/s]; Eng. [dwine]; Skr. [dhvan], fall to pieces. --page 147 , the seeds of the fir, etc., , acorns. See [dorc]. O.Ir. [derucc], glans, is referred by Windisch to the root of [darach], q.v. , a whip; from M.Eng. [duschen], strike, of Scandinavian origin, now [dowse]. , , slumber; from Norse [du/sa], doze, Eng. [doze]. , ill-natured pretences, freaks (Dialectic, H.S.D.), (M`E.); from [du/iseal]: "dreaming"? , awake, Ir. [du/isgim], [du/isighim], O.Ir. [diusgea], expergefaciat, [*de-ud-sec-], root [sec] as in [caisg], q.v. , , a noose, loop, Ir. [dul], [dol], snare, loop, W. [do^l], noose, loop, [doli], form a ring or loop; Gr. @G[do/los], snare; Lat. [dolus], etc. , a pin, peg, Ir. [dula]; cf. Lat. [dolo], a pike, M.H.G. [zol], a log. , a misty gloom; see [du/dlachd]. , increase in bulk; see [do\mhail]. , a heap, a fortress, Ir., O.Ir. [du/n], W. [din], Gaul. [du^num], @G[-dounon], [*du^no-n], [*du^nos-]; Ag.S. [tu/n], Eng. [town], Ger. [zaun], hedge, Norse [tu/n] (do.); Gr. @G[du/nasqai], can. Root [deva], [du^], to be strong, hard, whence also [du\r]. , , woe; from [dona]? , dull, stubborn, Ir., E.Ir. [du/r], W. [dir], force, Br. [dir], steel, Gaul. [du^rum], fortress, [*du^ro-], Lat. [du^rus]. For further connections see [du^n]. , , good wish, wish, diligence, Ir. [du/thrachd], O.Ir. [du/thracht], [*devo-traktu-s-], [*trakko^], press; Ag.S. [thringan], Ger. [dringen], press forward, Eng. [throng] (Stokes). Windisch has compared Skr. [tark], think, which may be the same as [tark] of [tarkus], spindle, Lat. [torqueo]. Verb . , , an atom, mote, Ir. [du/rda/n]; from the root [du^r] as in [du\r] above: "hard bit"? , a lumpish person: , , pincers, nippers, tweezers; from Sc. [turkas], from Fr. [turquoise], now [tricoises], "Turkish" or farrier's pincers. , a syllable, sound, humming, Ir., E.Ir. [do/rd], [dordaim], mugio, W. [dwrdd], sonitus, [tordd], [*dordo-s], root [der], sound, I.E. [dher]; Lettic [darde@?t] rattle. Further Gr. @G[qrc@nnos], dirge, @G[tonqru/s], muttering, Norse [drynr], roaring, Eng. [drone]; root [dhre]. , surly, sour, Ir. [du/rganta]. Cf. Ir. [du/ranta], morose. G. seems to be from Norse [durga], sulky fellow, Eng. [dwarf]. , water-cress; from [dur] = [dobhar] and [lus], q.v. , pork, a pig, ! grumphy! Cf. [dorra]. , a worm: --page 148 , cooing of a dove, Ir. [durdail]; also , q.v. , nimble (Dial., H.S.D.): , an unlucky accident, Ir. [dursan], sorrowful, hard (O'R.); from the stem of [dorra]. , dust, , from Eng. [dust]. , a slumber; from the Eng. [doze]. See [du\iseal]. , a gloomy, retired place: , hereditary; see [du\]. , a country, district, Ir. [du/thaigh], O.Ir. [duthoig], hereditary (M.Ir. [du/thaig], G. , hereditary right: root [du^] as in [du\n]? Cf [du\]. , great gut (M`Lagan): , fluxus alvi = ; from [dubh] and [tuil]. , accented , he, it, Ir. [e/], [*ei-s]: root [ei], [i]; O.Lat. [eis] (= [is], he, that), [ea], she (= [eja]); Got [is], Ger. [er], [es]; Skr. [ayam]. The O.Ir. neuter was [ed], now (as in , . , , privative prefix; see [eu-]. , mud, puddle, Ir. [abar], marshy land, Adamnan's [stagnum Aporicum], Loch-aber, E.Ir. [cann-ebor] (see [Innear]), [*ex-bor], [*ad-bor], the [bor] of [tobar], q.v. , ebony, so Ir.; from Lat. [ebenum], Eng. [ebony]. , ivory, so Ir.; from Lat. [ebur]. , a horse, so Ir., O.Ir. [ech], W. [ebol], colt, Br. [ebeul], Gaul. [Epo-], [*ekvo-s]; Lat. [equus]; Ag.S. [eoh], Got. [aihva-]; Skr. [ac@,va-s]. , , a pen for strayed sheep; see [eachdranach] for root. , a history, Ir. [eachdaireachd], history, [eachdaire], historian, E.Ir. [echtra], adventures; from E.Ir. prep. [echtar], without, [*ekstero], W. [eithr], extra; Lat. [extra], [externus]; from [ex] (see [a], [as]). , confusion, mess; cf. Ir. [eachrais], a fair, E.Ir. [echtress], horse-fight. See [each] and [treas]. , jealousy; see [eud]. , between, Ir. [eidir], O.Ir. [eter], [itir] [etar], W. [ithr], Cor. [yntr], Br. [entre], Gaul, [inter], [*enter], i.e., [en-ter], prep. [en]; Lat. [inter]; Skr. [anta/r], inside. ++, it , yes, O.Ir. [ed]; see [e]. --page 149 , space, E.Ir. [ed], root [ped]; Gr. @G[pedi/on], a plain; Lat. [oppidum], town; Ch.Sl. [pad], tread. Root [pedo], go, as in Eng. [foot], Lat. [pes], [pedis], etc. , the letter [e], an aspen tree, Ir. [eadhadh]: , a brand, burning coal (Bibl. Gloss.); see [e/ibheall]. , to wit, namely, viz, so Ir., O.Ir. [ido/n], [*id-souno-], "this here"; for [id], see [eadh], and [souno-] is from [*sou], [*so], as in [so]. Cf. Gr. [ou@`@n-tos]. Stokes (Celt. Decl.) takes [id] from [it], is, goes, root [i], go, of Lat. [eo], Gr. @G[ei@'@nmi], etc.; he regards [id] as part of the verb substantive. , milking time, Ir. [eadarthra], noon, milking time; from [eadar]+[tra\th]. , interpose, , interposition, Ir. [eadarga/n], separation; from [eadar]. , a nick, notch, Ir. [feag], Manx [agg], W. [ag], cleft, [*egga^-]: [peg]? , , fear, Ir. [eaguil], [eagla], E.Ir. [ecla], O.Ir. [ecal] (adj.), [*ex-gal]; see [gal], valour. , perhaps; Dialectic for [theagamh]. , order, row, so Ir., E.Ir. [ecor], [*a/ith-cor]; from [aith-] and [cuir]. , a church, Ir. [eagluis], O.Ir. [eclais], W. [eglwys], Br. [ilis]; from Lat. [eccle^sia], Eng. [ecclesiastic]. , wisdom, so Ir., O.Ir. [e/cne], [*aith-gen-]; see [aith-] and [gen] of [aithne]. In fact [aithne] and [eagna] are the same elements differently accented ([*aith-ge/n-], [a/ith-gen-]. , want, poverty, ; cf. [airleag], lend, borrow. , keel, bottom, end: [*air-lann]; see [lann], land. , furniture; see [airneis]. , a swan, so Ir., M.Ir. [ela], W. [alarch], Corn. [elerhc], [*elaio], [*elerko-s]; Gr. @G[e@'le/a], reedwarbler, @G[e@'lasa@ns], grosbeak, @G[e@'lea@ns], owl, @G[e@'leio/s], falcon; Lat. [olor], swan. Gr. @G[pe/leia], wild dove, Lat. [palumba], dove, O.Prus. [poalis] (do.), have been suggested. , , a peg to hang things on, E.Ir. [alchuing], [elchuing], dat. [alchaing], pl. [alchningi]. , learning, skill, ealaidh, knack, Ir. [ealadh], E.Ir. [elatha], gen. [elathan], W. [el], intelligence: root [el]::[al] (of [eilean])? , , a creeping along (as to catch game), Ir. [euloighim] steal away, E.Ir. [e/laim], I. flee, O.Ir. [e/lud], evasio; Ger. [eilen], hasten, speed; root [ei], [i], go, Lat. [i-re], etc. Hence [e\alaidhneach], creeping cold. Strachan derives it from [*ex-la^jo^], root [la^], [ela], go, Gr. @G[elau/no] (as in [eilid], etc.). Stokes now [*ass-lu/im]. , a block, hacking-stock; see [ealach]. , an ode, song, music; see [ealadh]. , , quick, expert, Ir. [athlamh], E.Ir. [athlom], [athlam], [*aith-lam]; [*lam] is allied to [la\mh], hand ("handy" is the idea). See [ullamh] for discussion of the root [lam]. --page 150 , a bit, tittle, Ir. [ealbha], a multitude, a drove, W. [elw], goods, profit, [*elvo-]; cf. Gaul. [Elvetios], [Elvio], etc.; [*pel-vo-], root [pel], full? , a good for nothing fellow (Suth.); from Norse [a/lfr], elf, a vacant, silly person. , St John's wort, Ir. [eala bhuidh] (O'R.): ++, noble, so Ir., E.Ir. [elg]: [Innis Ealga] = Ireland. Cf. [Elgin], Glen-[elg]. nothing ado ("Gabh [ealla] ris" - have nothing ado with him): , burden, so Ir., M.Ir. [eallach], trappings or load; cf. Ir. [eallach], a drove, O.Ir. [ellach], conjunctio, [*ati-slogos] (Zimmer), from [sluagh]. See [uallach] and [ealt]. , cattle (Arran), so Ir.: cf. O.Ir. [ellach], conjunction, [*ati-slo^gos] (Zimmer). , a scold, shrew: , , a covey, drove, flock, Ir. [ealta], E.Ir. [elta]: [*ell-tavo-], from [peslo-], a brute, Cor. [ehal], pecus; O.H.G., [fasal], Ag.S. [fa@"sl], proles (Stokes for Cor.). See [a\l]. Ascoli joins O.Ir. [ellach], union, and Ir. [eallach], a drove, cattle, with [ealt]. See [eallach]. , a razor, Ir. [ealti/n], O.Ir. [altan], W. [ellyn], O.Cor. [elinn], O.Br. [altin], Br. [aotenn], [*(p)altani]; Ger. [spalten], cleave; Skr. [pa]t, split; Old.Sl. ras-[platti], cut in two. , tail; see [feaman], q.v. , honour, praise, E.Ir. [enech], honour, also face; hence "regard" (Ascoli): [*aneqo-], W. [enep]; root [oq] of Lat. [oc-ulus], etc. , dandriff, scurf, down: , endive, Ir. [eanach-garraidh]; evidently a corruption of Lat. [endiva] (Cameron). , , brains, Ir. [inchinn], E.Ir. [inchind], W. [ymmenydd], Cor. [impinion] (= [in]+[pen-]), [in]+[ceann], "what is in the head". , foot, footstep, track, bound, Ir. [eang], E.Ir. [eng], track; cf. root [ong] given for [theagamh]. , a gusset, corner; cf. Lat. [angulus], Eng. [angle]. , a fetter, net, Ir. [eangach], a net, chain of nets. From [eang], foot. , cross-tempered (H.S.D.): "having angles"; from [eang]. , high-mettled, M.Ir. [engach], valiant; from [eang], a step. , entanglement; possibly from the Eng. [tangle]; not likely founded on [eangach]. --page 151 , gruel, milk and water, Ir. [eanghlais], E.Ir. [englas] (fem. [a] stem), milk and water, green water (Corm.), from [in] and M.Ir. [glas], milk, [*glagsa]; Gr. @G[gla/gos], @G[ga/la(ktos)], milk, Lat. [lac] (= [*glak-t]). Cormac says it is from [en], water, and [glas], grey. [en] = water, [*pino] (St.). , nettles; see [deanntag]. , , soup, juice of boiled flesh, Ir. [eanbhruithe], E.Ir. [enbruthe], from [in] and [bruith], boil. Corm. and O'Cl. have an obsolete [broth], [bruithe], flesh, and explain it as "water of flesh". For [en], water, see [eanghlas]. Most dialects make it "chicken-soup", as from [eun]+[bruith]. , , the east, from the east, Ir. [soir], eastern, [anoir], from the east, O.Ir. [an-air], ab oriente; really "from before", the prep. [an] ([*apona]) of [a nall] (see [a], from), and [air] (= [*ari]), before. The observer is supposed to face the sun. The opposite is , , from [iar], behind, q.v. , an exhortation, O.Ir. [era/il], [ira/il], [*air-a/il]; from [a\ill], desire. Hence , provision, caution. , , the day after to-morrow, Ir. [oirthior], eastern, day following, day after to-morrow, O.Ir. [airther], eastern, [*ariteros] [*pareiteros] (Gr. @G[paroi/teros]), comparative of [air], before. , a parching of corn in a pot before grinding: [*air-aradh], root [ar], as in Lat. [aridus], arid? , a square of tartan worn over the shoulders by females and fastened by a brooch, a tartan shawl: [*air-asaid]? Cf. [asair] for root. , a roe, so Ir., E.Ir. [erb], O.Ir. [heirp], [*erbi-s], Gr. @G[e@'/rifos]. , trust (vb.), (n.), Ir. [earbaim], O.Ir. [erbaim], [nomerpimm], confido, [*erbio^], let, leave; M.H.G. [erbe], bequeath, Ger. [erbe], heir, Got. [arbja], heir: all allied to Lat. [orbus], Eng. [orphan]. , a tail, so Ir., E.Ir. [erball], [*a/ir-ball]; from [air] (= [*ari]) and [ball], q.v. [urball] in Arran and the West. , heifer (Carm.), cow, Ir. [earc], E.Ir. [erc], cow (Corm.): , , misfortune: [*air-ca/ll]; from [air] and [call], q.v. , arable land; [air]+[geadhail], which see. , inflame, enrage: [*a/ir-gon-]; from [air] and [gon]? Also [feargnaich], which suggests [fearg] as root. , preparing food (Suth.); from old adj. [erlam], ready. See [ullamh]. , expectation, trust: [*ari-lanti-], root [lam] of [lamh]. , earnest, arles; see [airleas]. , murrain, bloody flux in cattle: --page 152 , end, tail, Ir. [earr], E.Ir. [err], [*ersa^]; Gr. @G[o@'/rros], rump; Ag.S. [ears], Eng. , scar (Lewis); Norse [o@"rr], [arr] (do.). , spring, so Ir., O.Ir. [errech] [*persa^ko-], from [pers], which is from [per], as [eks], (= [ex]) is from [ek]; [per], before, Lat. [per], [pr@oe], Eng. [for], [fore]; as in [air], (= [ari]). The idea is the "first of the year". Cf. Ger. [fru"hling], spring, of like descent. Such is Stokes' derivation. Another view is that [earrach] is from [ea\rr], end (cf. for form [to\s] and [toiseach], and [earrach], lower extremity) meaning the "end of the year', the [ce/itein], May, "first of summer", being the beginning of the year. Not allied to Lat. [ver]. , clothes, so Ir., E.Ir. [earrad], [eirred], [*a/ir-re^d], [*ari-reido-n]; from [reid] of [re/idh]. Eng. [array] comes from the Gaul. equivalent ([*ad-re^dare]), and Eng. [ready] is allied. Hence , wares. , the wane, the wane of the moon: [*earr]+[dubh]? , a taunt (a blow, Arms.): , a shift, refuge, attempt (H.S.D., from MSS.): , vain glory: [*er-glo\ir]; the [er] is the intensie particle; Lat. [per]. , a tip-staff, , (Dial.): form Eng. [herald]? , a captain (H.S.D.); see [urra]. , a portion, Ir. [earrunn], M.Ir. [errand], [*a/ir-rann]; from [rann], portion. , wealth; see [earradh]. , ground manured one year and productive next (Carm.): , yarrow; see [athair-thalmhuinn]. , a waterfall, Ir. [eas], g. [easa], E.Ir. [ess], g. [esso], [*esti-] [*pesti]; Skr. [a^-patti], mishap ("mis-fall"); Lat. [pessum], down, [pestis], a pest; Slav. [na-pasti], casus (Bez.). , privative prefix, Ir. [eas-], O.Ir. [es-], W. [eh-], Gaul. [ex-], [*eks]. See [a], [as], ot. , thin water-gruel; from [eas]. , a pheasant, a squirrel (M`D.), Ir. [easo/g], pheasant (Fol.), weasel, squirrel. For the "squirrel-weasel" force, see [neas], [nios]. As "pheasant", it may be founded on the M.Eng. [fesaunt], O.Gr. [faisan]. , boiling of a pool, ebullition, bustle; from G. and Ir. , a cataract, from [eas]. [*ess-rad-]? , thorough-fare; cf. [aisir]. , a trifling, handsome fellow (M`A.): , absolutino, Ir. [easbalo/id]; from Lat. [absolution]. , want, defect, so Ir., E.Ir. [esbuid], [*ex-buti-s], "being out" of it; from roots [as] and [bu], q.v. --page 153 , a bishop, Ir. [easbog], O.Ir. [espoc], [epscop], W. [esgob], Br. [eskop]; from Lat. [episcopus], whence Eng. [bishop]. ++, a ditch, fen, Ir. [easgaidh], quagmire, [easc], water, E.Ir. [esc], water, fen-water, O.British @G[I@'ska], the Exe (Scotch [Esks]), [*iska^], water, [*(p)idska^]; Gr. @G[pi@ndax], well, @G[pidu/w], gush. The W. [wysg], stream, O.W. [uisc] requires, [*eiska^], from [peid], [pi^d]. , , eel, Ir. [eascu], g. [eascuinne], O.Ir. [escung], "fen-snake", i.e. [esc], fen, and [ung], snake, Lat. [anguis]. See [easg], ditch. ++, the moon (a name for it surviving in Braemar last century), O.Ir. [e/sca], [e/sce], [@oesca], [*eid-skio-]; from root [eid], [i^d], as in Lat. [idus], the [ides], "full light", i.e. full moon (Stokes): [*encscaio-], Skr. [pn@~jas], light, Gr. @G[fe/ggos], light (Strachan). , hough; better [iosgaid], q.v. , ready, willing, Ir. [e/asguidh], E.Ir. [escid], W. [esgud], Br. [escuit]; from [eu-] and [sgi\th], q.v. , a torrent, coarse mixture; see [easg]. , door latch (Lewis); Norse, [hespa] (do.). , ferns collected to litter cattle, E.Ir. [esrad], strewing, [*ex-sratu-], root [ster], strew, Lat. [sternere], etc. See [casair], bed, under [caisil-chro\]. , boiling of a pool, bustle; see [easaraich]. , a boat, Ir. [eathar], ship, boat, O.Ir. [ethar], a boat, [*itro-], "journeyer"; from [ethaim], I go, [*ita^o], go, root [ei], [i]; Lat. [eo]; Gr. @G[e@'@nimi]; Lit. [eimi]; Skr. [e/mi]. , betweeen them, so Ir., O.Ir. [etarro], [*etr@.-so], [*enter-so^s]. For [so^s], see [sa]. , cry; see [e/igh]. , the aspen, letter [e], Ir. [eadha]; also [eadhadh], q.v. , , a live coal, spark, Ir. [eibhleo/g], E.Ir. [o/ibell], spark, fire, W. [ufel], fire, [*oibelos], fire, spark (Stokes). , joyous; see [aoibhinn]. , , a young gelded goat; from Sc. [aiver] (do.), with G. termination of [firionnach], etc. [Aiver] is also [aver], worthless old horse, any property, Eng. [aver], property, from Lat. [habere]. , , clothing, a suit; see [aodach]. , ivy, Ir. [eidhean], E.Ir. [edenn], W. [eiddew], Cor. [idhio], [*(p)edenno-], root [ped], fasten, hold on; Lat. [pedica], a fetter; Eng. [fetter], etc. For sense, cf. Lat. [hedera], ivy, from [ghed], catch, [pr@oehendo], Eng. [get]. , a web; apparently a shortened form of [e/ideadh]. , effect, so Ir.; from Lat. [effectus]. , a web, (on analogy of , [*veggia^], root of [figh]. --page 154 , ice; see [deigh]. Hence , , Ir. [oidhir], E.Ir. [aigred], W. [eiry], snow. , a file, Ir. [oighe]: [*agia^]; root [ag] of Eng. [axe], Got [aqizi]. , a cry, Ir. [e/igheamh], O.Ir. [e/gem], Celtic root [eig]; Lettic [i/gt]. Cf. also Lat. [aeger] (Stokes, Zim). , a cloudberry; see [oighreag]. , necessity, Ir. [e/igin], O.Ir. [e/cen], W. [angen], [*enkna^] (Stokes); Gr. @G[a@'na/gkc] (= [a@'n-a/gkc]). Allied by root ([ank]:[enk]) to [thig], etc. , an elder; from the Scotch, Eng. [elder]. , other, another, Ir. [eile], O.Ir. [aile], W. [aill], [all], Br. [eil], [all], Gaul. [allo-], [*aljo-], [*allo-]; Lat. [alius]; Gr. @G[a@'/llos]; Eng. [else]. , mill-race, mill-dam, embankment; from [ail], stone, "stone-work". , an Island, Ir. [oilean], E.Ir. [aile/n]; from Norse [eyland], Eng. [island]. , training; see [oilean]. , the notch on the staves of a cask where the bottom is fixed. (In Arg. [e\arrach]): , a deer's walk, , where deer were driven to battue them. Hence the common place-name [Elrick]. Bk.of Deer [in d-elerc]? , sequestered region, etc.; see [eilthir]. , levelling of a field for sowing, first ploughing; cf. Ir. [eillgheadh], burial, to which Stokes cfs. Umbrian [pelsatu], Gr. @G[qa/ptein], [pelsans], sepeliundus. H.Maclean compared the Basque [elge], field. , a hind, so Ir., O.Ir. [elit], W. [elain], cerva, [*elinti-s], [*elani^], Gr. @G[e@'llo/s], fawn, [e@'/lafos] (= [e@'/lnfos]), stag; Lit [e/lnis], stag; Arm. [e@G[l]n]; etc. , willow-herb, epilobium; from Lat. [helix]. , a bier (H.S.D. for Heb.), Ir. [eletrom], [eleathrain], M.Ir. [eilitrum]; from Lat. [feretrum] (Stokes). , a foreign land, , a pilgrim, Ir. [oilithreach], O.Ir. [ailithre], pilgrimage; from [eile] and [ti\r], q.v. , rejoice: , bounty, Ir. [oineach]. Cf. O.Ir. [ainech], protectio, root [nak], attain, as in [tiodhlac]. Hence the H.S.D. , protection (from Ir.). , dyke or wall between crop-land and hill-land (M`F.): , moving, stirring; E.Ir. [airbert], use, [airbiur], dego, fruor: [air] and [beir], q.v. , asking indirectly: "side-say"; [air]+[beir]; cf. [abair]. --page 155 , slack-jointed or crippled person; cf. Sc. [hirplock], lame creature, [hirple]. The possibility of [air-ablach] (cf. [conablach]) should be kept in view. , portcullis (M`D.): , a burden, Ir. [eire], E.Ir. [ere], O.Ir. [aire]: [*pario], root of [air]. Cf. Lat. [porto]. , an assembly, Ir. [o/ireachdus], E.Ir. [airecht], O.Ir. [airect], [*air-echt], [echt] being from the root of [thig]. Stokes refers it to the same origin as W. [araeth], speech, root [req], as in O.Slav. [reka], speak, Lat. [raccare], cry as a lion. , handsome, O.Ir. [airegde], pr@aestans, from [aire(ch)], primas. See [airidh]. , a pullet, young hen, Ir. [eireog] (Fol., O'R.), M.Ir. [eirin], W. [iaren], Cor. [yar], gallina, Br. [iarik], [*jari-], hen; Lit. [jerube@?], heathcock, N.Slav. [jertu@u], nuthatch (Bez.). , a monster, clumsy old carle (Dial., H.S.D.); from [eire]. , heresy, so Ir., E.Ir. [e/res], O.Ir. [heretic], hereticus; from the O.Ir. form somehow, which itself is from Lat. [h@oereticus]. , rise, , rising, Ir. [e/irighim], [e/irghe], E.Ir. [e/rigim], [e/irgim], inf. O.Ir. [e/irge], [e/rge], [*eks-rego^]; Lat. [e@-rigo], erect, Eng. [erect], [rego], I govern; Gr. [o@'re/gw], extend; Eng. [right]; I.E. root [reg]. See [rach]. , attendance, patience, O.Ir. [airitiu], g. [airiten], reception, [airema], suscipiat, [*ari-em-tin-], root [em], grasp, take; Lat. [emo], buy; Lit. [imu\], hold. , ransom, Ir. [e/iric], E.Ir. [e/ric], [e/iricc]: [*es-recc], "buying or selling out", from [reic]. Vb. [as-renim], reddo, enclitic [e/rnim], impendo. , hit, find out, O.Ir. [ermaissiu], attaining, [irmadatar], intelligunt, [irmissid], intelligatis, [*air-mess-], [*air-med-]; root, [med], as in [meas], judgement, q.v. , delay, impediment; founded on [de/is]? , listen, hear, Ir. [e/isdim], O.Ir. [e/tsim]. Ascoli analyses it into [*e/tiss], [*aith-do-iss], animum instare; the [iss] he doubtless means as from the reduplicated form of the root [sta] (cf. O.Ir. [air-issim], I stand). [an-tus-], great silence! Cf. Ir. [e/ist do bhe/al] = hush! Root of [tosd]. , , satirist, Ir. [eigeas], pl. [eigse], a learned man, E.Ir. [e/cess]: [*a/d-gen-s-to]? See [eagna]. , dependence, obligation, M.Ir. [esimol], [an esimul], [*ex-em-mo-lo], root [em] of [eudail]. Cf. Lat. [exemplum]. , example, Ir. [eisiompla/ir], M.Ir. [esimplair]; from Lat. [exemplar]. --page 156 , , oyster, Ir. [eisir], [oisre]; from M.Eng. [oistre], from Lat. [ostrea]. , the withe that ties the tail-beam to the pack-saddle, crupper: , grief: [*an-sla\n]; cf. Ir. [eislinn], weak, E.Ir. [eslinn] (do.): [*ex-sla\n]; see [sla\n]. , boards on which the corpse is laid, a shroud (H.S.D., from MSS.; M`E.): , unhusked ear of corn (M`E.): , , stretching, extending: , burnt roots of heath: , white pebble, precious stone; from Eng. [hectic], lapis [hecticus], the white hectic stone, used as a remedy against dysentery and diarrh@oea (Martin, [West Isles], 134). See [eitig]. , a kernel, grain, Ir. [eitne] [eithne], E.Ir. [eitne] (n.). , false, perjured, Ir. [eitheach], a lie, perjury, O.Ir. [ethech], perjurium; root [pet], fall? Cf. Ir. [di-thech], denial on oath, [for-tach], admission on oath, [di-tongar i. se/ntar], [fortoing], proved by oath: [*tongo^], swear. See [freiteach] for root. , refuse, Ir. [eitighim]. For root, etc., see under [freiteach]. , fierce, dismal, O.Ir. [e/tig], turpe, [ade/tche], abomination. Scarcely [*an-teg-], "un-wonted, un-[house]-like" (Zim.), for G. would be [e/idigh]. This Stokes (Bez. Beit @+[21]) makes [*an-teki-s], not fair, W. [te^g], fair, Gr. @G[ti/ktw], produce, @G[te/knon], child, Eng. [thing]. Still G. should be [e/idigh]. , go (Sutherland), , would go, Ir. [eathaim], E.Ir. [ethaim], [*ita^o^]; root [ei], [i]; Lat. [ire], [itum]; Gr. @G[ei@'@nmi], etc. , consumption; from Sc. [etick], from Fr. [e/tique], [hectique], Eng. [hectic]. , storm, sorrow: [*aith-ter-]? See [tuirse]. , a charm; a metathesis of [eo\las]. , , knowledge, Ir. [eo/l], [eolas], E.Ir. [eo/las], O.Ir. [heulas], [d-eulus]: [*ivo-lestu]? , barley, Ir. [eo/rna], E.Ir. [eorna], [*jevo-rnio-], [*jevo-]; Gr. @G[zeia/], spelt; Skr. [ya/va], corn, barley; Lit. [jawai], corn. , languishing (H.S.D. gives it as Dial.; M`E.); see [feodhaich]. , negative prefix, Ir. [ea-], [e/u-], O.Ir. [e/-]. It stands for [an-] before [c], [t], [p], and [s]. See [an-]. , disease: [an]+[ca/il], q.v. , a feat, exploit, Ir. [e/achd], feat, covenant, condition; E.Ir. [e/cht], murder, slaughter, from [e/c] (St.). , a fair maid, a charmer: "featsome one", from [euchd]. , jealousy, zeal, Ir. [e/ad], O.Ir. [e/t], W. [addiant] (= [add-iant]), longing, regret, Gaul. [iantu-] in Iantumarus, [*jantu-]; Skr. --page 157 [yatna/], zeal; Gr. @G[zcte/w], seek, @G[zc@nlos], zeal, Eng. [zeal]; root [ja^], [jat], strive. , treasure, cattle, Ir. [e/ada/il], [euda/il], profit, prey, E.Ir. [e/tail], treasure, booty, E.Ir. [e/t], herds, riches: [*em-ta^li-], root [em], hold, as in Lat. [emo] (see [eiridinn]). Also . [e/d] = [a/irneis no spre/idh], O'Cl. , death, Ir. [eug], O.Ir. [e/c], W. [angeu], Cor. and O.Br. [ancou], [*enku-s], [*enkevo-]; Lat. [nex], death; Gr. @G[ne/kus], corpse; Skr. [nac@?], perish. , , , without, Ir. [e/gmhuis], want, dispensation, E.Ir. [e/cmais]: [*an-comas], "non-power"? , negative prefix, as in = [an-con-samuil]: see [cosmhail]. , creeping away; see [e\aladh]. , a pearl (H.S.D. from MSS.), O.Ir. [ne/m], g. [ne/mann], pearl, [ni/am], sheen, [ni/amda], bright, W. [nwyf], vigour, [nwyfiant], brightness, vigour: [*neim]. Cf. [neamhnuid]. , a bird, Ir. [eun], O.Ir. [e/n], O.W. [etn], W. [edn], Cor. [hethen], Br. [ezn], [*etno-s], [*petno-], root [pet], fly; Gr. @G[pe/tomai], fly, @G[petcna/], fowls; Lat. [penna], wing; Eng. [feather]; Skr. [pa/tati], fly. Hence , birds, E.Ir. [e/nlaith]. , refuse, Ir. [eura], refusal, E.Ir. [e/ra], [eraim], [*ex-rajo-] (n.), root [ra^], give, W. [rhoi], give, Cor. [ry], Br. [reiff], give; Skr. [ra/ti], give, Zend [ra^]. See [rath], luck, favour. , under, Ir. [fa], E.Ir. [fa] (as in distributive numbers); a side form of [fo], q.v., used in adverbial expressions. ++, was (past of ), M.G. [fa] (D.of Lis.), Ir. [fa], [fa h-] (Keat.), M.Ir. [fa h-], E.Ir. [ba h-], [*ba^t], [*(e)bhu-a^-t]; Lat. [-bat], [-bamus], of [refe-bam], etc.; root [bheu], to be. See [bu], the form now used. , favour, Ir. [fa/bhar], W. [ffafr]; from Lat. [favor]. , a fault; from Sc. [faut], from Fr. [faute]. , , , eyelid, eyebrow, Ir. [abhra], [fabhra], eyelid, E.Ir. [abra], n.pl. [abrait], Cor. [abrans], Br. [abrant], eyebrow, Mac. Gr. @G[a@'brou@ntes]; further @G[o@'fru/s], brow, Eng. [brow]. There is an E.Ir. [bra], pl. [bro/i], dual [bru/ad], [*bruvat-]. The phonetics are not clear. Stokes has suggested Lat. [frons], [frontis], as allied, [*bhront-] with the prep. [a(p)o] (= E.Ir. [-a-]), ab. --page 158 , swirl, eddy (Carm.). Cf. O.Ir. [fobar] (St.). , , word, Ir. [focal], O.Ir. [focul], from Lat. [vocabulum] (through [*focvul], Gu@"terbock). Stokes and Wind. take it from Lat. [vocula]. , the puffin - a water fowl (Sh.); root [va], blow? Onomatopoetic: [f-ah-ah], call of bird? , strife (Sh.; H.S.D. marks it Dialectic); cf. Ir. [fachain], striving. , puny (H.S.D. for N.High.): , ridicule, scoffing; from [fo-cainnt], "sub-speaking". Cf. W. [gogan], satire, Br. [goge], [*vo-can], root [can], sing, say. , , long, Ir. [fad], O.Ir. [fota], longus, [fot], length, [*vad-dho-] or [vaz-dho-], Lat. [vastus], vast? Hence , delay, desiderium, Keat. [fadda/il], "long delay", from [fad] and [da/il]. , , kindling, Ir. [fadadh], [fadaghadh], [fado/gh] (Keat.), Mid.Ir. [fato/d], E.Ir. [a/tu/d], which Zimmer analyses as [*ad-soud] ([soud] of [iompaidh]), but unsatisfactorily; E.Ir. [adsu/i] tenid, kindles, [adsu/ithe], kindled (Meyer). Cf. [fo/d]. , trifling, paltry, : , cuttle-fish: , a breeze: , leave, Ir. [fa/gaim], O.Ir. [foacbaim], [fa/cbaim], [*fo-ad-gab-]; root [gab] of [gabh], q.v. , , near, Ir. [fogus], E.Ir. [focus], [ocus], O.Ir. [accus], W. [agos], Br. [ho^goz], [*aggostu-]. See [agus]. , see, Ir. [faic], O.Ir. [im-aci], vides-ne, [*a/d-ci^], see [chi\]. The [f] is prothetic. , , a green (by the house), Ir., E.Ir. [faithche], the field nearest the house, E.Ir. [faidche], [*ad-ca/io-], "by the house", Celtic [kaio-n], house; see [ceardach]. Ascoli refers it to O.Ir. [aith], area (an imaginary word), and Jubainville allies it with W. [gwaen], plain, Ger. [weide] (see [bha\n] for W.). , a crab, or lobster's, burrow (M`A.); see [aice]: , hiding place, den, mole's burrow; see [aice]. , stately, showy; cf. Ir. [faicheallach], luminous: , caution, guard, E.Ir. [accill], preparation, watch: [*a/d-ciall]; from [ciall], sense? CF. [di\chioll]. , a prophet, Ir. [fa/idh], O.Ir. [fa/ith], [*va^ti-s]; Lat. [vates]; Norse [o/@dhr], sense, song, M.Eng. [wood], Sc. [wud] (= mad), Ger. [with], rage. W. has [gwawd], carmen: [*va^to-]. , a beech, Ir. [feagha], [fagh-vile] (Lh., [Comp.Voc.]), W. [ffawydden], Br. [fao]; from Lat. [fagus]. G. adds the old word [bile], a tree, which is the same in origin as [bile], leaf. --page 159 , a fair, Ir. [faidhri/n]; founded on Eng. [fair], [faire] (from Lat. [feria]). For phonetics, cf. [paidhir] from [pair], and [staidhir] from [stair]. , lumpish (Sh.); , lump of bread (M`A.): , get, Ir. [faghaim], E.Ir. [fagbaim], O.Ir. [ni/ fogbai], non invenis, from [fo-gabim], root [gab] of [gabh], q.v. , begging, etc.; see [faoighe]. , , ask: [*vo-gen-], root [gen], know, as in [aithne]. Cf. E.Ir. [imma foacht], asked. Windisch refers to [iar-faigim], [iarfacht], I asked, = [iarmifoacht], root [ag], say. [iarmi-fo-siag] (St. R.C.@+[19] 177). , , corrupt, putrefy, parboil; root [vel], bubble, boil; Norse [vella], boil, Eng. [well], Ger. [wallen], bubble. , , a stye, Ir. [fail], O.Ir. [foil], [mucc-foil], hara, [tre/t-foil], W. [gwa^l], couch, [*vali-], root [vel], cover, encircle; Gr. @G[ei@'lu/w], envelop ([*velu-]), @G[ei@'@?nlar], shelter; Skr. [vala/], cave, [vali], projecting thatched roof. In the sense of "encircling, rolling", add Lat. [volvo], [volumen], Eng. [volume], [wallow], etc. Further allied is G. [olann], wool, Eng. [wool], Lat. [la^na], etc. , , a ring, Ir. [fa/il], O.Ir. [foil], g. [falach], [*valex]; Gr. @G[e@`lix], a twist, spire, vine-tendril; root [vel], "circle", as above in [fail]. Cf. for vowel [fa\l], dike; Br. [gwalen], "bague sans chaton". Also , Ir. [failge], for ; from the stem [falach] or [falagh] condensed to [falgh]. , bathe, lave, Ir. [folcadh], O.Ir. [folcaim], W. [golchi], Br. [goalc'hi], wash, [*volko^]; Lettic [wa'lks], damp, [wa'lka], flowing water, swampish place. Further allied is G. [fliuch], q.v. Possibly here place [Volcae], the Rhine Gauls, after whom the Teutons named the Celts; whence [Wales], [Welsh], etc. , pot-lid (Arran), (Rob.); from [fail], ring (Rob.). , smell, savour; see [a\ile]. , dog-brier berry (= [mucag]): , little lawns (Carm.): cf. [a\ilean]. , shadow, (Dial.); from [fo-leus]? or allied to [ail], mark? , , , root or hole of the ear, , sucker of a tree: [*al-nio-], root [al], nourish? , , fail, , failing, Ir. [faillighim], E.Ir. [faill], failure, W. [gwall], Br. [goall], [*valni-]; root [val] of [feall], q.v. Borrowing from Eng. [fail], from Lat. [fallo], is however, possible in the modern languages. , a helm; from the Norse [hja/lm], Eng. [helm]. , kneepan (M`A.); from [fail], ring (Rob.). See [falman]. , , welcome, hail! Ir., O.Ir. [fa/ilte], [*va^letia^], root [va^l], [vel], glow; W. [gwawl], lumen; Gr. [a@'le/a], warmth, sun's heat; Got. --page 160 [vulan], be hot, O.H.G. [walm], heat (Bez.). Cf. Caesar's [Valetiacus]. Borrowing from Lat. [vale^te] seems to be Zimmer's view (Zeit. @+[30] 28). Rhys suggests W. [gwell]; Hend., Eng. [wealth]. , under consideration, Ir. [fa dea/ra], remark, [fe/ ndea/r], [fe/ ndeara] (Munster). Foley gives [tabhair fa d'aire] = "observe". "Thoir fainear" = observe, consider. The above may be a fixed [fa d'aire] = [fa-deara], with [n] from the plural [an], their. , Mainleag>, a swallow, Ir. [a/inleo/g], O.Ir. [fannall], W. [gwennol], Cor. [guennol], Br. [gwenneli] [*vannello]. Cf. Fr. [vanneau], lapwing, It. [vannello], Med.Lat. [vannellus], which is usually referred to Lat. [vannus], fan. [*vat-n-allo-s] (Holden). , a ring, Ir. [fa/inne], [a/inne], O.Ir. [a/nne], [*a^nnia^]; Lat. [a^nus], Eng. [annular]. , , , fetch, bring; a curtailed form of [tabhair] through [thabhair] or [(tha)bhair]? Cf. [thoir]. , dawn, E.Ir. [fa/ir], W. [gwawr], Br. [gouere-], morning, [gwereleuen], morning-star, [*va^sri-], Lit. [vasara/], summer, Skr. [va^sara/], early shining, morning (adj.), Lat. [ver], spring, Gr. @G[e@'/ar], spring (Stokes). , , ridge, sky-line; from [fa\ir], dawn? Cf., however, Ir. [faireo/g], hillock, and [fa\ireag], below. , bathe; see [fathraig]. , links, lands sometimes covered by the sea (M`A., who says that in Islay it means "hole"); from Eng. [park]? , (M`D.), a mallet, Ir. [farcha], [farcha], [farca], M.Ir. [farca], E.Ir. [forcha tened], thunderbolt; root [ark] as in [adharc]? , a cask or pot lid, E.Ir. [farcle]: [*vor-cel-], root [cel], cover. , watching, Ir., E.Ir. [faire]; see [aire]. , a gland, swollen gland, Ir. [fa/ireo/g] (Fol., O'R.); cf. W. [chwaren], gland, blotch, root [sver], hurt, Ger. [schwer], difficult. The W. precludes comparison with Lat. [va@urus], pimple, [varix], dilated vein, Eng. [varicose]. , the ocean,Ir. [fairrge], O.Ir. [fairgge], Ptolemy's [Vergivios], the Irish Atlantic; from the same root as [fearg]. In Sutherland [fairge] means the "ocean in storm". Usually pronounced as if [fairce]. W. [Mo^r Werydd], the Atlantic. , hacking, sacking: , perceive, feel, Ir. [airighim], O.Ir. [airigur], sentio; same root as [faire] (Stokes, Beit. @+[8] 341). , an object on the sky-line (H.S.D. from MSS.); [*f-air-leus]; from [leus], light. , noisy: allied to [seirm]. See [foirm]? , wide, Ir., O.Ir. [fairsing], W. [eang] (= [*ex-ang], [ehang]), [*f-ar-ex-ang]: "un-narrow", root [ang], narrow (Stokes for W.). --page 161 , , baffle; [*vor-tl@.-], "over-bear", root [tel], [tol], bear (Lat. [tolero], Eng. [tolerate])? , pick off vermin: for root see [caisg]. , near: see [fagus]. , squeeze, wring, Ir. [fa/isge], E.Ir. [faiscim], W. [gwasgu]. premere, O.Br. [guescim], Br. [goascaff], stringere, [*vaksho^]; Skr. [va^hate], press; Eng. [wedge]; further Lat. [vexo]. [*fo-ad-sech] (Asc.). , a pimple, weal (H.S.D., Dial.): , , prophecy, omen, Ir. [fa/isdineachd], [fa/isdine], O.Ir. [fa/itsine]; for [fa/ith-sine], where [th] is deaspirated before [s]; from [fa/ith], with the termination [-sine] ([-stine]?) Zeuss @+[2] 777. , speaking, whispering, Ir. [fa/isne/is], rehearsal, M.Ir. [faisne/is], E.Ir. [aisne/is], vb. [aisne/dim], narrate, [*as-in-feid-], [infi/adim], root [veid], [vid], know; see [innis]. , a smile, Ir. [faitbe] (O'R.), laugh, O.Ir. [faitbim], I laugh, [*fo-aith-tibim], [tibiu], I laugh, [*stebio^]; Lit. [stebiu@os], astonish. , , timorous, shy, Ir. [fa/iteach], [faitcheas], fear (Keat.), O.Ir. [faitech], cautus: [*f-ad-tech], "home-keeping"? , a hem, Ir. [fa/ithim], [fathfhuaim]; [fo] and [fuaim]. See [fuaigh]. , turf, sods, dike, Ir. [fa/l], hedge, fold, O.Ir. [fa/l], saepes, W. [gwawl], rampart, Pictish [fahel], murus, [*va^lo-]; Lat. [vallum], Eng. [wall]. See further under [fail], stye. , a spade, peat spade, Manx [faayl], W. [pa^l], Cor. [pal]; from Lat. [pa^la]. Also "scythe" (Wh.). , a hiding, covering, Ir., E.Ir. [folach], W., Br. [golo], [*vo-lugo^], [*lugo^], hide, lie; Got [liugan], tell a lie, Eng. [lie] (Stokes). Ernault refers it to the root [legh], [logh], lie, as in G. [laighe]: "under-lie", in a causative sense. , spite, malice, treachery, Ir. [fala]. See [fa\illig], [feall] for root. , orts (M`D.): , a scythe, really "man who works the scythe", a turfer, from [fa\l]: "scythe" properly is [iarunn fa\ladair]. , bare pasture (H.S.D. for Heb.): "turf-land", from [fa\l]. , a jest, irony, fun; see [fealla-dha\]. , an interment, funeral entertainment (Stew.) = [farair]? , an ambler, mare, Ir. [falaire], ambling horse; seemingly founded on Eng. [palfrey]. The form , exists, in the sese of "brood-mre" (M`Dougall's [Folk and Hero Tales]), leaning upon [a\l], brood, for meaning. Ir. [falaradh], to amble. , heath-burning, Ir. [folosg] (do.), E.Ir. [foloiscim], I burn slightly; from [fo] and [loisg], q.v. --page 162 , empty, Ir. [folamh], M.Ir. [folum], E.Ir. [folom], [folomm]; cf. O.W. [guollung], M.Br. [gollo], Br. [goullo]. Windisch derives the G. from [lom], bare, but the modern aspiration of [folamh] makes this derivation doubtful. Ernault refers the Br. to the root of Lat. [langueo]. , go , moving about, walking, waving, Ir. [foluamhain], bustling, running away, E.Ir. [folu/amain], flying; see [fo] and [luainech]. O.Ir. [fulumain], volubilis, allied to Lat. [volvo], Eng. [wallow], would suit the phonetics best, but it does not appear in the later dialects. The verb [falbh] is made from [falbhan]. Hennessey referred the G. to [falamh], empty. Cf. E.Ir. [falmaigim], empty, quit (Zim.). , the young of live stock, a follower as a calf or foal; from the Sc. [follower], a foal, Eng. [follower]. , common auk, (Heb.); from Norse [a/lka], Eng. [auk]. , dry meal put on cakes: , healthy, Ir. [falla/in], E.Ir. [folla/n]; for [fo]+[sla\n], q.v. , false (M`D.), Ir., M.Ir. [fallsa]; from the Lat. [falsus]. , a mantle, so Ir., M.Ir. [fallaing], Latinised form [phalingis] (Geraldus), dat.pl., W. [ffaling]; from Lat. [palla], mantle, [pallium]. Cf. O.Fr. [pallion], M.Eng. [pallioun]. M.E. [falding], sort of coarse cloth (Hend.). , sweat, Ir. [fallus], [allus], O.Ir. [allas]: [*jasl], root [jas], [jes], seethe, yeast, W. [jas], what pervades, Br. [goell] (= [vo-jes-l]), leaven; Eng. [yeast], [zeal]; Gr. @G[ze/w], boil. , the tiller: "helm-worker", from , helm, from Norse [hja/lm], helm. See [failm]. , a kind of fish (H.S.D. for Heb.), , herring hake: , kneepan: , hair, Ir. [folt], O.Ir. [folt], W. [gwallt], Cor. [gols], caesaries, O.Br. [guolt], [*valto-s] (Stokes), root [vel], cover; Lat. [vellus], fleece, [la/na], wool, Gr. @G[la/sios], hairy (= [vlatios]); Eng. [wool]; Lit. [velti], hairs, threads. Stokes compares only Russ. [voloti@u], thread, Lit. [waltis], yarn, Gr. @G[la/sios]. Same root as [olann], wool, [*vel], [*vol], [*ul]. , a tendon, snood; for [altan], from [alt]. , a giant, Ir. [fomhor], pirate, giant, E.Ir. [fomo/r], [fomo/rach], a Fomorian, a mythic race of invaders of Ireland; [*fo-mo/r], "sub-magnus" (Zimmer). Stokes refers the [-mor], [-morach], to the same origin as [mare] of [nightmare], Ger. [mahr], nightmare. Rhys interprets the name as "sub-marini", taking [mor] from the root of [muir], sea. The [o/] of [mo/r], if it is long (for it is rarely so marked) is against these last two derivations. , , hurry, confusion (Arg.): --page 163 , , a mole, (Lh.), W. [gwadd], Corn. [god], Br. [goz]; M.Eng. [wont], talpa. Dialectic . , stay, Ir. [fanaim], O.Ir. [anaim]; root [an], breathe, exist, as in [anam], [anail]: "gabhail anail" = taking rest. Stokes suggests [an] = [m@.m], root [men], remain, Lat. [maneo], Gr. @G[me/nw], a phonetic change not yet proved for Gaelic. W. [di-anod], without delay. , mockery, Ir. [fonomhad], E.Ir. [fonomat]: [*vo-nom-anto-], root [nem], take, for which see [na\mhad]. , dog violet (H.S.D. quoting O'R.), Ir. [fanaigse] (O'R.): from [pansy]? , a void space; from Lat. [vanus]. , a sheep-pen, fank; from Sc. [fank]. , a vulture, Ir. [fang], raven. , faint, Ir., E.Ir. [fann], W., Br. [gwan], Cor. [guan], debilis, [*vanno-s], root [va^], [ven], spoil, wound; Got. [wunns], affliction, [winnan], to suffer, Eng. [wound], [wan]; Gr. @G[a@'/te], infatuation, etc. Others have connected it with Lat. [vannus] and with Eng. [want]. [fannan-feo\ir], weak breeze (M`D.). , fishing with a feathered hook (H.S.D. for Heb.): , an excrescence, knob, piece, Ir. [fadhb] (Lh.++), O.Ir. [odb], obex, W. [oddf]: [*ud-bhv-o-], "out-growth", root [bhu], be (see [bu]). Stokes gives a Celtic [*odbo/s], from [e@dhgo-s], [ozgo-s](?), allied to Gr. @G[o@'/shc], twig? Lat. [obex]; or to Lit. [u@odega], tail. Lide/n equates Lat. [offa], a ball. Stokes now @G[o@'sfu/s]. , booty, Ir. [fadhbhaim], I despoil, O.Ir. [fodb], exuvias: [*vodvo-], from I.E. [vedh], slay, thrust; Skr. [vadh], slay; Gr. @G[w@'qe/w], push. The root may be [vedh], pledge, Gr. @G[a@'/eqlon], war prize, Eng. [wager]. , the common cuttle-fish (Heb.). , edge, so Ir., E.Ir. [faebur], O.Ir. [faibur], machera, sword, [*vaibro-s], Lat. [vibro], vibrate, brandish, Lit. [wyburti], wag (Stokes). Cf. further W. [gwaew], pl. [gweywyr], a lance. , , a periwinkle, Ir. [faocho/g], M.Ir. [faecho/g]; cf. W. [gwichiad]. , curve (Carm.): , a favourable crisis in sickness, relief; see [faothaich]. , entreat earnestly, strive, inf. (M`A., Arg.): , knave (Carm.): , , may, Ir. [fe/adaim], I can, E.Ir. [fe/taim], can, [se/tar], [seitir], potest, [*svento^]; Got. [swin@ths], strong, Ag.S. [swi/@dh] (do.), Norse [svinnr], clever, Ger. [geschwind], swift (Stokes). , goods found by chance or lost, waif: "foundling", E.Ir. [e/taim], I find, [*pento^], Eng. [find]. See [eudail]. , ford, a narrow channel fordable at low water, a hollow in the sand retaining tide water: from N. [va@dhill], a shallow, a place where straits can be crossed, Shet [vaadle], Eng. [wade]. --page 164 , , , starting of game, hunting: , a sound; see rather [foghar]. , , begging, asking of aid in corn, etc., M.Ir. [faigde], O.Ir. [foigde], mendicatio, [*fo-guide]; from [fo] and [guidhe], beg, q.v. , liberal, hospitable, Ir. [faoilidh], joyful, O.Ir. [fa/ilidh], blithe, [*va^leti-s], allied to [fa/ilt], welcome (Stokes). Hence , welcome, delight. Root, [*vil], Gr. @G[i@`laro/s], gay? , , a sea-gull, Ir. [faoilea/n], O.Ir. [faoilenn], W. [gwylan], Br. [gwelan], whence Fr. [goe@"land] and Eng. [gull]. For root, Stokes compares Eng. [wail]. , , the month extending from the middle of January to the middle of February, Ir. [faoillidh] (do.), [faoilleach] (do.), holidays, Carnival. The idea is "Carnival" or month of rejoicing; from [faoilidh]. Usually referred to [faol], wolf: "wolf-month". Cf. [fe/ill]. February in Ir. = [mi/ na Fe/ile Bri/ghde]. , vain, void, Ir. [faon], M.Ir. [faen], weak: , unhusk, , a filbert, unhusked nut, O.Ir. [a/esc], concha, [aesc], classendix, Lat. [aesculus]? (Stokes). Cf. W. [gweisgion], husks, [gweisgioni], to husk. , , confession, Ir. [faoisdin], O.Ir. [fo/istiu], [*vo-sestamtion-] (Stokes), [furoissestar], confessus: [fo] and [seasamh], q.v. Cf. Gr. @G[u@`fi/stcmi], submit. ++, , a wolf, so Ir., E.Ir. [fa/el], [fael-chu/], W. [gweilgi], the sea ("wild dog"), [*vailo-s]; Arm. [gail]. , a stony beach (Heb.): "the beach", [va@dhlinn]. , learning; see [foghlum]. , fainting from closeness or excitement, falling (Lewis); from [aomadh]. , wandering, exposure, O.Ir. [airndrethach], errantia [= [air-ind-reth-]; G. is for [fo-ind-reth-], root [ret], run, of [ruith], q.v. For [ind], see [ionn-]. , getting, E.Ir. [foemaim], I receive, root [em], grasp, hold, Lat. [emo]. G. is for [*vo-em-tin-]. , relieve, be relieved from fever, etc., Ir. [faothamh], recovery after a crisis, alleviation: [*fo-tha\mh]? , upon, (), where, Ir. [mar a n-], where; from [mar] and rel., not from [for]. , with, , with me, Ir. [a bh-farradh], with (lit. "in company of", with gen.). See [farradh] and [mar ri]. , freight (a ship), Ir. [faraim], [faraighim], [farthadh] or [faradh], a freight: , bring; see [fair]. --page 165 , over; see [far], upon, and [air] (b). , nick-name; , listening, etc. , death watch beetle: "hammerer"; from [fairche], hammer, Ir. [farachan], a hammer (also Gaelic, Wh.). The possibility of its being from [faire] must not be overlooked. , a roost, Ir. [faradh] (do.), E.Ir. [forud], a bench, seat, shelf: [*for-sud], root [sed], seat, as in [suidhe], q.v. Cf. W. [gor-sedd], a seat. E.Ir. [forad], platform [*ver-podo-]. , a cooper's wedge; see [fairce]. , a visit, inquiry for health; from [far] or [for] and [-ell-], [-eln-], go, root [el], as in Lat. [amb-ulare], Gr. @G[e@'lqei@nn]. See further under [tadhal]. ; see [forair]. , lykewake: , easy, gentle, Ir. [farasda], [forasda], solid, reasonable, "staid": [*for-asda]; for [asda], see [fasdadh]. [farasda] is confused with [furasda], q.v. , a lid; from [far-bheul], "super-os", from [beul], mouth. , a stranger; from [falbhalach], from [falbh]? , a surmise; [*far-meas], from [meas], judge. Cf. [eirmis]. , noise: , a mansion, hearth, home; cf. [dachaidh]. , alder bark for dyeing black (H.S.D., Dial.), lye, or any colour in liquid (M`A.); from [far] and [dath]? , delay, M.Ir. [fordall], staying, E.Ir. [fordul]: , a farthing, Ir. [fardi/n]; from the Eng. , lintel, Ir. [fa/rdorus], E.Ir. [fordorus], porch, W. [gwarddrws], lintel; from [for], [far] and [dorus]. , a warning (H.S.D.); see root in [fathunn]: [*vor-svon]. , a report: [*vor-gar], root [gar] as in [goir]. , chimney or roof-light, E.Ir. [forle/s]; from [for] and [leus], q.v. Cf. [a\rlas]. , a sand lark (H.S.D., Dial.): , envy, Ir. [formad], O.Ir. [format]: [*for-mad], the [mad] being for [mento-] ([*ver-mento-], Stokes), root [men], Lat. [mens], Eng. [mind]. See [dearmad]. , a large pitcher (Heb.): , refuse of straw or hay (H.S.D., M`E.); cf. [rapas]. , strife, : , off! be off! , violence, Ir. [farrach], [forrach]; see [farran]. ++, company, vicinity, M.G. [na warri] (D.of L.), Ir. [farradh], E.Ir. [farrad], [i fharrad], near, O.Ir. [in arrad]; from [ar-sod-], "by-seat", root [sod], [sed], sit, as in [suidhe]. Hence Ir. compound prep. [a bh-farradh]; and from the same source comes the G. [mar ri], q.v. --page 166 , litter in a boat: , a ledge (Arran), = [faradh], [dh] hardened. , ask, inquire; (Perth), which suggests [fo-gar-t], root [gar], speak. Cf. [iarr]. , , anger, force, Ir. [farra/n], vexation, anger, [forra/n], oppression, M.Ir. [forra/n], destruction, E.Ir. [forranach], destructive. Hence G. , great, stout, Ir. [farra/nta] (O'B.). Also . The root seems to mean "superiority"; root [vers], [vors], as in [fea\rr], q.v.? , a peeling, inner rind; M.Ir. [forrusc]; from [for] and [ru\sg], q.v. , pinnacle; from [far] and [rinn]. , wide; better [fairsing], q.v. , , , a seagull: , noise, Ir. [fothrum], E.Ir. [fothrom], [fothrond], W. [godornn], tumultuous nois (Hend.); for [fo-thorm], from [toirm]. Stokes suggest [fo-thrond], from [torann]. The roots are allied in either case. , grow, Ir. [fa/saim], O.Ir. [a/saim], [fa/saim], root [aux], [au@g], increase, Lat. [augeo], Gr. @G[au@'/xw], Eng. [eke], [wax]. Stokes and Strachan refer [fa/s] to a stem [(p)a^t-to-], [pa/t], [pat], eat, feed, Gr. @G[pate/omai], eat, Eng. [feed], [food]. Lat. [pasco], [pastum]. , empty, waste, , a desert, Ir. [fa/s], [fa/sach], O.Ir. [fa/s], [fa/as], vanus, [fa/sach], desert: [*va^sto-s], a waste; Lat. [vastus], vastare; Eng. [waste], Ger. [wu@"ste]. Hence , refuse of grain: "waste". [fa/sach], desert, is neuter, see M`A. pref. VIII. , harness, girth-saddle; see [asair]. , fashion; from the Eng. , hiring, binding, Ir. [fastogh], hiring, see [foisteadh]. , , a dwelling, E.Ir. [fastud], holding fast, vb. [astaim], [fastaim], O.Ir. [asstai], moratur, [adsaitis], residentes, [*ad-sod-], root [sed], [sod] of [suidhe] (Thur.). W. [eistedd], sitting, is for [*ex-sod-ijo]. It is possible to refer [astaim] to [*ad-sta^-], root [sta], stand, Lat. [sto]; the [-asda] of [farasda], "staid", seems from it (cf. [tairis]). , shelter, Ir. [fosgadh], O.Ir. [foscad], umbra: [*fo-sca/th], "sub-umbra"; see [sga\th], shade. , a picking or cleansing off of vermin. See [faisg]. [fasgnadh]? , winnowing, , , corn-fan, Ir. [fasgnaim], I purge. , difficulty, embarrassment: , a mole; see [famh]. , vista (Carm.): --page 167 , a cause, reason, Ir. [fath], [fa/th], E.Ir. [fa/th], [*va^t-u-]; root [va^t] as in [fa\ith]? See next.>> , a degree of fear, awe, a warning; also : [*fo-ted-mess-], root of [meas], [tomhas], etc. , occasion, opportunity: [*fo-tad-mess-], see [amas]. , , coltsfoot, Ir. [fatha/n] (O'R.): , trifling, silly: , , bathe, Ir. [fothrugaim], O.Ir. [fothraicim], [fothaircthe], balnearum, [fothrucud], a bath, [*vo-tronkatu-] (Stokes), W. [trochi], mergere, balneare, Br. [go-zronquet]; Lit. [trinkti], wash, bathe (Bez.). , yet, M.Ir., E.Ir. [fodesta], [fodechtsa], for [fo-fect-sa], the [d] being otiose and caused by analogy (Zim., Zeit.@+[30] 21). Atkinson suggests with a query [fo'nd(fh)echt-sa]. The root word is [fecht], time: "under this time, sub hoc tempus". See [feachd], time. Hence also (= [i fecht-sa]). , news, floating rumour, (Dial.): [*vo-svon], root [sven], sound (see [tabhann]), or root [bon], [ban], Eng. [ban], O.Ir. [atboind], proclaims? , , (, ), a calm, M.Ir. [feith], E.Ir. [fe/th], O.Ir. [fe/th], Gadelic root [vei], [*ve-jo-], root [ve], [ve^], blow, Gr. @G[a@'c/r], air, (whence Eng. [air]), Ger. [wehen], to blow, Eng. [wind], especially [weather] (root [vet]) for the G. sense. , , goodness, "betterness", Ir. [feabhus], O.Ir. [febas], superiority, [feib], distincion, [*visus], g. [vesv-ia/s] (Thur., Zeit.@+[28] 149, and Brug.), from [vesu-] or [vesv-], as in [fiu\], q.v. Stokes doubtfully compares Lat. [vigeo], Eng. [vigour] (Bez. Beit.@+[19] 75). , an army, host, expedition, Ir. [feachd], an expedition, E.Ir. [fecht] ([ar fecht agus sluagad]), W. [gwaith], action, work. This Zimmer refers to O.Ir. [fichim], I fight (Lat. [vinco], Got. [veihan], root [viq]), as well as ++, time, Ir. [feachd], E.Ir. [fecht], [oenfhecht], once, W. [gwaith], turn, [vicem]. Stokes separates the latter (, time, E.Ir. [fecht], journey), giving as stem [vekta^], root [vegh] (Lat. [veho], Eng. [waggon]); for [fecht], campaign, hosting, he gives the Celtic [vikta^], root [viq], as Zimmer does. The words seem, as Stokes has it, from two roots, but now they are indistinguishably mixed. Osthoff regards [feachd], time, as allied to Lat. [vices]; see [fiach]. , a whistle, Ir. [fead], M.Ir. [fet-], [feta/n], a flute, a whistle, W. [chwythell], a whistle, [chwyth], a blast, breath, [*wviddo-], [*svizdo-], Lat. [sibilus], Eng. [sibilant]. See further under [se/id]. , lenght, extent, so Ir.; see [eadh]. , people, some people, troop, Ir. [feadhainn], E.Ir. [fedain], company, [cobeden] conjugatio, W. [gwedd], team, yoke, root [ved], I.E. [vedh], Eng. [wed], Lat. [vas], [vadis], surety, Skr. [vi-vadha/], shoulder-yoke. --page 168 , (M`A. , itch, hives; it also means "worm" (see [fiolan]), M.Ir. [filu/n], glandular disease, [fiolu/n saith], anthrax, malignant struma, all which Stokes takes from L.Lat. [fello], strumae. , treachery, Ir. [feall], E.Ir. [fell] (*velno-], W. [gwall], defect, Br. [goall] (do.), Cor. [gal], malus, malum, Br. [gwall] (do.), root [vel], cheat; Lit. [ap-vilti], [vilio/ti], cheat, Lett. [wila/t], deceitful; Norse [ve/l], a deceit, wile, Eng. [wile]; Zend [vareta], error. Stokes hesitates between the above and [vel] from [u(p)el], Got. [ubils], Eng. [evil]. , joking, irony: [*feall]+[dha\], "double-dealing". , philosopher, Ir. [feallsamhnach], [feallsamh], philosopher, O.Ir. [felsub]; from Lat. [philosophus]. , groos, dirty (Sh., O'R.): from [feam], tail, as in [feaman]. , sea-weed, Ir. [feamuin], E.Ir. [femnach], W. [gwymon], Fr. [goe@"mon], [*vit-s-ma/ni-], root [vi], [vei], wind, as in [fe\ith], vein? Stokes gives the stem as [vemma^ni-] ([vembani-]?), which suggests [*ve@gvo-], root [ve@g], as in [feur]. , a tail, Ir. [feam], M.Ir. [feam], mentula, Manx [famman]; also G. , [*engvo-], Lat. [inguen], groin. , flay: , skinning, excessive cold; see [fionnadh]. The idea of "cold" is metaphorical. E.Ir. [fennaim], I skin, is referred by Stokes to the root of Eng. [wound]: he gives the stem as [*venvo-]. , hooded crow, Ir. [feanno/g], [fionno/g]: cf. [fionna], pile, for root: "piled crow"? , a lazy-bed; older [fennoc], trench: from [feann], flay. , a man, Ir. [fear], O.Ir. [fer], W. [gwr], O.W. [gur], Corn. [gur], Br. [gour], [*viro-s] (Rhys thinks the Celtic start was [ver]: cf. W. [gwr] = [ver], super, and G. [eadh], O.Ir. [ed] = Lat. [id], etc.): Lat. [vir]; Ag.S. [wer], Norse [verr], Eng. [werwolf]; Lit. [wy/ras]; Skr. [vi^ra]. , land, so Ir., E.Ir. [ferand], also [ferenn], a girdle, garter, root [vera], enclose, look after; Skr. [varan@.a/], well, dam, [vr@.n@.oti], cover, enclose; Gr. @G[e@'rusqai], draw, keep; Ch.Sl. [vre^ti], claudere: further Lat. [vereor], Eng. [ware]. , wrath, so Ir., E.Ir. [ferg], O.Ir. [ferc], [ferg], [*verga^]; Gr. @G[o@'rgc/]; root [vergo], swell, be puffed up. Hence , provocation. , alder tree, Ir. [fearn], [fearno/g], E.Ir. [fern], [fernog], W. [gwern], Corn. [gwernen], Gaul. [verno-], Fr. [verne], [*verno-]; Gr. @G[e@'rnia], wild figs (? Bez.). , better, Ir. [fea/rr], O.Ir. [ferr], [*vers], [*ver(i)s], a comparative in [-is] from the prep. [ver] (= G. [far], [for], super); now comparative --page 169 for [math], but evidently once for [fern], good, [*verno-s], Lat. [supernus] (cf. [-no-] of [magnus] disappearing in [major], and [-ro-] of Celtic [ma^ros] in G. [mo\]). Stokes refers [ferr] to [vers], raise, [*uersos-], height, top; Lat. [verruca], steep place, Lit. [wirzu\s], top, Skr. [varshman-], height, [va/rshi^yas], higher. Cf. W. [goreu], best (= Lat. [supremus]). , a spindle, Ir. [fearrsaid], M.Ir. [fersaid], [*versatti-], [*verttati-], W. [gwerthyd], Cor. [gurthit], O.Br. [guirtilon], fusis, M.Br. [guerzit], root [vert], turn; Lat. [verto^], [vortex]; Ger. [werden], to be, Eng. [worth], be, M.H.G. [wirtel], spindle ring. Skr. [va/rtate], turn, roll, [vartula^], spindle ball. , thrift or sea gilly-flower; from ovs. , estuary, sand-bank, passage across at ebb-tide, whence place-name [Fersit], and in Ireland [Belfast]; for root se [feart]. , attention, notice; Br. [gortos], to attend, root [vert], [vort]; Ger. [warten], attend, Eng. [ward], from [ware], Nor. [var@dha], ward. An extension of root [ver], watch, Lat. [vereor], etc. , a virtue, efficiency, deed, Ir. [feart], O.Ir. [firt], pl. [ferta], W. [gwyrth]; from Lat. [virtus] (Windisch, Stokes). ++, a grave, Ir. [feart], O.Ir. [fert], tumulus, [*verto-]; root [ver], cover, enclose, which see under [fearann]. Cf. Skr. [vr@.ti], enclosure, hedge. , rain, Ir. [fearthuinn], E.Ir. [ferthain], inf. to [feraim], I pour, give, [*verao^], rain: Lat. [u^ri/na], urine, Gr. @G[ou@`@nron] (do.): Norse [u/r], a drizzle, Ag.S. [wa@"r], sea; Skr. [va@-/ri], water, Zend, [va^ra], rain. See [do\irt]. , shrivelling, so Ir. (O'R.): , , for ever, Ir. [feasda], henceforward, E.Ir. [festa], [ifesta], now, from this point forward, [i fecht-sa]; from [feachd] by metathesis of the [s]. See [fathast]. , evening, Ir. [feascar], O.Ir. [fescor], [*vesqero-], W. [ucher], [*eksero-] for [*esqero-]; Lat. [vesper]; Gr. @G[e@`spe/ros]. , slight breeze; see [feothachan]. , generosity, hospitality, Ir. [fe/ile], E.Ir. [fe/le]; from [fial], q.v. ++, charm, incantation, E.Ir. [e/le], [he/le], [mo fhele]; from Norse [heill], auspice, omen, Eng. [hale], etc.; allied to O.Ir. [ce/l], augurium, W. [coel], omen, O.W. [coil] (Zim., Zeit.@+[33] 147). For G. [fe/ile], see [Inv. Gaelic Soc. Tr. @+[17] 243]. Stokes regards Zimmer's derivation from N. a failure, and compares W. [wylo], wail, weep, as Ir. [amor], music = W. [afar], grief, and G. [ceo\l] = Ger. [heulen], howl. Rhys cfs. W. [eli], oil, ointment. , , a kilt, E.Ir., O.Ir. [fi/al], velum: O.Ir. [ronfeladar], he might clothe us; from Lat. [ve^lum], a covering, [ve^lare], Eng. [veil]. In Islay, Jura, etc., it is [an t-sibhleadh]. McL. and D. --page 170 also give [e/ibhleadh]. Hend. questions if Lat. See [uanfebli] in Fled Br. 68. Root [sveil] as in [fill], [spaoil], etc? , a fair, feast, Ir. [fe/il], festival, holiday, O.Ir. [fe/il], W. [gwyl], festum, Br. [goel], [*vegli-]; Lat. [vigilia], Gr. [veille], a watch, vigil, Eng. [vigil], [wake]. The Celtic words are borrowed from Lat. (Windisch, Stokes). Hence [fe/illire], an almanack. , self, Ir., O.Ir. [fe/in], [*sve-j-sin], "self there", [*sve-j], [*sve], Pruss. [swaiss], Ch.Sl. [svoji@u]; Lat. [suus], [se@-]; Gr. @G[e@`/], @G[o@`/s]. Zeuss explains [fe/in], as [be/-shin], "quod sit hoc", [be/] being the verb to be. This explanation is due to the divers forms of the O.Ir. word for "self, selves": [fe/sine] (= [be/-sin-e/], sit id hoc), [fe/sin], [fadesin] (= [bad-e/-sin]), [fode/n], etc. , g. , the Fingalians, Ir. [Fe/inne], [Fiann], E.Ir. [fi/ann], [*veinna^], also E.Ir. [fi/an], a hero, [*veino-s], root [vein], strive; Lat. [ve^nari], hunt; Skr. [ve/nati], go, move, desire. Zimmer takes the word from Norse [fja/ndi], an enemy (Eng. [fiend], which he supposes the Irish tropps called themselves after the Norsemen. , a farm, Ir. [feilm]; from m.Eng. [ferme], Eng. [farm]. , , a feast; better [feusd], q.v. , wait, Ir. [feithim], E.Ir. [fethim], inf. [fethem] (= G. ), [*veto^], root [vet]; Lat. [vetus], old, Eng. [veteran]; Gr. @G[e@'/tos], year; Eng. [wether] ("yearling"). , a sinew, a vein, Ir., O.Ir. [fe/ith], fibra, [*veiti-s], root [vei], [vi], wind, bend; Lat. [vi^nem], with, [vi^tis], a vine; Gr. @G[i@'te/a] (long @G[i]), willow; Eng. [withe]; Lit. [vy/tis], willow-wand, Ch.Sl. [viti], res torta; Skr. [vayati], weave, flecto. The W. shows a stem [*vitta^], vein, W. [gwythen], Br. [gwazen], Cor. [guid-]; cf. Lat. [vitta], fillet. Hence , a bog channel (Ir. [fe/th], a marsh, bog-stream), and , honeysuckle, M.Ir. [feithlend], woodbine, W. [gwyddfid] (do.). , a bird or beast of prey (M`A.), Ir. [feithide], Ir. [feithide], a beast: , corn-thistle, thistle (Arm., H.S.D.), Ir. [feochadan] (O'R.), [feo/thada/n] (O'B.), and [feo/tha/n]. Cf. [fobhannan]. , the pole-cat, Ir. [feochullan] (Fol., O'R. has [feocullan] like Sh.). Cf. Sc. [fethok], [fithowe], pole-cat, M.Eng. [ficheu], now [fitchew]. , pith, puff () - Dial.; [feodharan], root, [*vet], [vetu-]? , goodness; see [feabhas]. , pewter, Ir. [pe/atar], W. [ffeutar]; from the Eng. [pewter]. , decay, Ir. [feodhaim], M.Ir. [feodaigim], wither: "senesco"; [*vetu-], root [vet], as in Lat. [vetus], G. [feith]? O.Ir. [feugud], W. [gwyw], Lat. [vietus]; [*vivagatu]? , flesh, Ir. [feoil], E.Ir. [feo/il], O.Ir. [feu/il], [*vepoli-s]; Skr. [vapa^], fat, [va/pus], body, form? --page 171 , a farthing land, ; from Ag.S. [feor@thling], Eng. [farthing]. , chess, Ir. [feoirne] (Sh., O'R., Fol.): , a squirrel, Ir. [feoro/g] (Sh., O'R., Fol.), W. [gwiwer], Br. [gwiber]; Lit. [vovere@?], Lettic [wa^weris], Pruss. [weware]; Lat. [viverra], ferret (Pliny). , inquire, (Kintyre Dial.), Ir. [fiafruighim], O.Ir. [iarfaigim]: [*iar-fach], prep. [iar] and [fach], E.Ir. [faig], dixit, [*vako^], say; Lat. [voco^], call, [vox], voice; Skr. [vac], say. The [r] of G. and modern Ir. has shifted to behind the [f], while a prothetic [f] is added. , a firlot; see [feo\irling]. , (Arran), a little breeze; root [vet], as in [onfhadh]. , , behold, see, try, Ir. [feuch], [fe/ach], E.Ir. [fe/chaim], [fe/gaim], [*veiko^]; Gr. [ei@'kw/n], image (Eng. [iconoclastic]), @G[eo@'/ika], I seem, @G[ei@'kazw], conjecture; Skr. [vic@?], appear, arrive. , may, can; see [faod]. , cattle; usual spelling of [eudail], q.v. , <'s fheudar>, it is necessary, M.Ir. [is eidir], it is possible, for [is ed fhe/tir], it is what is possible. [feudar] is the pres. pass. of [feud], may. In G. the "may" has become "must". The negative, , is common in E.Ir. as [ni fhe/tir], [ni e/tir], cannot be. , use, need, Ir. [feidhm], pl. [feidhmeanna], need, use, duty, need-service of a vassal, E.Ir. [feidm], effort, [*ve/des-men-], "need-service"; root [ved], as in [feadhainn]. Hence , a steward: "a servitor". , a waggon, wain, O.Ir. [fe/n], W. [cywain], vehere, [*vegno-], root [vegh], carry; Lat. [veho], [vehiculum], vehicle; Gr. @G[o@'/hos], chariot; Eng. [waggon], [wain]; Skr. [vahati], carry. , , grass, Ir. [feur], O.Ir. [fe/r], W. [gwair], Cor. [gwyr], [*vegro-], I.E. root [ve@g], increase, be strong; Lat. [vegeo], quicken, [vigor], vigour, Eng. [vegetation]; Ag.S. [wacan], nasci, Eng. [waken]. Strachan and Stokes refer it to the root [ve@g], [u@g], be wet, moist, Lat. [uvidus], moist, Eng. [humour], Gr. @G[u@`gro/s], wet, Norse [vo@"kr], moist; but judged by the Latin, the Celtic should be [vebro-], which would not give W. [gwair]. , a canker, , a worm in the hide of cattle: , , a beard, Ir. [fe/uso/g], [fe/aso/g], E.Ir. [fe/so/c], beard, [fe/s], hair, [*vanso], O.Pruss., [wanso], first beard, Ch.Sl. [vasu@u], beard. , , (, ), a feast, Ir. [fe/is], [feusda], E.Ir. [feiss]; from Lat. [festia], Eng. [feast]. --page 172 , , a mussel: , found, invent, Ir. [fuair], O.Ir. [fu/ar], inveni, [frith], inventus est, [*vovora], root [ver]; Gr. @G[eu@`@nron], I found, @G[eu@`/rcka] (Strachan, Prellwitz). The root [ver] is likely that found in Gr. @G[o@`ra/w], I see, Lat. [vereor], Eng. [ware]. , a fever, Ir., M.Ir. [fiabhrus]; from Lat. [febris]. , a tooth, Ir., O.Ir. [fiacail]. There is an E.Ir. [fec] for [fe/c], a tooth, a stem [*veikka^]: , value, worth; see next.>> , , debt, value, Ir. [fiach], O.Ir. [fi/ach], [*veico-], Lat. [vices], change, Ger. [wechsel], exchange, Skr. [vishti/], changing, in turn (Osthoff). This is the right derivation. , a deer, Ir. [fiadh, E.Ir. [fi/ad], O.Ir. [fi/adach], venatio, W. [gwydd], Br. [guez], [goez], savage, [*veido-s], wild; O.H.G. [weide], a hunt, Ger. [weide], pasturage, Norse [vei@dhr], hunting; further is G. [fiodh], wood, Eng. [wood]. Hence , wild. , invite, welcome (Skye): , lay or fallow land; from the above root of [fiadh]. Cf. Ger. [weide], pasture. Also G. , wild, Ir. [fiadha/in], wild, uncultivated. , generous, Ir. [fial], E.Ir. [fi/al], modest, W. [gwyl]. Bez. suggests [*veiplo-], Teutonic [vi^ba-], Ger. [weib], Eng. [wife]. Cf. Ir. [fialus], relationship. The underlying idea is "kindness, relationship". , awe, reverence, Ir. [fiamh], fear, reverence, ugly, horrible, E.Ir. [fiam], horrible: , aspect, appearance, trace, Ir. [fiamh], track, trace, chain, [fi/amh] (O'Cl.) = lorg, E.Ir. [fiam], a chain, [*veimo-], root [vei], wind, as in [fe/ith]. , (Arg.), a slight smile, is in Ir. [fa/etheadh an gha/ire], appearance of a smile, E.Ir. [fe/th], aspect. , peat cart; [carn-fianaidh] (Ross); see [feun]. , the Fingalians; see [fe/inn]. This is the real nom. case. , the black heath-berr; root [vein] as in the above word.>> , witness, a witness, Ir. [fiadhnuise], [fiadhan], a witness, O.Ir. [fiadnisse], testimony, [fiadu], acc. [fiadain], testem, [*veido^n], I.E. root [veid], [vid], know, see, as in [fios], q.v.; Ag.S. [witta], a witness, Eng. [witness], root, [wit], know. , crooked, Ir. [fiar], E.Ir. [fi/ar], W. [gwyr], Gr. [goar], [gwar], [*veiro-]; root [vei], wind as in [fe/ith]; Eng. [wire], Ag.S. [wi^r], wire. , , wild; a participial formation from [fiadh]. Also , so Ir. , quiet and sly (Skye): , calm; see [fe\]. --page 173 , an interjetion denoting "nasty"! Eng. [fie], Norse [fy/], Ger. [pfui]. Also Dial. , , which leans on Norse [fu/i], rottenness ("Cha bhi fuidh ach far am bi fa\ile"). , twenty, Ir. [fiche], [ar fhichid], O.Ir. [fiche], g. [fichet], W. [ugeint], [ugain], Cor. [ugens], [ugans], Br. [ugent], [*vikn@.s], [uikn@.tos]; Lat. [vi^ginti]; Gr. @G[ei@'/kosi]; Zend [vi^c@,aiti]. , a suggestion (H.S.D.): [*vid-dho-], root [vid], wit. , a small pipe, reed, flute, Ir. [fideo/g]; for root, see [fead]. Shaw also gives the meaning "small worm". M`L. has . , a green islet or spit uncovered at high tide, web of sea-clam (Isles); from the N. [fit], webbed foot of waterfowl, meadow land on the banks of firths or rivers, [fitja], to web, Eng. [fit]. , a fiddler; from [fiodhull]. Ir. [fidile/ir] is Eng. [fiddler] directly borrowed. Hence G. , restlessness; "fiddling" about. , know, consider, Ir. [fidir], knows, O.Ir. [fetar], scio, [fitir], novit, [*viddetor], [*vid-dho-] (the [-dho-] as in [creid], Windisch); root [vid], see, as in [fios]. Thurneysen explains it as [*videsar] (aorist stem [vides-]) becoming [vid-shar], but [d-sh] does not produce [t] or [d] without an [n] before it. , , a fig, Ir. [fi/ge]; from Lat. [fi^cus], Eng. [fig]. , weave, Ir. [fighim], E.Ir. [figim], O.W. [gueig], testrix, W. [gweu], to weave, Cor. [guiat], tela, Br. [twea], M.Br. [tweaff], [*vegio^]; Ger [wickeln], roll, wind, curl, [wieche], wick, Eng. [wick], Ag.S. [wecca] (Stokes). Usually referred to the root [vei], [vi], wind. , , a poet, Ir. [file], g. [filidh], O.Ir. [fili], g. [filed], [*velet-], "seer"; W. [gwelet], to see, Br. [guelet], sight, [*velo^]. Cf. Norse [vo@"lva], prophetess, sibyl. Old Germanic [Veleda], a prophetess (Tacitus). , fold, Ir. [fillim], fold, return, O.Ir. [fillim], flecto, [*velvo^]; Lat. [volvo], roll, [volumen], Eng. [volume]; Gr. @G[ei@'lu/w], envelop; Got. [af-valvjan], roll away, Eng. [wallow]. Cf. W. [olwyn], a wheel (Stokes). Windisch ([Curt. Et.]) suggests [vald] as root, allied to Norse [velta], roll, Got. [valtjan], Eng. [welter], Ger. [walze], roll, waltz. See especially [till]. , a collop: a "roll"; from [fill]. , a tribe, kindred, Ir., O.Ir. [fine], O.Br. [coguenou], indigena, [*venja^], kinship; Norse [vinr], a friend, Ag.S. [wine], O.H.G. [wini] (do.); I.E. root [ven], love, Lat. [Venus], [veneror], Eng. [venerate], Skr. [van], love. , fine, elegant, Ir. [fi/nealta]; cf. M.Ir. [fi/n-] in [Fi/nscothach], fair-flowered, [Fin-shnechta], bright-snow, root [sve/n]; Gr. @G[c@'noy], bright (Stokes for M.Ir.). --page 174 , jet (m`D., M`A.), , black as jet (M`E.): , end; from Lat. [finit], the colophon of so may tales when written. , wise, so Ir. (Lh., Sh., H.S.D., which gives C.S. as authority): , a maiden (Arm., M`A., M`E.): "fairness, beauty"; from [fionn] ([*vindia^]). , a buzzard. ++, wrath, Ir. [fi/och], E.Ir. [fi/ch], feud, I.E. [*veiqo-], fight; Got. [veihan], strive, O.H.G. [wi^gan], fight; Lat. [vinco]. Hence , angry. , wood, so Ir., O.Ir. [fid], W. [guid], [gwydd], [gwydden] (sing.), Corn. [guiden], Br. [gwezenn], tree, [gwez], trees, Gaul. [vidu-] [*vidu-]; Eng. [wood], Ag.S. [wudu], O.H.G. [witu]. Hence ++, chess play, E.Ir. [fidchell], W. [gwyddbwyll], "wood-sense", from [fiodh] and [ciall]. Also , wild fig, , cheese-vat. , an impetuous rush forward (Heb.): , a fiddle, E.Ir. [fidil], from Low Lat. [vitula], whence Fr. [viola], Eng. [viol], [violin]. Cf. Eng. [fiddle], from Med.Lat. [fidula], Lat. [fidis]. , a figure, Ir. [fi/oghair], M.Ir. [figur]; from Lat. [figura]. , a field-mouse (Arran.): , , an earwig, nesscock, W. [chwil], beetle, [chwiler], maggot, Br. [c'houil]; Gr. @G[si/lfc], cockroach, Eng. [sylph]. Cf. [feallan]. , a giant (Sh.); from [fiamh]. , wine, Ir. [fi/on], O.Ir. [fi/n], W., Cor., Br. [gwin]; from Lat. [vinum]. , a mite, insect, a miser, Ir. [fineo/g], a mite in cheese, etc.: , white, Ir. [fionn], O.Ir. [find], W. [gwyn], Corn. [guyn], Br. [gwenn], Gaul. [vindo-], [*vindo-], a nasalised form of root [vid], [veid], see, as in [fios]. Cf. Servian [vidny/], clear. , to, against, Ir. [fionn-], [ionn-], O.Ir. [ind-]; see [ionn-]. , , hair, pile, Ir. [fionnadh], E.Ir. [finda], [findfad], O.Ir. [finnae], pilorum, [*ves-nia^], root [ves], clothe, Lat. [vestis], Eng. [vestment]. Stokes has compared it to Lat. [villus], hair, which he takes from [*vin-lus], but which is usually referred to the root [vel] of [vellus], [lana], etc. The [-fad] of E.Ir. is for [*vida], aspect, W. [gwedd], root [vid], see. , refreshment: "coolness", [*ionn-fhuachd]: cf. [fionnar]. , grasshopper, Ir. [finni/n feoir] (O'R.): , a watching: [*ind-faire]; see [fionn-], to, and [faire]. , cool, Ir. [fionnfhuar], M.Ir. [indfhuar]; from [fionn-], and [fuar]. , parsley (M`L.): --page 175 , randk grass, downy beard (H.S.D.): ++, (white) bronze, E.Ir. [findruine], white bronze: [*find(b)ruine (Hend.), Eng. [bronze]. , grandson's grandson, Ir. [fionnu/a]; from [fionn-], ad-, and [ogha]. , a romance, Ir. [finnsgeul]; from [fionn-] and [sgeul]: [ande-sqetlon]. , true, Ir. [fi/or], O.Ir. [fi/r], W. [gwir], O.W. [guir], Br. [gwir], [*ve^ro-]; Lat. [ve^rus]; Ger. [wahr]. Root [ver], [vor], [var], see, as in Eng. [beware], [ward]. Before the noun the word is . Hence , righteous man, O.Ir. [fi/rian], W. [gwirion], [*ve^ria^no-s]. , knowledge, Ir. [fios], O.Ir. [fiss], [*vid-tu-], root [vid], [veid], know; Lat. [video], see; Gr. @G[ei@'@ndon], @G[i@'dei@nn], saw, @G[oi@'@nda], know, Got. [vitan], watch, Eng. [wit]; Skr. [vid], know, [vetti], to know. Hence , knowing. , the northern lights; see [fear] and [clis]. , backgammon men: , interjection - "what a pother"; from the Sc. [fiery-fary], bustle. , hill ground, mountain: cf. [fearann], root [*ver]. , a ferret, Ir. [fire/ad]; from the Eng. , an eagle, Ir. [fi/r-e/n]: "true-bird"; from [fi\or] and [eun]. So in E.Ir. [fi/r-iasc] is the salmon. So in Reay Country (Rob.). , male, so Ir.; E.Ir. [firend]; from [fear]. , interjection - noise of things breaking, talking secretly. , a raven, Ir., O.Ir. [fiach]; this is a dissylable, [*vivo-ko-]; the phonetics being those of [biadh]. Stokes gives [*veijako-s] or [*veivako-s]. It is still distantly allied to Ger. [weihe]. , dulse, so Ir. (Lh., O'B., etc.): , worthy, Ir. [fiu/], O.Ir. [fiu/], W. [gwiw], Cor. [guiu], O.Br. [uuiu], Gaul. [vesu-], [*vesu-], [ve^su-], good; Skr. [va/su], good; root [ves], be, Eng. [was]. Some give [*visu] ([*vi^su-]) as the stem, Gr. @G[i@'/sos], like (= [visvo-s]), Skr. [vishu], @aeque. Hence , a prince, valiant chief, Ir. [fiu/bhas], dignity; also , generous, Ir. [fiughantach], [fiu/ntach] (Keat.), worthy. , expectation, E.Ir. [fiugrad], praedicere; from Lat. [figura]. Ir. has [fi/oghair], figure, fashion, sign. , a sapling, Ir. [fiu/ra/n] (Sh., O'R., Fol.): (), an arrow; see [iu\thaidh]). , a sudden gust of wind (Sh., O'R.): , heaven, glory, , sovereignty, Ir. [flaitheamhnus], O.Ir. [flaithemnas], gloria; from [flaithem], lord, g. [flaitheman]; see [flath]. ++, red, blood-red, so Ir., E.Ir. [fland], blood, red: [vl-ando-], root [vol] of [fuil], q.v. --page 176 , a flask, W. [fflasg]; from the Eng. , a chief, prince, Ir. [flaith], O.Ir. [flaith], chief, dominion, [flaithem(an)], chief ([*vlatimon-]), W. [gwlad], region, M.W. [gulatic], rex, Corn. [gulat], patria, Br. [gloat], realm, Gaul. [vlatos], [*vlato-s], [*vlati-s], root [vala], [vla], be strong; Lat. [valere], Eng. [valid]; Got. [valdan], Ger. [walten], rule, Eng. [weild], Walter; Ch.Sl. [vlada@?], rule, Russ. [vladiete], rule, O.Pruss. [waldnika-], king. Also [*valo-s] as the final element of certain personal names - , [*Dumno-valo-s] (see [domhan]), , [*Kuno-valo-s] ([*kuno-s], high, root [ku], as in [curaidh], q.v., Teutonic [Hu^n-], Humbold, Humphrey, Hunwald, etc.), , [*Katu-valo-s] (see [cath]), etc. , flowing in ringlets (H.S.D., from MSS.); from Lat. [plecto], plait. , a feast, Ir. [fleadh], O.Ir. [fled], W. [gwledd], O.W. [guled], pompae, [*vl@.da^], root [vel], wish; Gr. @G[ei@'lapi/nc], feast, @G[e@'\ldomai], wish, [e@'lpi/s], hope; Lat. [voluptas]; Eng. [will], [well]. , brandishing; Eng. [wield]; see [flath]. , a rod, wreath, Ir. [fleasg], garland, wand, sheaf, O.Ir. [flesc], rod, linea, [*vleska], from [*vledska], root [vl@.d]; Ger. [wald], wood, Eng. [wold]; Gr. @G[a@'/lsos], grove; Ch.Sl. [vladi], hair. From the Celtic comes the Fr. [fle\che], arrow, whence Eng. [Fletcher], arrow-maker. See [fleisdear]. , young man, bachelor, so Ir., M.Ir. [flesgach]: "wand-bearer". From [fleasg], above. The Ir. [fleasgaigh ealadhna], itinerant medicine men, carried [fleasgan] to denote their profession. , a barge or boat hung with festoons; from [fleasg]. , arrow-maker; from Sc. [fledgear], M.Eng. [flecchere], now [fletcher], from O.Fr. [flechier]. See [fleasg] further. , floating (Heb.), , a buoy; from Norse [fljo/ta], to float, Eng. [float]. , an untidy, flabby person, a flat fish (Arms.), , flaccid (Sh.): , chickweed, a wen, Ir. [fliodh], [fligh], chickweed, W. [gwlydd], chickweed, soft stems of plants, [*vl@.du-]. Same root as in [fleasg]. , wet, Ir., O.Ir., [fliuch], W. [gwlyb], O.W. [gulip], Corn. [glibor], humor, Br. [gloeb], wet, [*vl@.qu-s], wet; Lat. [liquidus] (= [fliquidus]); Lit. [wa'lks], wet, [wa'lka], swampy place. See [failc]. , hallucination (H.S.D. for N.H.): , a state of floating; from Eng. [float], Norse [floti], a raft. , lukewarm; see [plodadh]. , , flower, Ir. [plu/r], M.Ir. [plu/r]; from the M.Eng. [flour], O.Fr. [flour], Lat. [florem], G. is from the Scotch. --page 177 , under, Ir., O.Ir. [fo], W. [go-], O.W. [guo-], Cor. [go-], Cor., Bret. [gou-], Gaul. [vo-]: [*vo], for [*u(p)o]; I.E. [upo]; Gr. @G[u@`po/]; Lat. [s-ub]; Got. [uf]; Skr. [upa], hither. , brink (Carm.): (), a thistle, Ir. [fo/bhtha/n], [fo/thanna/n], E.Ir. [omthann], [*omo-tanno-], "raw or rough twig"? See [amh] and [caorrunn]. Dial. (Arran). , word; see [facal]. , scoffing, Ir. [fochmhuid], [fochuidbheadh], M.Ir. [fochmaid], E.Ir. [fochuitbiud], [*fo-con-tib-], root [teb], smile, O.Ir. [tibiu], laugh; Lit. [stebiu@os], be astonished. , presence, , coram, Ir., M.Ir. [fochair]: [*fo-char], [car] being [cor], put. , young corn in the blade, Ir. [fochan], M.Ir. [fochon]; [*vo-kuno]? Root [kun], [ku], increase, Gaul. [cuno-], high, etc. See [curaidh]. , a peat, turf, Ir. [fo/d], O.Ir. [fo/t]: [*vonto-]? , fodder, Ir. [fodar]; from the Eng. [fodder]. , expel, banish, Ir. [fo/gair], command, proclaim, O.Ir. [fo/cairim] (do.), [fo/cre], monitio: [*fo-od-gar-]; root [gar] of [goir]. ++, quiet, careless (Stew.): , a hostile incursion, Ir. [foghail], E.Ir. [fogal]; [*fo-gal]: root [gal], valour, war. See [gal]. , , noise, bustle, merriment; for first sense, see [foghair], for second, see [othail]. , valorous, Ir. [fo/ghainteach], good, fit, serviceable, [fo/ghaint], ability: "capable"; from [foghainn], suffice. See [fo\ghnadh]. Ir. [foghaintidhe], a servant. , a sound, tone, so Ir., O.Ir. [fogur], sonus: [*fo-gar-]; root [gar] of [goir]. Strachan makes the root part [fog], and refers it to [fuaim], q.v. , harvest, Ir. [fo/ghmhar], M.Ir. [fogamur], autumn, E.Ir. [fogamur], [fogomur], last month of autumn: [*fo-gamur], the [gamur] being from the root of [geamhradh], winter, q.v. The idea is "sub hiemem". Cf. W. [cynauaf], harvest, O.W. [kynnhaeaf], from [cyn], before, and [gauaf], winter. , learning, Ir. [fo/ghluim], O.Ir. [foglaim], vb. [fogliunn]: [*vo-glendo^], [*glendo^], make clear; Eng. [glance], Ger. [glanz], splendour; Ch.Sl. [gle@?edati], show. , sufficiency, service, Ir. [foghnamh], O.Ir. [fognam], service; from [fo] and [gni\omh], deed. , a wrapper, infant's clout: , a sprout, young corn (Arm.), (Arg.), Ir. [foichni/n]; see [fochann]. --page 178 , a peat; see [fo/d]. , a beggar; see [faoighe]. , naked (H.S.D., Dial.): , patience, Ir. [foighid], O.Ir. [foditiu], toleratio ([*vo-dam-tin-]), vb. [fodamim], patior, root [dam]; Lat. [domo], I tame, subdue; Gr. @G[dama/w] (do.); Eng. [tame]; Skr. [da^myati], tame. , ask; see [faighnich]. Also, more Dialectic, . , macerate, broil; see [fail]. Hence , a cake suddenly and imperfectly toasted. , pig-stye; see [fail]. , slow, stately, , composure, Ir. [fo\il], [fo/ill], softly! a while, M.Ir. [co fo/ill], slowly, for a while, E.Ir. [co foill], slowly: , slow development: , treachery, O.Ir. [foile], astutia. G. is for [*volni-], Ir. for [*folia^], both side-forms to [feall], treachery, q.v. , reveal, O.Ir. [foillsigim] [*svolnestikio^]; see [follus]. , ask; see [faighnich]. , a wart, Ir. [faine], [faithne], W., Cor. [gwenan], blister, Br. [gwennhaenn], a wart; Eng. [wen], Ag.S. [wenn] (Ern.). , , handsome, genteel; cf. next word, also Lat. [vinnulus], delightful, root [ven], as in G. [fine], etc. , temper, Ir. [foinnim], temper, knead, [foinnighte], tempered, kneaded. Cf above word.>> , prefix meaning "super", same as : see [far], [air](b). , help, Ir. [fo/ir] (vb. and n.), E.Ir. [foriuth], I. help, O.Ir. [don-fo/ir], to help us: [*vo-ret-]; root [ret] of [ruith], run. For force, cf. [furtachd]. The W. [gwared], release, Br. [goret], are of like elecents. Similarly (an Ir. word really), assistance, is from [foir-] and [beir]. , acceptable (M`D); from [for] and [bail], good? , , instruction, catechism, Ir. [foircheadal], O.Ir. [forcital], doctrina, vb. [forchun], doceo: [*for-can-]; root [can], say, sing. See [can]. , , a band, crew, Ir. [fuirionn], E.Ir. [fairenn], O.Ir. [foirinn], O.W. [querin], W. [gwerin], people, M.Br. [gueryn], [*vore^na^], [*vorinni-], multitude, root [ver], enclose; Ag.S. [vorn], multitude, caterva; Lit. [wora\], long row in Indian file; Skr. [vra@-/], troop, company. See [fearann]. , perfect, Ir. [foirfe], complete, old, O.Ir. [foirbthe], pefectus, [forbe], perfectio, vb. [forbanar], perficitur, [forfenar], consummatus: [*for-ben-]; root [ven], [va], go (Lat. [venio], Gr. @G[bai/nw], @G[e@'/bcn], practically a verb "to be" (Stokes [Neo-Celtic Verb. Subst.]). , assistance, E.Ir. inf.dat. [foirithin]; see [fo\ir]. , border land (Cam.) --page 179 , noise; side form of toirm? , brisk, lively (Sh., etc.): from Eng. [formal] (Rob.). , formalists. , a band, dwellers, Ir. [foirne] (O'B.); an oblique form of [foireann], g. [foirne]. intruding; see [teirinn], [tea\rnadh]. , a furnace; see [fu\irneis]. , conspicuously brave; see [niata]. , rest, Ir. [fois], O.Ir. [foss], residence, remaining, rest, W. [ar-os]; [*voss-]; root [ves], be, rest; Gr. @G[a@'/stu], city ([*vastus]); Skr. [va/stu], place; Lat. [Vesta]; Eng. [was], Ger. [wessen], be, Got. [visa], remain. So all etymologists till Windisch (1892) suggested the root [sta^], tat is [*vo-sto-]. Stokes still holds by old (1903). Hence , taciturnity, Ir. [foisdine]. , wages, hire, Ir. [foistighim], I hire; M.Ir. [foss], servant, W. [gwas] (Eng. [vassal]); from the same root as [fois]. Also . , covering, hiding; see [falach]. , rank grass growing on dunghills; [*vog-lo-], root, [vog], [veg] of [feur]. , a feud, bloodiness; see [fuil]. , water-parsnip (H.S.D. quotes only O'B.), Ir. [folachtain]: , publicity, , public, Ir. [follus], public, manifest, O.Ir. [follus], clear, shining, manifest, [*svolnestu-s]; see [solus]. , land, Ir. [fonn], E.Ir. [fond]; from Lat. [fundus], which, again, is connected with G. [bonn], q.v. , a tune, Ir. [fonn], tune, desire, delight, M.Ir. [adbonn], a strain; [*svonno-], root [sven], sound, Lat. [sonus], Eng. [sound]. See [seinn]. , a trooper (M`A.): , super-, Ir., O.Ir. [for-]; prep. [for], for which see [far], [air](b). , , projection into the sea (Carm.): , command, Ir. [fora/ilim]. See [earail] for formation and root. , watch, Ir. [foraire]; from [for] and [aire]. , sedate, so Ir.; see [farasda], in the sese of "staid". , ambush (Sh., H.S.D., which quotes Lh. and C.S.), Ir. [forbhas], E.Ir. [forbas], siege: , a fork, Ir. [forc], E.Ir. [forc] (= [gobul]); for Lat. [furca], Eng. [fork]. , Mforas>, information, inquiry, Ir. [foras], E.Ir. [foras], [forus], true knowledge: [*for-fiss], from [fiss] or [fios], knowledge, q.v. [foras feasa], "basis of knowledge". , keenness, anger; from a side-form [forg] ([*vorg]) of [fearg]? --page 180 , a furlogh; from the Eng. , spite, hatred (H.S.D.), Ir., M.Ir. [forlonn]; from [for] and [lonn], fierce. , a mould, Ir. [forma/n]; from Lat. [forma]. , gain (H.S.D.), excrescence, shift (M`E.); from [for] and [rath]? See [rath]. , a forester; from the English. , strong, hardy, (an Ir. word clearly), Ir. [foirteamhail], [fortail], brave, stout, E.Ir. [fortail], predominant, strong; from Lat. [fortis]. , fortune, Ir. [fortu/n]; from Lat. [fortuna]. , litter, refuse of cattle's food, orts; from the Eng. [orts]. Lh. has an Ir. [fortas], straw. , yet, still, Ir. [fo/s], M.Ir. [fo/s], beos], O.Ir. [beus], [beius]. Stokes makes it a comparative in [s] from [beo-], allied to Lat. [beo^], gladden, [be-ne], well. , , the lark (Carm.): , open, so Ir., E.Ir. [oslaicim]: [*f-od-as-leic]; Gaelic root [leic] or [leig], let. See [leig] and cf. [tuasgail]. , open, frank: , porch (Carm.): , pounded bark (or anything) to stop leaks; cf. Ir. [fosradh], scattering, from [*vo-ster-], root [ster], strew. , hand feeding of cattle (Heb.): , the glanders in horses, Ir. [fothach], [fo/thach]: , a flaw, refuse (M`A. says "rotten pus", and gives , rotten earth): from Sc. [faut], as in [fabhd]. , refuse, small potatoes (Arg.): , freight; from Sc. [fraught], Eng. [freight]. , vision, sight, Ir. [ra/dharc], E.Ir. [rodarc]: [*ro-darc]; root [derk], see, as in [dearc], q.v. , a brisk, warlike fellow; see [frogan]. , wattled partition, E.Ir. [fraig]: [*vragi-], root [verg]; Skr. [vraja], hurdle; Gr. @G[ei@'rgw], shut in. , sea-weed (Sh., O'R.): , tansy; (Cameron), the French herb; from [Fraing], France. Ir. [lus na bhfhrancach], M.Ir. [frangcan], tansy (St.). , heather, Ir. [fraoch], O.Ir. [froech], W. [grug], Cor. [grig], M.Br. [groegon], [*vroiko-]; Gr. @G[e@'rei/kc]. Hence G. , wrath, Ir. [fraoch], E.Ir. [fraech], furor. , toe-bit of shoe; "heather-protector", from [fraoch]? , flourishing: , , a fringe; from the Eng. , a flustering by liquor; Dial. : --page 181 , a place of shelter in the mountains (Sh., O'R.), [fraoinibh] (D.Ba\n): , a shower, Ir. [fras], E.Ir. [frass], [*vrasta^]; Gr. @G[e@'/rsc], dew; Skr. [farsham], rain. , answer, Ir. [freagairim], E.Ir. [frecraim]: [*frith-gar-], root [gar] of [goir]. , serving, attending, Ir. [freasdail], O.Ir. [frestal], [fresdel]: [*fris-do-el-]; for root see [fritheil]. Dr Cameron referred it to [fris] and [tal], which see in [tuarastal]. , a guard, watch: [*frith-coimhead-an]; from [coimhead], guard, look, q.v. , a vow, interdictory resolution, E.Ir. [fretech], [fristoing], repudiation, renunciation, O.Ir. [fristossam], renuntiaverimus; root [tong], [tog], swear, Lat. [tongeo], think, Eng. [think]. Stokes gives the final root as [tag], take, Lat. [tangere]. Ir. [tong], swear, is allied to W. [tyngu]. , fury, rage: , bent-grass (Arg.): , , a root, Ir. [fre/amh], E.Ir. [fre/m], W. [gwraidd], [gwreiddyn], Cor. [grueiten], Br. [grisienn], [*vr@.d-ma^], [*vr@.djo-], [*vr@.dnu-]: Lat. [radix], root; Gr. @G[r@`i/za]; Got. [vaurts], Eng. [wort], [root]. , a tetter, ring-worm, M.Ir. [frigde], flesh-worm, E.Ir. [frigit], W. [gwraint], M.Br. [gruech], [*vr@.gn@.tia^], root [verg]; Eng. [wriggle]. , support, attention: , fry; from the Eng. [frying]. , a second dram, a nip: , a frying pan, Ir. [friochta/n]; cf. Ir. [friochtalaim], I fry. From [fry] of the Eng. , , a bristle, pig's bristle; M.Ir. [frighan] i. [guairech muc]; root [vr@.g] as in [fraigh]? Cf. W. [gwrych], hedge, bristles, [*vr@.g-ko-]. Hence , sharp, keen. , fretfulness: [*friogh'n-as], "bristlines"; from [frioghan]. , fretful (Stew.); see [frith], wour look. ++, an incantation to discover if far-away persons live (Heb.), fate (Sh., O'R.); from the Nrose [fre/tt], enquiry of the gods about the future, Sc. [fret], [freit]. , , small, trifling (Sh., O'R.), which M`A. says antecedes the noun, is the prep. [frith] or [ri]. , a sour or angry look (A.M`D.), , peevishness, Ir. [frithir], peevish: [*vr@.ti-]; root of [ri] "against"? , a forest, deer forest, Ir. [frith], wild, mountainous place, W. [ffridd], forest; from M.Eng. [fri@dh], deer park, Ag.S. [fri@dh]. , , , prefix = prep. [ri] by force and derivation; which see. --page 182 , attend, Ir. [friotholaim] (Con. [friotho/laim], E.Ir. [frithailim], root [-al-] (Ascoli), go; root [al], [el], [eln] of [tadhal], q.v. , earnest, eager (Stew.), Ir. [frithir], earnest, peevish; cf. [frith], sour look. , a hole, fen, den, (Suth.). , liveliness, a slight degree of drunkenness: , a dampness oozing through the wall; from [fraigh] and [snighe]. , a sudden tugging, rushing at (M`D.): , a fringe; see [fraoidhneis]. , hoarse, rough: , acclivity (Carm.): , cold, so Ir., O.Ir. [uacht], [o/cht], [*aukto-]; Lettic [auksts], cold (adj.), Lit [a/uszti], cold, be cold. , drive away, Ir. [fuadaighim], drive away, snatch away, E.Ir. [fu/ataigm]: [*fo-od-tech](?); see [teich]. Hence , wandering. , hasty, in a hurry (Stew., Arm. and H.S.D.), Ir. [fuadar], haste; from [fuad-] of [fuadaich]? Cf. Sc. [foutre]> , exiled; see [fo\gair]. , loose pins of warping stakes. Cf. O.Ir. [fuat]. , stitch, , sewing, so Ir., E.Ir. [fu/agaim], [u/agaim], O.Ir. [u/aimm] (n.): [+out-s-men-]; root [poug], [pug], stitch, stick; Lat. [pungo], Eng. [punch]. Zimmer (in 1882), referred it to the root of [o\igh], the idea being "integrate", from [o/g], [uag], "integer". O.Ir. [o/igthidi], sartores. , noise, so Ir., E.Ir. [fu/aimm] (pl. [fuamand]). Neither [*vog-s-men] (Strachan; root [vog] of Skr. [vagnu/], sound, Got. [vo^pjan], cry, Eng. [whoop]) nor [*voc-s-men] (Stokes; root [voq], voice, Lat. [voco]) can give [ua], only [o@u] or [a@u]. , loom posts (Uist), Ir. [uaithne], pillar, post, E.Ir. [u/atne], a post (bed post). So Henderson; [fu\idne] (Wh.): , urine, so Ir., O.Ir. [fu/al]: [*voglo-] or [*voblo-]; root [vo@g], [ve@g], [u@g], be wet; Gr. @G[u@`gro/s], wet, Eng. [hygrometer]; Lat. [humidus], [uveo], (for [ugveo]), be moist, Eng. [humour]; Norse [vo@"kva], moisture. , cold, Ir. [fuar], E.Ir. [uar], W. [oer], Cor. [oir]; [*ogro-], root [ug], [aug], of [fuacht], q.v. Stokes refers it to the root [ve@g], [u@g], discussed under [fual], especially Gr. @G[u@`gro/s], wet; a root which would rather be [vob] in Celtic (cf. Lat.), and this would not give W. [oer]. Strachan suggests either Ch.Sl. [ogni@u], fire (Lat. [ignis]), or Gr. @G[pa/gos], frost (root [pa^g], fix, fit). Hence , windward side, , a well, , damp, (Ir. [fuara/lach], chill), cold feeling, etc.; [fuar bhalla], an outside wall; [fuar-shlat], the rough strong hoop used to bend in staves at the end of casks (Wh.). --page 183 , loose, untie, so Ir., E.Ir. [fuaslaicim]; see [tuasgail]. , hatred, so Ir., M.Ir. [fu/ath]; cf. E.Ir. [uath], awe, terror, terrible, and see [uath] for root. , a spectre, so Ir., O.Ir. [fu/ath], figura, forma: , fulling cloth, M.G. [owkki@+[t]] (D.of L.), Ir. [u/caire], fuller; cf. [pu\c]. , a shoe-strap (H.S.D. says Dial.): , mean, vile; from Sc. [footy], [fouty]. , powder, Ir. [pu/dar]; from the Eng. , smart, in good condition: ! an interjection. See [fich]. , remainder, Ir. [fuigheall], O.Ir. [fuidell], W. [gweddill]; also G. , remains, E.Ir. [fuidlech]: [*vodilo-], [di^l], allied to Eng. [deal], [dole], Ger. [teil] (St. with query). , a fool (Carm.): , commixing, pulverising; from [fu\dar]. Dial. , turning hay in the sunshine to dry it. , craven; from Sc. [fugie], one who flies from the fight. , a thrum, Ir. [fugho/g]; from a short vowel form of root of [fuaigh]. , blood, Ir., O.Ir. [fuil], gen. [fola], [folo]: [*voli-], root [vol], [vel], well; Eng. [well]. Stokes agrees. , , I need, must; for [furail], O.Ir. [fora/il], excessive injunction, infliction, same root as [earail]. , , , suffer (thou), Ir. [fulangaim], E.Ir. [fulangim], O.Ir. [fuloing], sustinet, inf. [fulang]: "under-go"; from [fo] and [*long], going, root [leng], spring, go, as in [leum], q.v. Further allied is Ger. [verlangen], desire, Eng. [long], Lat. [longus]. , bake, Ir. [fuinim], I knead, bake, boil, E.Ir. [fuinim], bake, cook. Zimmer takes the word to mean "to fire, bake", from the Norse [funi], flame, fire, E.Ir. [oc-fune] = Norse [vi@dh funa], a-roasting; but unlikely. Possibly [*voni-], "dress", root [ven], [von], Lat. [Venus], Eng. [venerate]. , a strong man, also ; compounds of [bi\] and [beir], with [for], super. , a parching of corn; see [eararadh]. , stay, Ir. [fuirighim], E.Ir. [fuirigim], noun [fuirech], O.Ir. [fuirset] ([s] future): [*vo-reg]; root [reg], stretch, go; Lat. [porrigo], [rego]. See [rach]. , stools, a form, Ir. [fuirm], W. [ffurf]; from Eng. [form]. , , a furnace, Ir. [furne/is]; from the Eng. , , a galling, taking off the skin by riding (M`D.): [fo-bian]? (vb.), (n.); see [fuilig]. --page 184 , rock; from [fo]+[luaisg], q.v. , gloom (Arg.); see [suilbh]. , a species of petrel, fulmar; from Sc., Eng. [fulmar]. , articulation, jointing (Sh., O'R., H.S.D.); cf. [alp]. , benumbment by cold; see [punntuinn]. Sc. [fundy]. , parching corn (Carm.), also [furaradh]. See [fuirearadh]. , incitement, command, Ir. [fura/il], E.Ir. [ura/il], [fura/il], O.Ir. [ira/il]; the same as [earail], q.v. , a welcome, Ir. [fura/n], [foran] (Connaught); root [ver], as in E.Ir. [feraim fa/ilti], I welcome. The root means in E.Ir. "give rain" (see [fearthuinn]). The root of [fhuair] seems mixed with that of [fearthuinn]. See [fearthuinn]. , patience: [*f-air-asta], [asta] (standing, staying) being for [ad-sta-], [ad] and [sta], stand. (), easy, easier, Ir. [furas], [furasda], E.Ir. [urusa]: [*air-usa], from [usa], easier, q.v. , wrath (Sh., O'R.), (H.S.D., from MSS); see [fuirbidh]. , , courtesy, kindly reception; also . For the latter Armstrong gives "ceremony" as force, which may be from Eng. [formality]. The words, otherwise, seem from [for-fa\ilte]. , a stool; see [fuirm]. , hate, detest (Arms.), revolt against (Rob.): , relief, help, so Ir., O.Ir. [fortacht] (gen. in [-an]): [*for-tiacht]; for Gaelic root [tiagh], [tigh], see [tighinn]. , a heather brush; cf. Sc. [whisker], a bunch of feathers for sweeping, Eng. [whisk]. , the dog-days; from Sc. [fure-days]. , a tattling mouth; from Sc. [gab] (do.), M.Eng. [gabben], to chatter, mock, Norse [gabb], mockery, O.Fris [gabbia], accuse. , a transport vessel (Heb.); from Sc. [gabert], a lighter, from Fr. [gabarre], storeship, lighter. , take, Ir. [gabhaim], O.Ir. [gabaim], [gaib], capit, inf. [gaba/il], W. [gafael], prehensio (Eng. [gavelkind]), Cor [gavel]: [*gabo^], capio, do, [*gabagli]; Got. [giban], give, Ger. [geben], Eng. [give]; Lit. [gabe/nti], bring. , danger, peril, Ir. [ga/bha(dh)], E.Ir. [ga/ba], [ga/bud]: cf. E.Ir. [ga/d], danger, Gr. @G[ha/zw], retire, @G[hzi/os], want, @G[hwri/s], Lat. [he/-res]. , a titlark (Sh., O'R., H.S.D.): , fork; see best G. form in [gobhal]. --page 185 , flattery (Kirk, etc.; O'R.), gossip (Perth); from [gabh]: "take in"? , goat; see best G. form in [gobhar]. , a craft trick; from Sc. [gaud], a trick. Cf. M.E. [gaude], specious trick (Chaucer), from Lat. [gaudium], Eng. [gaud]. , a wandering, a man devoid of care (H.S.D., which makes it Dial.; M`E.): , each, every, Ir. [gach], O.Ir. [cach], [cech], omnis, quivis, W. [pob], O.W., Cor. [pop], Br. [pep], [pob]: [*qo-qa], [*qe-qa], root [qo], [qe], of interrogative [co]; Lat. [quisque]: Skr. [kac@?-ca]; etc. , a withe, switch, Ir. [gad], E.Ir. [gat]: [*gazdo-]; Got. [gazds], goad, O.H.G. [gart], sting, rod, Norse, [gaddr], sting, Eng. [yard]; Lat. [hasta], spear (from [ghaz-dha^]?). , , an iron bar; from Sc. [gad], a bar of metal, Eng. [gad], wedge of steel, M.Eng. [gad], spike, bar, Norse, [gaddr], as under [gad]. , thief, Ir. [gaduigh], E.Ir. [gataige]; see [goid]. , tie the fore feet of a horse, etc. (H.S.D., Dial.); from [gad]. , , lurcher dog, Ir. [gadhar], mastiff, hunting dog, M.Ir. [gadar], mastiff, E.Ir. [gagar]; from Norse [gagarr], dog (K.Meyer)? The Norse has [gagg], the fox's cry, [gagl], a wild-goose; this seems to prove that the Norse has a root [gag], howl, and is likely the original source of [gagar]. , a slender, feeble fellow, a salmon after spawning (Sh.): [*gad]+? , hair insect, nit (H.S.D., M`A.): , tumult, confusion (H.S.D., Dial.): , henbane (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [gafann], Cor. [gahen]: , a cleft, chink, Ir. [ga/g]: [*ga^gga^], [ga^s-g], I.E. root [gha^@g], further [gho^], [gha]; Eng. [gap], [gape]; Gr. @G[ha/skw], yawn, @G[ha/os], abyss, Eng. [chaos]; Lat. [fauces], throat. Cf. W. [gag]. Skeat takes hence Eng. [jag]. , stuttering (Sh., O'R.), Br. [gak]; an onomatopoetic word. Cf. Eng. [gag], which Skeat queries if from G. , a cluster: , a person in want, craver; from [gabh]. , stormy, prodigious, E.Ir. [gailbech], blustering; cf. Eng. [gale], Scandinavian origin, Dan. [gal], furious, Norse [galinn] (do.). Also , a storm at sea, a storm of snow. , a great rough hill (Sh., "gailebhein", H.S.D.): , excitement (M`D.): , surly look, etc.; see [goill]. --page 186 , , the gum, a swelling of the gum (in cattle), seam of shoe uppers, or junction of inner and outer barks of trees, Ir. [gailleach] (O'B): , a blow on the cheek, Ir. [gailleo/g]; from [gaill]. Cf. [sgailleag]. , a storm; cf. Norwegian [galen], wind-storm, Norse [galinn], furious, Eng. [gale]. , an earwig, so Ir.: , a mouth overcharged so that the cheeks swell out, a mouthful of flesh. See [goill]. , sand, so Ir., E.Ir. [ganem]; root [ga^] of Gr. @G[gai@na], earth? Stokes gives the stem as [gasnima^], root [ghas], Lat. [hare@-na], sand. But [gasn-] should give G. [gann]. Also , E.Ir. [ganmech]. , , sedge, a small divinity in marshes and sedges by water, moaning for deaths to come (Carm.): , a dart, arrow (Sh., O'B., H.S.D., M`E.), , arrowhead (Arg.), Ir. [gainne]: [gasnia^]; root [gas] of [gad], q.v. , a prison, Ir. [gaintir] (Fol.): , near; see [gar]. , call, crow; see [goir]. , a shout, outcry, Ir., E.Ir. [ga/ir], W. [gawr], clamor: [*ga^ri-]; Gr. @G[gc@nrus] (Dor. @G[ga@nrus]), voice; root [gar], [ger], as in [goir], q.v. , laugh, , a laugh, Ir. [ga/irim], [ga/ire], E.Ir. [ga/ire] (n.); from root [gar], as in the foregoing word. Stokes give the stem as [*ga^sria^], and cfs. Skr. [hasra/], laughing, [has], laugh. , a greedy stomach, deer's paunch: , , freestone, gravel, Ir. [gairbhe/al], pron. [grabheal]; from Eng. [gravel]. , a species of wild grass (H.S.D.): , rejoicing, Ir. [ga/irdeachas], M.Ir. [ga/irdechad], delighting; from [ga/ir], laugh. K.Meyer regards this as from older [*gartiugud], shortening or whiling time, from [goirid], E.Ir. [urgartiugud], while time, amuse; with a leaning on [ga\ir], laugh. Cf. W. [difyru], amuse, divert, from [byr], short. , , an arm; from Sc. [gardy], arm, [gardis], yards, same as [yard]. , from Eng. [garlic] and G. [garg], bitter, by popular etymology. , stale wine, Ir. [gairgi/n], dung; from [garg]. , , convenience; see [goireas]. , disgust, Ir. [gairseamhuil], obscene, wanton: , a call, office, Ir. [gairm], pl. [garmanna], O.Ir. [gairm], W., Br. [garm], a shout: [*garsmen-]; root [gar] of [goir], q.v. --page 187 , a meal chest, Ir. [gairne/al], a meal magazine, garner; from Sc. [garnell], [girnell], Eng. [garner], from O.Fr. [gernier], from Lat. [granarium], granary. , a gardener; from the English. , a torrent (H.S.D. and Ir.), surfeit; from Eng. [gush]? , wisdom, lance, plenty (Carm.): , shrivel up; from [gas], twig? For sense, cf. [crannadh]. , a trap (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [gaisde], O.Ir. [goiste], noose; from [gaoisd], horse hair? , a wisp of straw (H.S.D.); cf. [gaoisd]. , a daunting (M`A.); cf [gais], shrivel. , valour, Ir. [gaisge], bravery, E.Ir. [gaisced], [gasced], bravery, feats of arms, armour, weapons; the idea seems to be "feats" and the root the same as in [gasda], q.v. , weeping, Ir. [gul], E.Ir. [gol], I.E. [@gel], pain; Ger. [qual], pain, [qua@"len], torment; Lit [ge/lti], to smart. Cf. [galar]. ++, valour, war, E.Ir. [gal], O.Br. [gal], puissance, [*gala^], W. [gallu], posse, Br. [galloet] (do.), Cor. [gallos], might: [*galno-]; Lit. [galiu], I can, Ch.Sl [golemu@u], great. Hence the national name [Galatae], Galatian, also [gallus], a Gaul (but see [Gall]). , good girl, brave girl, fem. for [laochan], used in encouraging address: . Root is [gal] ([*galnat]), brave. , a gallon, Ir. [galun]; from the Eng. , a disease, Ir., O.Ir. [galar], W. [galar], grief, Br. [glar], [glachar], (do.); [*galro-n]. Bez. suggests as allied Norse [galli], flaw, Umbr. [holtu], Ch.Sl. [zu@ulu@u], bad, sore. But cf. [gal], weep. , thicken cloth, fulling; from the Eng. [walk], [waulk]. , a Lowlander, stranger, Ir. [Gall], a stranger, Englishman, E.Ir. [gall], foreigner; from [Gallus], a Gaul, the Gauls being the first strangers to visit or be visited by the Irish in Pre-Roman and Roman times (Zimmer). for derivation see [gal], valour. Stokes takes a different view; he gives as basis for [gall], stranger, [*gallo-s], W. [gal], enemy, foe: [*ghaslo-]? root [ghas], Lat. [hos-tis], Eng. [guest]. Hence he derives [Gallus], a Gaul, so named from some Celtic dialect. , a bitch; cf. W. [gast], a bitch. G. is possibly for [*gas-lia^]. Pott has adduced Spanish [galgo], greyhound, which, however, is founded on [canis Gallicus]. See [gasradh] for root. , a branch, a youth (fig.): [*gas-lo-], root [gas] of [gas], q.v. Cf. W. [gelin], a shoot. , wood angelica, so Ir.: [gal]+[flu\ran]. , a band put upon the dugs of mares to prevent the foal sucking (H.S.D., Dial.): , a stride, Ir. [ga/mus], proud gait or carriage: [*gang-mo-](?); Sc. [gang], Ger. [gang], gait. Cf. [go\mag]. --page 188 , a year-old calf, a stirk, Ir. [gamhuin], a calf, E.Ir. [gamuin], pl.g. [gamna], year-old calf; from [gam], winter: "winter-old". For root, see [gamhradh]. Confirmed by the proverb: "Oidhche Shamhna, theirear gamhna ris na laoigh" - On Hallowe'en the calves are called stirks. Similarly and from the same root are Norse [gymbr], a year-old ewe lamb, Sc. [gimmer], Gr. @G[hi/maros], a yearling goat (Dor.). Hence , farrow cow. , malice, , (Dial.); from [gann]? , rail, fold (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [ganail]: cf. gunwale. , deceit (Sh., O'B., etc.), bustle, light-headed creature (Sh.), Ir., M.Ir. [gangaid], deceit, falsehood: , scarce, Ir. [gann], O.Ir. [gann], [gand]: [*gando-s]; Skr. [gandha/yate], hurt; Lit. [gendu\], be injured (Stokes). , a gander, Ir. [gandal]; from the Eng. , roaring noise as of billows or birds: , a lump as in yarn or cloth; cf. [goigean]. , a blemish, Ir. [gaoid], a stain; cf. E.Ir. [go/et], a wound: [*gaizdo-]; Lit. [z@?aizda], a wound. , a noise, a cry of pain or alarm, sensation or thrill of pain (Perth.); from [ga\ir], shout? , , horse hair, M.Ir. [goisideach], crinitus, O.Ir. [goiste], suspendium, laqueus: [*gaissinti-], [*gait-tinti]; Gr. @G[hai/tc], mane, flowing hair. , a crafty fellow (H.S.D. from MSS.), Ir. [gaisti/n]; cf. [gaisde], a trap. , a fop, empty-headed fellow; from [gaoth], wind. , love, Ir. [gaol], kin, family, E.Ir. [ga/el], relationship: [*gailo-]; Lit. [gailu\s], compassionate; Got. [gailjan], gladden, Ger. [geil], wanton; Gr. @G[fi/los], friendly. Stokes and Strachan agree. , f@aeces, ordure in the intestines, gore, Ir. [garr], probably from Eng. [gore], Ag.S. [gor], dirt. Hence , big belly, a glutton. In Arg. pronounced with Northern [ao] sound; in North, pronounced with [ao] broad as in Arg. Consider [skar] in sharn (Sc.); cf [gaoirnean] or [gaoirnean]. , a bawd, slut: "dirty wench"; from [gaorr] and the female termination [-sach]? Cf. [siu\rsach]. , , a saddle girth; from the Eng. , wind, so Ir., E.Ir. [gaeth], [goeth], O.Ir. [ga/ith]: [*gaito-], from root [gai], I.E. [ghai], [ghei], [ghi], drive, storm, as in G. [geamhradh], q.v. Eng. [ghost] (I.E. [ghoizdo-s]) is allied. Stokes refers it to the root of [gath] solely, which is [ghai] as above. , warm, Ir. [goraim], O.Ir. [gorim], Br. [gor], burning, W. [gwre^s], heat: [*goro^], I warm; Gr. @G[qeros], summer heat, @G[qermo/s], warm, Eng. [thermo-]meter; Lat. [furnus], oven, furnace; Ch.Sl. --page 189 [gore^ti], burn; further Eng. [warm] (I.E. [*@gh@+[u]ormo-], Teut. [gwarm]. , , , near proximity, Ir. [gar], near (adj. and adv.), M.Ir. [gar], shortly, W. [ger], [gar], near. See [gairid] for root. , although (Dial.): [*ga-ro]. For [ga], see [ge]; [ro] is the verbal particle. , , a garden, Ir. [gardhadh], M.Ir. [garrda]; from the Norse [gar@dhr], a yard, M.Eng. [gard], [gar@th], Eng. [yard], [garden]. , , a den, copse, , thicket, Ir. [gara/n], underwood, thicket, [garra/n], grove, root [gar], bristle, be rough, I.E. [gher], stand stiff, tear, scratch; Gr. @G[ha/rax], a stake, @G[hara/dra], ravine; Lat. [hir-sutus], hirsute, [he@-r], hedge-hog, [furca], a fork; Lit. [z@?eriu\], scrape, etc. See [garbh]. , rough, so Ir., O.Ir. [garb], W. [garw], Br. [garu], hard, cruel: [*garvo-]; I.E. [gher], scratchy, rough, tearing; Gr. @G[hc/r], hedgehog, Lat. [he@-r] (do.), hirsutus, hirsute, Skr. [ga/rshati], be stiff. See [garadh] further. Some join it with Lat. [gravis], but as this is allied to Gr. @G[baru/s], heavy, the G. would rather be [barbh]. Lat. [horreo]? , sprat, garvie (Dial.); from the Sc. [garvie]. In Arran, , is the sea-bream, but this is from G. [garbh]. , the gills of a fish (N.H.). See [giu\ran]. , a hen's complaint; onomatopoetic. See [gra/chdan]. , fierce, angry, bitter, Ir. [garg], O.Ir. [garg], [gargg]: [*gorgo-s]; Gr. @G[gorgo/s], rough, frightsome. There is an obsolete M.Ir. [gearg], [*gergo-s]. , a screaming infant, little villian, vagabond, Ir. [garlach]; from [gar], cry, with the termination [-lach] (see [o\glach]). , a mole (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [garluch]: [*gar-luch]; [luch] and [gar](?). , , a weaver's beam, Ir., E.Ir. [garmain], O.Ir. gen. [garmne], W. [carfan]; from the root of [cuir], put? [*ger], [*gher], spear? , a glutton, gorbelly, dirty creature, Ir. [garrfhiach], a glutton (O'B.); allied to Eng. [gorbelly], [gore], by borrowing(?). , a garden; better spelling than [ga\radh], q.v. , a young crow; cf. Wng. [gorcrow], root [gor] of Eng. [gore], as in [garrach]. , a sudden yell, Ir. [gartha], clamour, roaring; from [gar] of [goir]. , surly aspect, gloom; cf. [goirt], sore, sour. , standing corn, Ir. [gort], cornfield, O.Ir. [gort], seges; Gr. @G[ho/rtos], fodder. See [goirtean] further. , a garter; from the Eng. --page 190 , twig, a stalk, Ir. [gas]: [*gasta^]; Lat. [hasta] (see [gad]). Bez. queries if not from [*gasksa^], Lit. [zagarai], brushwood. , fraw (Dial.): , excellent, Ir. [gasda], clever, ingenious, E.Ir. [gasta] (do.): [*gassavo-s], [*gas-tavo], root [gad] ([gad-s]); Gr. @G[a/gaqo/s], Eng. [good], Lat. [habilis]? , a tail: [*gad-sko-]; Zend [zadhan@~h], podex, Gr. @G[he/zw], cacare. , a step, stride: [*gad-sko-], root [gad], go, M.Ir. [gaid], goes; Eng. [gait], Ger. [gasse], way. , salacity in female dogs, W. [gast], a bitch; root [gas], [gat-s], M.Br. [gadales], meretrix, Fr. [goui@"ne], O.Ir. [goithimm], futuo. , rabble, mercenary soldiers, Ir. [gasradh], band of domestic troops, "youths", from [gas], military servant; borrowed from the W. [gwas], whence Eng. [vassal]. See [fasdadh]. , an iron bar; see [ga\d]. , a dart, sting, Ir. [gath], E.Ir. [gai], [gae], Gaul. [gaiso-n]; Norse [geirr], spear, Ag.S. [ga^r], Eng. [gar]-lic; Gr. @G[hai@nos], shepherd's crook; Skr [he/shas], missile. , whoever, , whatever, whoever, Ir. [gibe/], E.Ir. [ce/ be/]; for [ge], see [co], the interrogative pronoun; [be/] is the subh. of [bi\]. , though, Ir. [gidh], O.Ir. [ce], [ci], [ci/a]; same root as above. See also [ged]. , sententious, pert; from Sc. [geck], to sport, to deride, Ger. [gecken], hoax. , a spot of arable land, a garden bed, a spot in a horse's forehead, Ir. [gead]: , a lock of hair (H.S.D.); aso "to clip": , a pike, Ir. [geadus]; from Norse [gedda], Sc. [ged], allied to Eng. [goad]. , a goose, Ir. [ge/adh], E.Ir. [ge/d], W. [gwydd], O.Cor. [guit], auca, Cor. [goydh], goose, Br. [goaz], [gwaz]: [*gegdo-], root [geg], cry like a goose; Norse [gagl], wild goose, M.H.G. [gage], [gige], cry like a goose, [gigze] produce inarticulate sound; Lit. [gago/nas], goose-like, Servian [gagula], a water-fowl, Russ. [gagara], silver-diver (Stokes). It cannot be referred to the roots of Eng. [goose] and [gander] ([ghans-], [ghandro-]. , a ploughed field, park (Arg., M`A); hence , arable land: same root as , viz., [ged], hold, Eng. [get]. , a leech, E.Ir. [gel], W. [gel], Cor. [ghel], Br. [gelaonen]; Gr. @G[bde/lla], @G[ble/tues], leeches (Hes.); Skr. [jalu^ka], blood-leech; I.E. root [gel], devour, Lat. [gula], throat, Eng. [gullet], etc. , white, Ir. [geal], E.Ir. [gel]: [*gelo-], I.E. root [@ghel], clear, shine, glow; Lit. [geltas], pale-yellow; Eng. [gleam], glow; Gr. @G[hli/w], be warm, @G[ha/lis], unmixed wine; etc. Stokes connects it with Lit. [z@?ila-s], grey; the usual derivation joins it with Lat. --page 191 [helvus], light bay, Eng. [yellow], Lit [z@?e/lti], grow green, Ch.Sl. [zelenu@u], green. Hence , the moon, so Ir.; , a linnet. , a fire, little fire: [*gelvo-], I.E. [ghel], glow; Eng. [glow], [gleam]; Gr. @G[hli/w], be warm. See [geal]. , a aparrow, so Ir., M.Ir. [gelbund], W. [golfan], Cor., Br. [golvan]; from [geal], white. Cf. Gr. @G[helidw/n], swallow, Norse [gal] (do.). , a pledge, Ir. [geall], O.Ir. [gell], pignus: [*gis-lo-], root, [gis], [geis], of [giall], hostage, q.v. Stokes derives it thus: [*geldo-s], [*geldo-n], now [*gelno-n], [gislo-n-], Got. [gild], tribute, Ger. [geld], money, Eng. [yield], [guild]; Gr. @G[o@'fe/llw], owe, @G[te/lqos] (Hes.), debt. , desire, longing, Ir. [geall]: in the G. phrase, , Keating's [i ngeall], in need of; from [geall]; from [geall] above. , cowardly, Ir. [gealtach], fearful; see [geilt]. , winter, Ir. [geimhreadh], E.Ir. [gemred], O.Ir. [gaimred], O.W. [gaem], W. [gauaf], Cor. [goyf], Br. [goam], M.Br. [gouaff]: [*gimo-] (for Gadelic), [*gaiamo-], [*gaimo-] (for Brittonic, Stokes); I.E. [ghim], [gheim], [ghiem]; Skr. [hima/], cold, Zend [zima], winter; Ch.Sl. [zima]; Gr. @G[heimw/n]; Lat. [hiems]. The O.Ir. [gam], for [gem], has its vowel influenced by the analogy of [samh] of [samhradh] (Thur.). Thur. now suggests Celt. [*giamo]; cf. Gaul. [Giamillus]. , , anything short and thick, Ir. [geamhdo/g], a little cake of bread (O'R.); for root, cf. [geimheal]. Cf. Ir. [giobhta], [giota], a piece. , chaste, Ir. [geanmnuidh], E.Ir. [genmnaid], O.Ir. [genas], casitas; from the root [gen], birth, Eng. [genteel], [gentle]. See [gin]. , mood, humour, good humour, Ir. [gean], favour, approval, affection; cf. Lat. [genius], [ingenium], root [gen], Eng. [kin], [kind]. E.Ir. [gen], laugh, may be compared to Gr. @G[ga/nos], joy (Bez.); Stokes suggests [*gesno-], Skr. [has], laugh. , crooked, thick and short; see [gingein]. , chestnut, Ir. [geanmchnu\]: "chastity tree"; a mistaken translation of Lat. [castanea], chestnut, as if from [castus], chaste. , a hammer, wedge, Ir. [geannaire]; see [geinne]. , a complaint, Ir. [geara/n], M.Ir. [gera/n], root [ger], cry; O.H.G., [que@"ran], sigh, [chara], weep, Ag.S. [cearu], sorrow, Eng. [care]; further allied is root [gar], sound, as in [goir]. Cf. W. [gerain], cry, squeak, and Gr. @G[du/romai], lament. , a garrison, Ir. [gairision]; from the Eng. , girnell; see [ga\irneal]. --page 192 , short, cut (vb.), Ir. [ge/arr], [gea/rraim], E.Ir. [gerr], [gerraim]: [*gerso-s]. Stokes cfs. Gr. @G[herei/wn], @G[hei/rwn], worse, Skr. [hrasva], short. Cf. M.Eng. [garsen], gash, O.Gr. [garser]. , a hare, Ir. [geirrfhiadh]: short deer"; from [gea\rr] and [fiadh], the latter word being omitted in G. , diarrh@oea, bloody flux: , the pasture-land between the shor-land and the moor-land (Heb.); from N. @G[ger@dhi], fenced field, garth. Shet. [Gairdi]. , a gelding, Ir., M.Ir. [gearra/n]; from [gea\rr], cut. , the 4 weeks dating from 15th March onwards (H.S.D.). This forms a part of the animal nomenclature given to the several periods of Spring-time: first the , explained as "Wolf-month"; then the , or Plover, a week's length; then the , or Gelding, variously estimated as to length and time; then came the , or Old Woman, a week's time; then perhaps the three days of the , or ewes. See Nich. pp 412-414. , spell, taboo, charm, Ir., E.Ir. [geis], taboo, [gessim] (vb.): [*gesso^], [*ged-to], root [ged] of [guidhe], q.v. , gate, so Ir., M.Ir. [geta]; from Ag.S. [geat], Eng. [gate]. , although: [*ge-ta]; same as [ciod]. , a bubble, well (Carm.); also [boil]: , yield, submit, Ir. [ge/illim], E.Ir. [gi/allaim], O.Ir. [geillfit], dedentur; from [giall], hostage. , terror, fear, Ir. [geilt], a distracted person, wild, M.Ir. [geltacht], flying, E.Ir. [geilt], mad by fear; Norse [ver@dha at gjalti], to turn mad with terror (borrowed from Celtic, Stokes, Thurneysen; borrowed into Celtic, Zimmer). Stokes refers it to a root [ghel], fly, suggested by Gr. @G[helidw/n], a swallow. , a fetter, chain, Ir. [ge/imhiol], E.Ir. [geimel], [gemel]: [*gemelo-], root [gem], fasten; Gr. @G[ge/nto], grasped (@G[*ge/m-to]), @G[ga/mos], marriage; Lat. [gemini], twins; Ch.Sl. [z@?ima@?], comprimere. , , (Wh.), a crow-bar, lever; from Sc. [gaie-lock], a spear, [javelin], Ag.S. [gafeloc], spear, possibly from an early form of W. [gaflach], a dart, the root being that in [gobhal], fork. , a wedge, so Ir., E.Ir. [geind], W. [gaing], Br. [genn], O.Br. [gen], M.Br. [guenn]: [*genni-], root [gen], as in Lettic [dfenis], the wood wedged into the fork of the ploughshare, [dfenulis], sting, Ch.Sl. [z@?e@?lo] (do.). N. [gand], [gann], a peg, stick, Lat. [offendo], [*fendo], Eng. [offend] (Stokes and Liden). Cf. Ir. [ding]. , a heathen, Ir. [geinteach], M.Ir. [genntlige] (adj.), [gennti], gentiles; from the Lat. [gens] ([gentis]), [gentilis]. --page 193 , tallow, Ir., E.Ir. [geir], W. [gwer], [gired], grease. Cf. Gr. @G[hri/w], anoint, Skr. [gharsati] (do.), [*ghrsjo^]. , gestation, gestators; milk (Carm.): , creaking noise; see [gi\osgan]. , a wry mouth; from the Eng. [gape], Ag.S. [geapian]. , , a wry neck; formed on Eng. [cock]? Cf. Sc. [gekk], grimace. , a glutton, Ir. [geo/caire], a glutton, stroller, parasite, M.Ir. [geocach], mimus; formed on Lat. [jocosus] (Stokes). , , a creek: from the Norse [gja/], a chasm, whence N. Scotch [geo]. , ship's boat, yawl; from the Scandinavian - Mod.Norse [jula], Swedish [julle], Dan. [jolle], Sc. [yolle], Eng. [yawl], [jolly]-boat. , a wooden bier, the shoulder-bands of the dead; for root, see [giu\lan]? , a torrent of idle talk; cf. [geo\b]. , a fan (Sh.), Ir. [geo/ilrean]; from the root of [giu\lan]? , a spot of arable ground (H.S.D.), a driblet or trifling sum (M`A.): , , the craw or crop of a bird; see [geo\b]. , a branch, Ir. [geug], [ge/ag], E.Ir. [ge/c]: [*gn@.ka^], [kn@.ka^], W. [cainc], [ysgainc]; Skr. [c@?an@~ku/], twig, stake; Ch.Sl. [sa@?ku@u], surculus. , a low, Ir. [geim], a lowing, roar, E.Ir. [ge/im], shout, [ge/ssim], I low: [*gengmen-]; Lit. [z@?vengiu], neigh; Ch.Sl. [zve@?ga@?] sound. Cf. Eng. [squeak]. Cf. Ch.Sl. [gangnati], murmur. , , sharp, Ir. [geur], O.Ir. [ge/r]: , will get, Ir. [gheibhim]; root-accented form of [faigh], q.v. , gizzard; see [geuban]. , a jaw or cheek, jowl, Ir., M.Ir. [giall], faucibus; the G. form , seems borrowed from Ag.S. [ceafl], Eng. [jowl]; perhaps all are from the Eng. ++, a hostage, pledge, Ir. [giall], O.Ir. [giall], W. [gwystl], hostage, Cor. [guistel], obses, Br. [goestl], Gaul. [Co-gestlos], [*geislo-], [*geistlo-]; O.H.G. [gi^sal], Ger. [geisel], Norse [gi/sl], Ag.S. [gi^sel]. , , a fault, blemish: , hairy, , a rag, bundle, Ir. [giobach], [giobo/g], and [giob], tail, rag, O.Ir. [gibhne], cirrus: , neat; for [sgibeach]? See [sgiobalt]. , a piece of flesh (M`E.); from [gib] of [giblion]. , April: , entrails of a goose, (St. Kilda), grease from the solan goose's stomach: , cuttle-fish: [*gebbi-]; Ger. [quappe], turbot? --page 194 , nevertheless, Ir. [gidheadh]: for an older [cid]+[ed] "though it (is)"; Lat. [quid id]. See [co] and [eadh]. , , master at death revels (Carm.): , a diminutive man, little mass; native form of [ceig], q.v. , a masquerade, so Ir.; from Sc. [gyis], a mask, [gysar], a harlequin, one that disguises himself at New Year, [gys], to disguise, M.Eng. [gi^sen], dress, prepare, from O.Fr. [(de)guiser], Eng. dis-[guise]. , a chisel: [*gl@.bi-]; cf. Gr. @G[gla/fw], carve. But cf. W. [gylyf], sickle, O.Cor. [gilb], foratorium, allied to G. [guilbneach], q.v. , lad, servant, Ir. [giolla], E.Ir. [gilla]; cf. Eng. [child], Ag.S. [cild]. Zimmer thinks it is borrowed from the Norse [gildr], stout, brawny, of full worth, Eng. [guild], Ag.S. [gild], payment (see [geall]), [gilda], fellow, used in the names of Norsemen converted to Christianity instead of [maol], slave. [gille-fo-luinn], sea-grass (Wh.). , a buzzard: , a fop, flatterer; see [giolam]. , a gimlet, Ir. [gimle/ad]; from the English. , beget, Ir. [geinim], M.Ir. [genar], was born, O.Ir. [ad-gainemmar], renascimur, [gein], birth, W. [geni], nasci, Br. [ganet], born, [*geno^], nascor; Lat. [gigno], [genui], begat; Gr. @G[gi/gnomai], become, [ge/nos], race; Eng. [kin]; Skr. [ja/na], race, stock, [ja/na^mi], beget. Hence , anyone. , offspring, W. [genill]; Ir. [ginealach], a generation, G. , M.Ir. [genelach], genealogy, from Lat. [genealogia], root [gen] as in [gin]. , a cask, barrel, thick set person (not H.S.D.): , , fringe, rag, Ir. [giobo/g]. See [gibeach]. , vesture, cast clothes, Ir. [gioba/l]; see [gibeach]. , a chap, odd fellow; a bad fellow (Perth); a metaphoric use of [gioball], above. , a perky fellow: , dung, ordure (H.S.D. for C.S.), Ir. [giodar] (do.), [geadan], buttock: [*geddo-], root [ghed], cacare; Gr. @G[he/zw], cacare, @G[ho/danos], the breech; Skr. [had], cacare, Zd. [zadhan@~h], podex. , a barnacle (bird), Ir. [giodhra/n], O.Ir. [giugrann], W. [gwyrain]: [*geguranna^]; root [geg] as in [ge\adh], q.v. Fick has compared Lat. [gingrum], goose. Also . In Is. of Arran, [giu/raing], a shell fish that bores holes in wreckage. , cringe; aslo "peep" (M`A.): , a thistle (Sh., O'R. [giogun]): , , tattle, Ir. [giolmhaim], solicit: ++, reed, Ir. [giolcach], E.Ir. [gilcach]: --page 195 , stoop, aim at (M`A): , a flippant fellow: , animalcule (H.S.D.): , a lobster, Ir. [giomach], [gliomach](?), W. [ceimwach]: , a hunter; from the Eng. [game]. , greed, M.Ir. [ginach], craving; from ++, mouth, O.Ir [gin], W. [ge^n], gena, mentum, Cor. [genau], os, Br. [quen], check: [*genu-]; Gr. @G[ge/nus], chin; Lat. [gena], cheek; Eng. [chin]. , panic, apprehension, noise, Ir. [giorac], noise ([gi/orac], Con.): , a girth, Ir. [giorta]; from the Eng. , creaking gnashing, Ir. [gi/osga/n]; also Ir. [di/osca/n]. , a fret or bit of superstition, a charm; see [geas]. , a shower, series (H.S.D.); cf. E.Ir. [gith], way of motion, Skr. [hi], set in motion, impel, [hiti], impelling. , running to and fro on trifling errands, trifling, E.Ir. [gith], way, motion. See above word.>> , , corn-reapers' wrist pain: , a wile: , refuse of fish left on shore: , a drooping of the head, languor: , a carrying: [*gesu-lo-], root [qes], carry, Lat. [gero], [gestum]. , , a lad, boy, Ir. [giolla], servant, footman. From the same source as [gille]. , prepare, manage well; from [giulla], the idea being "serving"; cf. Ir. [giolla] above, and Ir. [giollas], service. , flattery: , complaining, mournful noise (H.S.D.); cf. I.E. [gevo-], cry, as in [guth], q.v. , gills of a fish, : [*gober-], root of [gob]? , barnacle goose; see [giodhran]. , fir, Ir. [giumhas], E.Ir. [gius]: [*gis-usto], root [gis]; Ger. [gien], resinous wood, [kien-baum], Scotch fir, [kiefer] ([kien-fo@"hre]), pine, Ag.S. [ce/n], fir-wood, [*ki-n] (Schra@"der). Cf. root [gis] of [gaison], O.Ir. [gae]. Ag.S. [gyr], abies. , take, seize, Ir., M.Ir. [glacaim], [glaccad], grasping, E.Ir. [glace], hand, handful: [*glapko-](?), Eng. clasp. See [glas]. , noise of anything falling, noise, horse-laugh, Ir. [glagaire], a babbler, [glagan], mill clapper: [*glag-ko-]; Gr. @G[glazw] ([*glagjo^]), sing, noise; Eng. [clack], M.Eng. [clacke], mill clack, Norse [klaka], chatter bird-like; aslo Eng. [clap]. There is a degree of onomato-poesy about these words. Cf. [clag]. , dirty water, puddle, Ir. [gla/ib]; cf. [la/ib]. , complaint, howling, Ir. [gla/im], M.Ir. [gla/imm]: [*glag-s-ma^-]; Ger. [klagen], weep (Strachan, Stokes). --page 196 , , a glass, Ir. [gloine], E.Ir. [gloine], [glaine], W. [glain], a gem, what is pur; from [glan], clean. , foam (M`A.), , water-brash, from obs. [glais], stream, E.Ir. [glaiss], same root as [glas]. , lesser spear-wort (Sh.), Ir. [glaisleun]; from [glas] and [leun] or [le\an], a swamp (Cameron). , water imp; from [glas], water. So Carm. Manx [glashtyn], kelpie, etc. , devour, Ir. [gla/maim], devour, gobble, [gla/maire], glutton: [*glad-s-mo-]; Ch.Sl. [gladu], hunger. Sc. [glam]. , a smith's vice; from the Norse [klo@"mbr], a smith's vice, Ger. [glemmem], pinch, jam. , a snap as by a dog; for form, compare Ir. [glamhsan], a murmur, which is an aspirated form of [glaim], howling. The G. is similarly from [gla\m], devour, with possibly a leaning on the idea of noise as in [glaim]. H.S.D. has , open chops. , open chasm (Wh.). , clean, pure, Ir., O.Ir. [glan], W. [glain], Br. [glan], Gaul. river name [Glana]: [*glano-s], root [gle^], [gel], [gla], shine; Gr. @G[glc/nea], shows, @G[glc/nc], eyeball, @G[gelei@nn], shine (Hes.), and @G[glainoi/], bright ornamentation (Hes.), from root [glai], from which Eng. [clean] comes (thus: [gle^], [gla]: [gle^i], [glai]). , a ringing noise; see [gliong]. , a cry, call, Ir. [glaodh], M.Ir. [gloed], a shout; cf. O.Ir. [adgla/dur], appello, Skr. [hra@-/date], sound, Gr. @G[glw@nssa], tongue (@G[*glwqia]?), Ir. and G. would then be from an O.Ir. [*gla/id], from [*gla^di-]. Hence , , a noise, prating. O.Ir. [gloidim], ringo. , glue, Ir. [glaodh], M.Ir. [glo/ed], E.Ir. [gla/ed]; [*gloi-do-], from I.E. [gloi], [glei], be sticky; Gr. @G[gloia/], @G[gli/a], @G[gli/nc], glue: Lat. [gluten]; Ch.Sl. [gle/nu], mucus; Eng. [clay], Ger. [klei], slime. W. [glud] and M.Br. [glut] are from the Lat. , pith of wood; from [glaodh] the idea being "resinous or gluey stuff". , a fooish person (Dial.): "noisy one"; from [glaodh]. , blossom of wood-sorrel: [*gloiro-], "bright", root [glei] of [gle/]? , a lock, Ir., O.Ir. [glas]: [*glapsa^]; Eng. [clasp]. , grey, Ir. [glas], green, pale, E.Ir. [glass], W., O.W., Br. [glas], green: [*glasto-], green; Ger. [glast], sheen (Bez.), root [glas], to which Ger. [glass], Eng. [glass], are probably allied. , very, Ir. [gle/], very, pure, O.Ir. [gle/], bright, W. [gloew], bright, O.W. [gloiu], liquidum: [*gleivo-], I.E. [@ghlei-], shine; Eng. [gleam], [glimmer], Ger. [glimmen]; Gr. @G[hli/w], @G[hliaro/s], warm (Kluge). Bez. refers it to the root of Eng. [clean] (see [glan]). --page 197 , a wrestle, fight, Ir. E.Ir. [gleic]: [*glekki-], [*gleg-ko-], I.E. [@glegho^], wager; Ag.S. [plegen], Eng. [pledge], [play]; Skr. [glah], play at dice, cast in wappenshaw. , an onset, deed (H.S.D.); cf. Ir. [gleo/], g. [gliadh], tumult, E.Ir. [gliad], battle: , tricks (Sh., O'B. [glea/dh], H.S.D.); Ir. [gleadh] (O'R.); for [gleadh], [gleg], root of [gleac]? , , noise, rattling, clang of arms, Ir. [gleaghrach], shout, noise; cf. Norse [gle@dhir], Christmas games, [gle@dhr], merriment, Eng. [glad]. Ir. [gliadrach], loquacious. If E.Ir. [glechrach] means "noisy", the stem is [glegar], which also appears ([Mart. Gorman], edited by Stokes). , a glen, so Ir., E.Ir. [glenn], [glend], W. [glan], brink, shore, M.Br. [glenn], country, Br. [glann], river bank: [*glennos] (a neuter [s]-stem). Stokes compares M.H.G. [klinnen], Swiss [kla@"nen], to climb, Norse [klunna], cling to. Norse [gil]? , preserve, keep, Ir. [gle/ithim], keep, clear up, cleanse, E.Ir. [gle/im], make clear, put in order, lay by. See [gle/] for root, and also [gleus]. , a gadfly (M`D., Sh., O'R.): [*glegh-]; cf. Sc. [cleg], Norse [kleggi], gadfly. , dazzling haziness about the eyes: , a drooping, silly look; cf. [sgleogair]. , a sloven, Ir. [gleoid]. See [sgleo\id]. , , a vain, silly woman, Ir. [gleosg]. See next word.>> , a silly, stupid fellow, Ir. [gleodhma/n]: , cresses, wild angelica, Ir. [gleo/rann], wild angelica; cf. E.Ir. [gleo/ir], sheen, M.Ir. [gleordha], bright; root is likely that of [gle/] ([*glivo-ro-]). , order, trim, tune, Ir. [gleus], E.Ir. [gle/s]; for root, see [gle\idh] and [gle/]. Strachan adduces E.Ir. [gle/se], brightness, and takes it from [*glent-t-], allied to Ger. [glanz], splendour, Eng. [glance]. Cf. W. [glwys], fair, pleasant. Hence , diligent. ++, a lock of hair, Ir. [glib]: [*gl@.b-bi]; cf. Eng. [clip]. Hence Eng. [glib]. , sleet , slippery with sleet (Sh., who gives , slippery); from Sc. [glib], slippery, Eng. [glib]. , wise, Ir. [glic], O.Ir. [glicc]: [*gl@.kki-]. Stokes compares Gr. @G[kalhai/nw], ponder, and takes from G. the Sc. [gleg]. , move, stir: , pretty, (Strathspey and Lochbroom Dialects for ), Ir. [glinn], bright; Eng. [glint], [gleam], [glance]. , , a tinkling, clink, Ir. [gliogar]; Eng. [click], [clack]: an onomatopoetic root. --page 198 , a staggering; from [gliogar], the idea being "noise-making"? Cf. Ir. [glingin], drunkenness. Also G. , clumsy, unstable. , slovenly, long-limbed fellow; cf. Ir. [gliomach], a lobster. , ringing noise, Ir. [glionc] (O'R.); allied to, or from the Eng. [clink], Teut. [kling]. , a clyster; from the Eng. , a blubbering, crying: , the clucking of a hen, noise, loud note; Eng. [clock], [cluck], W. [clwc]; Lat. [glocire]; etc. Onomatopoetic. , swallow greedily, , a wide throat; from the Sc. [glock], gulp, [glog], swallow hastily, E.Eng. [glucchen], [gulchen], swallow greedily, Ger. [glucken], [gulken], [klucken]. , a wheezing, difficult respiration, Ir. [glocharnach]; cf. Sc. [glag], [glagger], make a noise in the throat as if choking, [glugger], to make a noise in the throat swallowing. Allied to [gloc], etc. , a morning dram taken in bed; from [gloc] and [nead]. , ravine, chasm (Kintyre); in Lewis names N. [glju/fr]. , a soft lump, , a stupid fellow: "unstable one"; from [glug], [gluig]. , a sudden, hazy calm, a dozing (M`A.): , having hanging cheeks, as in hens: , , (Wh.), a senseless woman, an idiot; from the Sc. [glaik]. , , glass; see [glain]. , glory, Ir., E.Ir. [glo/ir], Br. [gloar]; from Lat. [gloria], whence, Eng. [glory]. , speech, Ir. [glo/r], E.Ir. [glo/rach], noisy; same as [glo\ir], glory. , spotted in the face (H.S.D.), drab-coloured (M`A.): , , the gloaming; from the Eng. , a muzzle, an instrument put into a lamb or kid's mouth to prevent sucking, E.Ir. [glomar], bridgel; root [glom], [glem]. Ger. [klemmen], jam, M.H.G. [klammer], tenaculum, Lat. [glomus], a clew. , a rock, cleft, chink: , a slimy substance; root [@glen], be slimy, Gr. @G[ble/nna], slime snot, O.H.G. [klenan], cleave. See [sglongaid]. , a deed of valour, Ir. [glonn], E.Ir. [glond], a deed: [*gl-onno-], root of [gal]? , loathing, qulm, Ir. [glonn], E.Ir. [glonn], crime: "facinus"; extended use of the above word.>> , frog's spawn (Sh., O'R.): , move, Ir., E.Ir. [gluaisim], O.Ir. [gluas-]; [*gl-eusso-], from root [@gel], Lat. [volo-], fly, Gr. @G[ga/llw]? So Dr Cameron. --page 199 , socket of the eye: , noise of liquid in a vessel when moved, Ir. [glug] (do.), [glugal], clucking of a hen; Eng. [cluck]. All are onomatopoetic. See [gloc]. Also , stammering: "clucking". Cf. Sc. [glugger], to make a noise in the throat by swallowing any liquid. , addled (of an egg); from the above word. Cf. W. [clwc], soft, addled (of an egg). , a great mouthful of liquid, , a deep pool; allied to [glug] above. , hungriness, devouring (as sea waves) (Hend.): , the knee, Ir., O.Ir. [glu/n], W., Br. [glin]: [*glu^nos]. Stokes compares Albanian [g/u] ([g/uri], [g/uni]), knee. Possibly by dissimilation of the liquids for [*gnu^nos], from [*gnu^], [*gneu], allied to Eng. [knee], Gr. @G[gnu/x], on the knee. , dropsy in throat of cattle and sheep (Carm.): , voracity, , a glutton, W. [glwth] (do.), Br. [glout] from Lat. [glutire], swallow, Eng. [glutton]; M.Ir. [glota], belly. , arable land under crop (M`A.): , periwinkle (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [gnamhan]: , custom, usual, Ir. [gna/th], O.Ir. [gna/th], solitus, W. [gnawd], custom: [*gna^to-], Lat. [(g)no^tus], known; Gr. @G[gnwto/s] (do.); Skr. [jna^ta] (do.); root [gno^], [gna^], [gen], know, Eng. [know], etc. , nature, kind, Ir. [gne/], O.Ir. [gne/], gen. [gne/e], pl. [gne/thi] (neuter [s]-stem): [*gneses-]; root [gen], beget, Lat. [genus], Gr. @G[ge/nesis], genesis, @G[genos], Eng. [kind]. , a deed, Ir. [gni/omh], O.Ir. [gni/m]: [*gne^mu-]; root [gne^], do, from [gen], beget, as in [gin]. Hence , , . , , gruff (Arm.); cf. Ir., E.Ir. [gno/], derision. , a bunch, tumour: from the Eng. [knob]. , a knock; from Eng. [knock]. , sulky (Sh., O'R., etc.), , a surly frown (H.S.D.); cf [gnu\], [gru\ig]. , ball of rosin put on horns of vicious cattle (Skye): , visage, grin (Arm., M`D., M`A.),; (Rob.); cf. [gnu\is]. , shake and scold a person (M`A.): , grunt of a pig (M`A.), for [gromh], Ir. [grossachd]: an onomatopoetic word, allied to Lat. [grunnire], grunt, Gr. @G[gru@n], swine's grunt, Eng. [grunt], [grumph]. See [gno\sd]. , groaning (of an animal), grunting; a long-vowel form of [gnomh]? , a snout (especially of a pig), Ir. [gros], [grossach], having a large snout: [*grupso-]; Gr. @G[gru/y], a griffin, "hook-nosed", @G[grupo/s], bent, Ger. [krumm]. --page 200 , , , low noise of a cow, Ir. [gnu/sachd]; [*grum-so]; see [gnomh], grunt, and [gno\mhan]. Aran Ir. [gnosacht], grunt of pig. , business, Ir. [gno\thuig] (pron. [gnathuigh]), [gno/] (pl. [gno/thaidhe]): [*gnavo-], active, Lat. [gnavus], active, Eng. [know]. See [gni\omh] and [gna\th], for root. , , surly, parsimonious, , surly. See [gno\] and [gru\ig]. , the face, countenance, Ir., O.Ir. [gnu/is], (fem. [i]-declension; [*gnu^sti-]; root [gen], know, Eng. [know], etc. , a lie, fault, Ir. [go/], lie, fraud, O.Ir. [go/], [ga/o], ga/u], W. [gau], Br. [gau], [gaou]: [*gavo-]. Cf. Gr. @G[gauso/s], crooked, @G[gausa/das], a liar (Ernault). Bezzenberger gives several alternatives; Lit. [pri-ga/uti], deceive, or Persian [zu^r], false, or Gr. @G[hau@nnos], spongy, @G[ha/os], abyss. , a beak, bill, Ir. [gob], bill, mouth, E.Ir. [gop-cho/el], lean-jawed; [*gobbo], root [gobh], [gebh]; Gr. [gamfclai/], [gamfai/], jaws; Ch.Sl. [za@?bu], tooth, [zobati], eat; Skr. [jambhas], a tooth. Stokes compares it ([*gobh-no/-]) to Zend. [zafan], mouth. The relationship to Eng. [gobbet], [gobble], Fr. [gobet], O.Fr. [gober], devour, is not clear. But cf. also Eng. [gab], [gabble], G. [gab]. , , a smith, Ir. [gobha], g. [gobhann], O.Ir. [goba], g. [gobann], O.W. [gob], W. [gof], pl. [gofion], Cor. [gof], Br. [go], Gaul. [Gobann-]: [*goba^n]; root [gobh], as in Gr. @G[go/mfos], a bolt, Eng. [comb] (Windisch), for which see [gob]. Lat. [faber] may, however, be allied, and the root then be [ghob]. [gobha-uisge], water ousel; aslo [gobha-dubh]. , a fork, Ir. [gabhal], fork, gable, O.Ir. [gabul], W. [gafl], Br. [gaol]: [*gabulu-]; Eng. [gable], Ger. [gabel], fork; Gr. @G[kefalc/], head. , a goat, Ir. [gabhar], O.Ir. [gabor], W. [gafr], Corn. [gauar], Br. [gabr], [gaffr], Gaul. [gabro-]: [*gabro-]; root [gab] of [gabh], take, as Lat. [caper] is allied to [capio], take (Loth)? Stokes gives the stem as [*gam-ro], root [gam] of [geamhradh], winter, and [gamhuinn], I.E. [ghim]; but [im] of [ghim] could not change to Gaul. [ab] in [gabro-]. , a tap, cock; from the Eng. [cock]. , an usher, attendant, sentinel, or look-out man; Martin's ([Western Isles], p.103) [gockmin], [cockman]; from Scandinavian [gok-man], look-out man (Arms.; Mackinnon says it is Danish). For root, cf. Ger. [gucken], peep. Norse [gauksman]; [gauk ma@dhr], cuckoo man. Norse [gaukr], cuckoo; Sc. [gawk]. , giddy, coquettish (Sh., etc.); cf. [gabhd]. [godadh nan ceann], tossing of one's head (Wh.). --page 201 , a titbit: , a nod, tossing of the head, Ir. [gog]; from Eng. {cock]. (Arg.). , a giddy female, Ir. [gogaide]; from Eng., Fr. [coquette]. , cackling, noise of liquor issuing from a cask, Ir. [gogallach]; Eng. [cackle]. The words are onomatopoetic. Also . , a wooden milk-pail, also ; from Sc. [cogue], [cog], apparently allied to M.Eng. [cog], ship, Norse [kuggi], a small ship, Teutonic [kuggon-], ship. , a tossing of the head in disdain, a scoff, Ir. [goic]; founded on the Eng. [cock], like [gog], q.v. , steal, Ir. [goidim], E.Ir. [gataim]: [*gad-do^], root [gad], [@ghad], [@ghed], seize; Gr. @G[handa/nw], @G[e@'/hadon], hold, contain; Lat. [prehendo], seize; [praeda], booty, [hedra], ivy; Eng. [get]. Thur. has compared the Lat. [hasta], spear, giving a stem [*ghazdho-]. , a bit of fat meat, cluster, thread tangle or kink; cf. [gagan]: [*gaggo-]; cf. Gr. @G[gaggli/on], ganglion, a "knot", Eng. [kink]. , boil, Ir. [gailim], seethe, boil: [*gali-]; I.E. [@gel], well, Ger. [quellen], gush. See next.>> , a stomach, appetite, Ir. [goile], [gaile], stomach, appetite, throat, M.Ir. [gaile]; also O.Ir. [gelim], I consume; Lat. [gula], throat (Eng. [gullet]), [glutire], swallow (Eng. [glutton]); Skr. [gilati], swallow; I.E. [@gel], allied to root of [goil]. , a haycock, cole; from the Sc. [gole], Eng. [coll]. , tattle, chattering, also ([l]=[le]); see [gothlam]. , fire (kindling) (Carm.): , distorted face, angry face, grin, blubber lipl cf. Ir. [gailleo/g], a blow on the cheek, G. [gailleag]. Cf. for root Gr. @G[hei@nlos], lip, @G[*heslos] = Skr. [ghas], eat, swallow. , a Lewis bird of the size of the swallow, which comes to land in winter (Arms.): , anguish, pain, Ir. [goimh]: [*gomi-], root [gom], [gem], press, Lat. [gemo], groan, Ch.Sl. [z@?ima@?], compress. , ; see [gon]. , call, cry, crow, Ir. [goirim], E.Ir. [gairim], O.Ir. [adgaur], convenio: [*garo^], speak, I.E. [@ger], cry; Gr. @G[ge/ranos], crane, @G[deiria@nn], abuse; Skr. [ja/rate], cry, crackle; further Lat. [garrio], chatter ([*gars-]); Eng. [garrulous], Lit. [garsas], noise; also root [ga^r], as in Gaelic [ga\ir], Gr. @G[gc@nrus], voice, etc. , convenience, apparatus; from [gar], near, and [goirid]. , short, Ir. [gairid], O.Ir. [garit]. For root, see [gea\rr] (Skr. [hrasva], short, etc.), from which comes the comparative . Also [gar], near, q.v. --page 202 , sore, sour, Ir. [goirt], sore, salt, E.Ir. [goirt], bitter: [*gorti-], I.E. [gher], be rough, as in [garbh]. , a little field of corn, croft, Ir. [goirti/n], [gort], garden, corn-field, O.Ir. [gort], seges, W. [garth], enclosure, Br. [garz] (do.): [*gorto-]; Lat. [hortus]; Gr. @G[ho/rtos], straw-yard; Eng. [garden], [garth], etc. (pl. <-an>), guisers, waits, singers about Christmas, etc. (Carm.): , , a snare, Ir. [gaisde], O.Ir. [goiste], suspendium. Cf. [gaoisid]. , company, people; see [gasraidh]. , gossip, godfather, M.Ir. [goistibe], godfather; from M.Eng. [godsibhe], now [gossip]. , a gudget: [*gulo-]; Gr. @G[gu/lios], wallet, O.H.G. [kiulla]. , two-headed (H.S.D.): "forked", from [gobhlan]? , a nip, pinch (M`L., ), [ga\mag], large bite (Skye): , wound, bewitch, Ir. [gonadh], wounding, E.Ir. [gonim]: {*gono^], I wound, I.E. [@ghen]; Gr. @G[fo/nos], slaughter, @G[qei/nw], hit; Norse, [gunnr], battle, O.H.G. [gundea] (do.); Skr. [han], strike, slay. , grass roots; cf. [cona]. , silly, Ir. [gorach]; Gr. @G[gau@nros], exulting, skittish, haughty; root @G[@gau], be free, Lat. [gaudium], Eng. [joy]. , blue, green, Ir., E.Ir. [gorm], blue, W. [gwrm], dusky: [gorsmo-], root [gor], warm ("warm colour"), as in G. [gar] (Stokes). , a cuirass, gorget; from Eng. [gorget]. ++, a field, standing corn, Ir. [gort]; see [gart], [goirtean]. , , famine, Ir. [gorta], O.Ir. [gorte]; I.E. [gher], desire, want; Gr. @G[hre/os], necessity, @G[hrci@"/zw], wish; Eng. [yearn]. , toss the head contemptuously or giddily (M`A.); , airy gait (Arm., , Sh., O'R): possibly from Eng. [go]. Cf. W. [goth], pride. , prating noise, M.Ir. [gothach], noisy; from [guth]. , interrupt, , hindrance, Ir. [grabadh]; apparently from Eng. [grab]. Cf. W. [crap], prehensio, Romance [graffo]. , abhorrence: , , engrave, Ir. [grabha/il]; from Eng. [grave], engrave. , querulous noise of hens, Ir. [gra\goill], clucking of a hen, crow's crowing. See [gra\g]. , sudden, Ir. [grad}, [grod]: [*groddo-], root [grod], [gred], as in [greas], q.v. , ugly; usual form of [gra\nda], q.v. , snuff, corn kilned by burning its straw, the meal derived from the foresaid corn, Ir. [grada/n]. Cf. [greadan]. --page 203 , love, Ir. [gra/dh], E.Ir. [gra/d]: [*gra^do-], [*gra^-dho-], root [@gra^]; Lat. [gra@-tus], Eng. [grateful]; Skr. [gu^rdha/ya], praise; Gr. @G[ge/ras], honour. , compaining noise of hens; onomatopoetic. See [gra/g]. , croaking of crows, Ir. [gra/g]; Eng. [croak], [crake]. Onomatopoetic words. Cf. I.E. [@gra/q], Lat. [graculus], [gracillare], hen's cry, M.H.G. [kragelen], crackle. , glutton (Sh., O'B., etc.), Ir. [gragaire] (O'B.), [gra/gaire] (Con.): , stud, flock of horses; see [greigh]. , abhorrence, disgust, Ir. [gra/in], E.Ir. [gra/in], W. [graen], grief, rough: [*gragni-] (Strachan, Stokes). Ch.Sl. [groga], horrible. , a hedgehog, Ir. [gra/ineo/g]: the "horrent one"; from [gra/in], above. , disdain, a frown, Ir. [grainc]. Cf. [sgraing]. , a grain, small quantity, Ir. [gra/inne], O.Ir. [gra/inne], granulum, [gra/n], granum, W. [grawn], Cor. [gronen], Br. [greun], (pl.): [*gra^no-]; Lat. [gra^num] ([*gr@-@.no-]); Eng. [corn] (Stokes). Some hold that the Celtic is borrowed from the Latin. , a grange, Ir. [gra/inseach]; from the Eng. , a cracknel (M`F.), bear berry (H.S.D. for N.H.): , prosperity, blessing (N.H.); from [gra\s]. , a rabble, Ir. [gra/isg], [gramhaisg], [gramaisg]: , hold, keep fast, ir. [gramuighim]; see [greim]. , refuse of grain (H.S.D.): , kiln-dried grain, Ir. [gra/n], corn, O.Ir. [gra/n]; see [gra\inne]. , , ugly, Ir. [granda], [granna], E.Ir. [gra/nde], [gra/nna], teter, dirus; from [gra\in], q.v. , a graip, dung fork, Ir. [gra/pa]; from Sc. [graip]. , grace, Ir., M.Ir. [gra/s], W. [gras]; from Lat. [gratia]. , terror (Dial., H.S.D.): , a while; for [*tra\thain], from [tra\th], influenced by [greis]? , wound, whip, burn, Ir. [greadaim]; cf. W. [greidio], scorch: [*greddo-]; root [ghredh]; cf. Eng. [grind], Lat. [frendo], [*ghrendho] (St.). Cf. also Eng. [grist], Lat. [hordeum]. Swedish [gra@"dda], bake, may be compared. , a considerable time with all one's might at anything (M`A.); from [gread]. , parched corn; from [gread]. Cf. [gradan]. Ir. [greado/g] means "griddle". Eng. [griddle], W. [greidell], are allied. Cf. [grist], [hordeum], @G{kriqc/]. , , a convivial party, happy band. Ir. [greadhanach], drolling, G. , joyful; root [gred], go, as in [greas], q.v.? M.Ir. [greadan], exulting shouts. Root @G[har]? --page 204 , , entrails: [*gre-lach], root [gr@.], I.E. [ghr@.], gut; Gr. @G[hordc/], gut, Eng. [cord]; Lat. [haru-spex], diviner, "entrails-inspector", [hernia], rupture. Shaw has [greathlach]. Hence , dirty, Ir. [greallach], clay, dirty. Cf. Eng. [gore]. , a swingle-tree: , hair, bristling of hair, surly look, also "cloth", "rough piled clothing", Ir. [greann], beard, hair hair, E.Ir. [grend], beard, W., Br. [grann], eyelid, cilium: [*grenda^]; Ger. [granne], beard of corn or cat, Norse [gro@"n], moustache, Span. [gren@~a], tangled hair, Prov.Fr. [gren], O.Fr. [grenon], beard of cheek and lip; Albanian [kra@?nde]. , rag, tatter. Hence . , hasten, urge, Ir. [greasuighim], M.Ir. [gressim]: [*gred-to-]; I.E. [@ghredh], step out, go; Lat. [gradior], gradus], step; Got. [grids], a step; Ch.Sl. [gre@?da@?], stride, come; Skr. [gr@.dhyati], step out. The E.Ir. [gri/saim], I incite, is a different word, coming from [gri/s], fire. , a gridiron, Ir. [greidil], [greideal], M.Ir. [in t-slissin gretli], Sean. Mor. [gretel], W. [greidel], [gradell], O.W. [gratell]; from Late Lat. [graticula], from [cratis], wicker-work, Eng. [crate], [grate], [grill], [hurdle]. Eng. [griddle], M.Eng. [gredel], are the same as the Celtic words. Skeat has suggested [gread] above as the orogin of the Celtic forms; cf. Ir. [greado/g], a griddle. Hence , an instrument for turning the bannocks on the griddle. , prepare, dress, Ir. [gre/asaim]; see [gre/is]. [gre/idhear], [gre/'ar], grieve (N.Gael.). , a stud of horses, Ir., M.Ir. [groigh], E.Ir. [graig], W. [gre]: [*gragi-]; Lat. [grex], flock; Gr. [gargara], heaps; O.H.G. [quarter], herd. , a hold, a morsel, so Ir., O.Ir. [greim], [greimm], a hold, strength, W. [grym], force, strength: [*gredsmen-]; root [gher], hold, Gr. @G[he/ir], hand, Skr. [ga/ras], grip. Stokes separates [greim], morsel, from [greim], hold, strength. [greim], morsel, he refers to [*gresmen], a bite, Skr. [gra/sati], devour, Gr. @G[gra/w], eat, Norse [kra/s], a dainty. , prowess, onset, slaughter, a champion, E.Ir. [gress], [gre/ss], attack; from the root of [greas] above (Stokes). , a shile, Ir. [do ghre/as], always, O.Ir. [do gre/s], do [gress], semper, M.Ir. [do-gres]: [*grend-to-], going on, root [grend], [gred], I.E. [ghredh] as in [greas]. Strachan gives [*grencs-], and compares Norse [kringr], round, Ger. [kring]. See . , , embroidery, needle-work, Ir. [obair-ghre/is], from [gre/as], E.Ir. [gre/ss], any work of art or trade; see [greusaich]. --page 205 , a crowd (Arg.); from Eng. [crowd]. , expansion of the thighs, , grinning (H.S.D.): [*grencs-]; Norse [gringr], round, Ger. [kring]. , , shoemaker, any worker in embroidery or gurniture, Ir. [gre/asaidhe], shoemaker: [*greid-to-]; Gadelic [greid], dress, broider, I.E. [@ghrei], rub; Gr. @G[hroia/], @G[hrw@nma], hide, skin, colour, @G[hri/w], anoint (Christus). , sun, Ir., O.Ir. [gri/an]: [*greina^], [@ghr-eina^], root [@gher], warm, as in [gar]. Cf. Skr. [ghr@.n@.is], sunshine, [ghramsa], heat; W. [greian], what gives heat, sun. See further under [gri\os]. Hence , sunny place, summer house, [solarium] of Lat., from [sol], sun. , a species of aculeated fish: "cobbler" fish; from [griasaich], shoemaker. , substance, quality; from Sc. [grit], grain of stones, grit, grain, Eng. [grit]. Hence , industrious (M`A.). , the constellation of Charles' wain, , a constellation; see [grioglachan]. , a grain of salt, any small matter: [*gris-il-], root [greis], gravel, as in [grinneal]. , grim, surly; from Eng. [grim], Norse [grimmr]. , warlike (H.S.D.), Ir. [grimeamhuil] (Lh., O'B.), [grim], war; from the Norse [grimmr], fierce, wroth? , pretty, Ir. [grinn}, E.Ir. [grind]: [*gr@.nni-], "bright"; root [@gher], as in [grian], [gri\os]. Cf. [glinn]. , bottom of the sea, gravel, Ir. [grinnioll], channel, bed of a river, sand of the sea, sea bottom, M.Ir. [grinnell]: [*gris-ni-], root, [greis], [gris], gravel, E.Ir. [gri/an], gravel ([*greisano-]), W. [graian], gravel, [greienyn] a grain of gravel. Rhys (Hib.Lect., 571) refers these words to the root of [grian], sun, the particle of gravel being supposed to be "a shining thing". This view is supported by and , q.v. , nibble (Heb.); from Sc. [gnip], gnaw, eat, Eng. [nip], [nibble]. , a pimple (M`A.): , hurry: , a decaying or lean young deer, , consumption (Dial., H.S.D.): , (Glen-Urquhart), a pebble, bead: [*grizgu-], root [gris], [greis], gravel, as in [grinneal]. , Pleiades, , a constellation, Ir. [griogcha/n], constellation. For root, see [griogag]. , thin-haired, , shrivelled grass (H.S.D.): , a certain species of lichen, malt bud (H.S.D.): , entreat, pray, Ir. [gri/osaim], encourage, incite, rake up a fire; from earlier [gri/os], heat, which see in [gri\osach]. --page 206 , burning embers, Ir. [gri/osach], coals of fire, burning embers, M.Ir. [gri/ssach], E.Ir. [gri/s], fire, embers, Br. [groez], heat: [*grens], [*gr@.ns], heat; Skr. [ghramsa], sun, heat, sunshine; root [@gher] of [gar], q.v. Hence , inflammation; Ir. [gri/s], pimple. , horror; from Sc. [grise], to shudder, M.Eng. [gri@-s], horror, [gri@-seful], [gri@-se], horrible, Eng. [grisly]. , grindled, , "gray-white", (Sh. [gris]), gray; from M.Eng. [gri@-s], gray fur. , the measles, (do.), (M`A.), , indefinitely small particle, pustules on the skin; root [@ghru], as in [grothlach]; [gru/lach] (Skye) = [griobhlach]. , join by indentation, serrate; cf. M.Eng. [gro@-pin], to groove, also [groupe] and [grave]. A borrowed G. word. , a poor shrivelled woman; from [gro\b]. , top or point of a rock, hillock: , mugwort (N.G.): , croak, frown on; from Eng. [croak]. , rotten, E.Ir. [grot], [gruiten], stale butter, small curds in whey; a metathesis of [goirt]? , wrinkled (as heather), Ir. [grug], a wrinkle; cf. [gru\ig]. , awkwardness, perverseness, , awkward man; see [gru\ig]. , a gooseberry; from the Sc. [groset], from O.Gr. [*grose], [grosele], goose-berry, whence Eng. [gooseberry] for [grooseberry]. , a groaning, growling; the same as [gno\mhan]. , snout; correct spelling of [gnos], q.v. , a groat; from the Eng. , a gravel pit, abounding in gravel (O'B., Sh., etc.), Ir. [grothlach], W. [gro], pebbles, Cor. [grow], gravel, Br. [grouan]. From these come Eng. [gravel], O.Gr. [gravele]. Cf. Norse [grjot], stones, Ag.S. [greo/t], Eng. [grit], root [grut], Lit. [gru/sti], pound, bray, Gr. @G[hruso/s], gold (= @G[hrud-so/s]). , corpulent (O'B., Sh., etc.), so Ir.: "heavy-breeched" (Arms.) - [*grod-to/nach]. , hair of the head, a wig, Ir. [gru/ag]: [*grunka^], root [@gru], Eng. [crumple]? Hence , a maiden, brownie. , cheek, brow, Ir. [gruaidh], cheek, E.Ir. [gruad], W. [grudd], Cor. [grud], maxilla: [*groudos]. Bez. suggests the root [ghrud], [ghreud], as in [grothlach], above, the idea being "pounding, mashing" (Lit. [gru/sti], bray, pound), and the original force "jaw": cf. Lat. [maxilla] and [macero], macerate. Stokes queries if it is from the root of Eng. [great]. Eng. [proud]? , a species of sea-weed (H.S.D. for Heb.), birses (M`A.); "little hairy one" (Carm.), from [gruag]. [miorcan] in Lewis. --page 207 , gloom, surly look, Ir. [gruaim]: [*grousemen-]; root [@greul], [@gru^t], Lat. [bru^tus], dull, Eng. [brute], Lettic, [gru/ts], heavy, Stokes cfs. only Ch.Sl. [su@u-grustiti se@?] grieve over. , a brewer, Ir. [gru/daire], [gru/id], malt: [*gru^ddi-]; Ag.S. [gru/t], coarse meal, Ger. [gru@"tze], groats, Dan. [gro@"d]; Lit [gru/das], corn. Eng. [grit], [groats] are allied. Hence , lees. , a drooping attitude, churlishness, churlish, Ir. [gru/g], a grudge, anger, [gruig], churlishness (O'B.), [gruc], sulky (O'Cl.); cf. Eng. [grudge], M.Eng. [grucchen], O.Fr. [grouchier], [groucier]. Also , wrinkled. , prancing, leaping suddenly (H.S.D.): , sound, fathom; see [grunnd]. , , a handful, lot, crowd (Dial. ), O.Ir. [grinne], fascis, fasciculum, Br. [gronn], a heap: [*grendio-], [*grondo-]; Gr. @G[gro/nqos], closed fist, Skr. [grantha], bind, etc. (Stokes for O.Ir.). Cf. for root [bre/id]. , groundsel; formed on the Eng. , bottom, ground, thrift; from Sc. [grund], bottom or channel in water, Norse [grunnr], bottom of sea or river, Eng. [ground]. Hence , steadfast, solid, sensible. , a grunting; from [*grunn], grunt, Lat. [grunnire], Eng. [grunt]. , curds, Ir., M.Ir. [gruth]: {*grutu-]; Eng. [curds], M.Eng. [crud], Sc. [crowdie], [croods]; Gr. @G[gru/sei], will melt, [gru/tc] ([u] long), frippery; I.E. [@gru], Eng. [crumb], Ger. [krauen], Gr. @G[gru@n], morsel. Hence , curds and butter: {gruth]+[i\m]. , , liver, Ir. [aeu. gru/an] (Lh. [Comp.Voc. sub "jecur"): [*gru^so-]: root [ghru], gritty, of [grothlach. , to, ad, Ir. [go], [gu], O.Ir. [co], [cu], W. [bw] in [bwy gilydd], to its fellow: [*qos]; Ch.Sl. [ku@u], to; cf. Lat. [usque] for [*quos-que]? (Bez.). Used adverbially in [gu math], [gu h-olc]. Cf. Gr. [kas], [kai], Skr. [-c@,as]. , a giddy, whimsical fellow, Ir. [gu/ag], [guaigi/n], folly, silly one; from M.Eng. [gowke], [go@-ki], a fool, Sc. [gowk], Eng. [gawky]. , a splay-foot; see [cuag]. , thick, little and round: [*goug-go-], root [@gu], bend. , false, falsity (Carm.): , a coal of fire; see [gual]. Cf. [caoirean], a peat, cinder, ember. , go hand in hand: "shoulder to shoulder"; see [guala]. , quietness; see [guamach]. , briskness, liveliness; see [guanach]. , vertigo; cf. Ir. [gu/airdea/n], whirlwind; from [cuairt]? , curled, crinitus, Ir. [gu/aire], hair of the head; from I.E. [@gu], bend, as in [guala]. --page 208 , leave ("Gabh no guait e" -- Take or leave it); from Eng. [quit]? [g-uait]? , coal, Ir. [gual]: [*goulo-], [*geulo-]; root [geul], [gul]; Teutonic [*kola-], Norse [kol], coals, Ger. [kohle], Eng. [coal]. W. [glo], Br. [glaou], [*glo^vo-] (Stokes), is allied to the Eng. [glow]. , , shoulder, Ir. [guala], g. [gualann], E.Ir. [gualu], g. [*gualand]: [*goulo^n], root [@geu], [@gu], [gu], bend; Gr. @G[gui@non], limb, @G[gu/alon], a hollow, @G[gu/cs], ploughtree (Lat. [bura]); Old Bactrian = Zend, [ga@-o], hand. Strachan and Stokes give the root [gub], bend, stem [*gublo^n-], I.E. [gheubh], bend, Gr. @G[kufo/s] ([u] long), bent, stooping; Lettic [gubt], stoop. , neat, snug, smirking; also "plentiful" (Sh., O'R.), careful, managing (Arran): , light, giddy, Ir. [guanach], [guamnach], M.Ir. [guamnacha], active (O'Cl.); root [guam] of [guamach] above. , a bubble, bell, globule, bud: [*gukko-], Ger. [kugel], ball. , a gudgeon, Ir. [guda]; formed on Eng. [gudgeon], M.Eng. [gojon]. , , a bound, wild leap (Arg.): , the solan goose, a fat, silly fellow, Ir. [guga]. See the next word for root.>> , clucking of poultry, Ir. [gugailim]: an onomatopoetic word. Cf. Eng. [chuck]. See also [gogail]. , a fledgling: , pray, , a prayer, wish, Ir. [guidhim], [guidhe], O.Ir. [guidiu], [gude], [guide]: [*godio-], root [ged], [god], I.E. [@ghedh], ask; Gr. @G[po/qew], desire, @G[qe/ssasqai], pray for; Got. [bidjan], ask, Ag.S. [giddan], Eng. [bid]. , weep, Ir., E.Ir. [guilim]; see [gal]. , the curlew: "beaked one", E.Ir. [gulbnech], beaked, O.Ir. [gulban], beak, O.W. [gilbin], acumine, W. [gylf], bill, beak, [gylfant], Cor. [gilb], foratorium, [geluin], rostrum: [*gulbano-]; Ger. [kolben], piston, knob, gun-stock. Bez. compares only N.Slovenic [golbati], gnaw. Cf. Lit. [gulbe@?], swan. , the swan's note, warbling (Sh. has , chattering of birds, O'R. [guilleog]); root [gal], cry, call, Lat. [gallus], cock, Eng. [call]? , custom of boiling eggs outside on Easter Sunday = [latha guileagan] (M`D.): , , conspiracy (Carm.): , a wound, O.Ir. [guin]: [*goni-]; see [gon]. , hatch, lie on eggs, , hatching, Ir. [gur], W. [gori], to brood; from the root [gor], [gar], warm. See [gar]. --page 209 , a pimple, , a festering, Ir., M.Ir. [guiri/n], pustule, E.Ir. [gur], pus, W. [go^r], pus, [goryn], pustula: [*goru-], fester, "heat"; root [gor], [gar], warm, as in [gar]. , a gusset; from the Eng. , a corn-fan, unperforated sieve: [gottia/]: , a gloom, forbidding look; from the Eng.? , sea-lark (H.S.D.): , without, Ir. [gan], O.Ir. [cen]; Gr. @G[keneo/s], empty; root [keno-]. So O.H.G. [hina], [hinweg], Ag.S. [hin-]. , , that, Gr. @G[o@`/ti], Ir. [go], O.Ir. [co], [con]. Windisch considers this the prep. [con], with, and [co], to; Zim. and Thur. regard it as from [co], to (see [gu]). The latter explains the [n] as the relative: [*co-sn], a view supported by the verbal accent being on the first syllable and by the occasional form [conn](?) See [cha'n]. , a gun, Ir., M.Ir. [gunna]; from M.Eng. [gunne], Eng. [gun]. , that, Ir. [gur]: [*co-ro]; see [gu'n] for [co]. Uses are: [Gur cruaidh e] = O.Ir. [corrop cruaid e/]; [corrop] is now Ir. [gurab], that is [co-ro-ba] ([ba], verb "to be"). [gur] = [gun ro], [con ro-] (St.). , a blockhead (Sh., H.S.D.): , unfeathered bird, lump (Arg.), from [gur]. , crupper; from Sc. [curpon], Eng., O.Fr. [croupon]. , a blot (Arg.): , , crouching, crouching on the hunkers: [*gurtha-] from [gur], brooding as in [guir]? Cf. Sc. [curr], to "hunker", [currie], a stool, Eng. [cower]. The Perthshire [, hunkering, is from Scotch. , fledgling, (Arg.): , fierceness, sternness of look; also [gart], q.v. , to, Ir. [gus], O.Ir. [cossin], to the, to which; prep. [gu], [co], and the article or relative. The [s] of the article is preserved after the consonant of [co] (= [qos]). , anything (Arg.): , sharp, keen, strong, Ir. [gusmhar], strong; from [gus], force, smartness: [*gustu-], "choice", root [gu], Eng. [chose]. , a hearty draught: , refuse, dirt, idle words, roaring: , voice, Ir., O.Ir. [guth]: [*gustu-]; I.E. [gu]; Gr. @G[go/os], groan; Skr. [hu], call, cry, [havat@-], calls; Ch.Sl. [zova@?], to call. This is --page 210 different from I.E. [@gu], Gr. @G[boc/], shout, Lat. [bovare], cry (Prellwitz, Osthoff). , she, Ir. [i/], [si/], O.Ir. [i/], [hi/], [si/], W., Br. [hi]: [*si^]; Got. [si], ea, Ger. [sie], they; Skr. [sya@-/]: I.E. [sjo-], [sha@--] (Brug.). See [sa], [so], [sin]. , a yell, cry, Ir. [i/achdadh], O.Ir. [iachtaim]: [*eicto-], [*eig-to-], from [eia] of [e/igh]. ++, a salmon, E.Ir. [co/], g. [iach], W., Br. [eog], W. [ehawc], Cor. [ehog]: [*esax]; Lat. [esox]: Basque [izokin] (borrowed from Celtic). , they, Ir. [iad], E.Ir. [iat], O.Ir. only in [olseat-som], say they, W. [hwynt]: confusion of roots [ei] [sjo] with the 3rd plur. in [nt]. Of E.Ir. [iat], [siat], Brugmann says:- "These have the ending of the 3rd plur. of the verb;; later on [iat], [siat] were detached, and began an independent existence". Stokes similarly says they are [se] and [hwy] with the [nt] of the verbal 3rd pl. added. , jealousy, Ir. [e/ad]; see [eud]. , encompass, Ir. [iadhaim], join, shut, surround, E.Ir. [iadaim]: [*eida^o^], [*ei-dho-], root [ei], go? Stokes analyses it into [*ei-] [da^mo^], for [epi-da^mo^], Skr. [api-da@-/na@-], a lock: for [epi], see Gr. @G[e@'pi/] under [iar]; and [da^mo^] is from [dho^], [dhe^], place, Gr. @G[ti/qcmi], Lat. [facio]. It has also been correlated to Gr. @G[pie/zomai], press, Skr. [pi^dayti], press ([*pisda@-]), from [pise], stamp, press, Lat. [pistor], etc. , moment, season, gleam of sunshine; a poetic word, seemingly a metaphoric use of [iall]. Galway Ir. [iall], moment, [iall deireannach da/ shaoghal]. , a thong, Ir. [iall], E.Ir. [i/all]: [*peisla]; cf. [pileus], felt, etc. +, a flock of birds, Ir. [iall], a flock of birds, E.Ir. [iall], grex; [*eisla], @Gr. @G[i@'/lc], Hence [eallach] (St.). Cf Ir. [e/ili/n sicini], brood or clutch of chickens. , jaunty, lithe; cf [uallach]. , a bat, Ir. [ialto/g], E.Ir. [iathlu] (iatly, O'Cl.), W. [ystlum]: [*isatal-] (Ascoli). Dial. ; Lat. [vesper-tilio]. , a bird; see [eun]. , after, Ir. [iar], O.Ir. [iar n-], post: [*e(p)eron; Skr. [aparam], afterwards; Got. [afar], post; further Gr. @G[o@'/piqen], behind, @G[e@'pi/], to, on, Skr. [a/pi], Lit. [ape@?], to, on, Lat. [op]. See [air(c)]. , , , west, Ir. [iar], [siar], O.Ir. [i/ar], occidens, [ani/ar]: a special use of the prep. [iar] above. See [ear] for force. , anger, ferocity; from [air] and [boile]? , a consequence, remains of a disease: , pain, Ir. [iargan], groans of a dying man (O'B.); from [air] and [gon]. --page 211 , the west, evening twilight, Ir. [iargu/l], remote district, [iargcu/l] (Con.); from [iar] and [cu/l], back: "begind", west. , churlish, inhospitable, surly, turbulent (M`A.), Ir. [iarcu/lta], churlish, backward. , battle, contest, so Ir., O.Ir. [irgal]: [air]+[gal], the [air] being [air(a)]. See [gal]. , sound, noise; see [uirghioll]. , an earl, Ir. [iarla], M.Ir. [i/arla]; from Norse [jarl], Eng. [earl]. W. has [iarll]. , offspring, remnant, Ir. [iarmat], offspring (O'B.), [iarmart], consequences of anything, [iarmhar], remnant; root [mar], remain. See [mar]. , the firmament, for [*fiarmaint], Ir. [fiormaimeint], M.Ir. [firmeint], E.Ir. [firmimenti (g.); from Lat. [firmamentum]. Cf. [Tormailt], Norman. , a hank of yarn, Ir. [i/arna], a chain or hank of yarn; from Eng. [yarn]. , smooth with an iron; from [iarunn]. , great grandson, O.Ir. [iarmui], abnepotes; from [air] and [ogha]: "post-nepos". , ask, Ir., E.Ir. [iarraim], I seek, ask, [iarrair], a seeking, [iarair]: [*iarn-ari-], "after-go", root [(p)ar], [per], go, seek, bring, through, Gr. @G[pei@nra], experience, Lat. [ex-perior], try, Eng. [experience], etc. (Stokes). See [aire] further for root. , iron, Ir. [iarann], M.Ir. [iarund], O.Ir. [iarn], W. [haiarn], [hearn], Corn. [hoern], O.Br. [hoiarn], Br. [houarn], Gaul. [isarnodori], ferrei ostii: [*eisarno-]; Got. [eisarn], O.H.G. [isarn], Ger. [eisen], Eng. [iron] (all borrowed from Celtic according to Brugmann, Stokes, etc.). Shra@"der regards the [eis] or [i^s] of [eisarno-] as only a different vowel-scale form of I.E. [ayos], [ayes-], metal, whence Lat. [aes], Eng. [ore]. , , a loan, Ir. [iasachd], E.Ir. [iasacht]: , fish, Ir. [iasg], O.Ir. [i/asc], [@oesc], g. [e/isc]; [*eisko-], [*peisko-]; Lat. [piscis], fish; Got. [fisks], Eng. [fish]. ++, drink, M.G. [ibh] (M`V.), Ir. [ibhim] (Con. [i/bhim]), O.Ir. [ibim], O.W. [iben], bibimus, Cor. [evaf], Br. [eva]: [*ibo^], [*pibo^]; Lat. [bibo]; Skr. [pibami^]. , cure, heal, so Ir.; see [ioc]. , an addition, [eke], frame put under a beehive (Carm.); Sc. [eik]. , at all, Ir. [idir], O.Ir. [itir], [etir]: [*enteri], a locative case of [enter], the stem of the prep. [eadar], q.v. , hell, Ir. [ifrionn], E.Ir. [ifern(d)], O.Ir. [ifurnn]; from Lat. [infernum], adj. [infernus], Eng. [infernal]. , tallow (Sh.), fat (H.S.D., which marks it as obsolete), M.Ir. [i/th], g. [itha], Manx [eeh]: root [pi], [pei], Gr. @G[pi/wn], Skr. [pi/nas], fat. --page 212 , , a burn, a small stream with green banks (Suth.). This is the Suth. pronunciation of [u\idh], a ford, etc. , a craggy mountain ("Mar ilbhinn ailbhein craige", Oss. Ballad); if not mere jingle, it means "many peaked": [iol]+[bheann]. , variegated, Ir. [ile], diversity; see [iol-]. , butter, Ir. [im] (g. [i/me], Coneys), E.Ir. [imb], W. [ymenyn], Cor. [amenen], Br. [amann], [amanen]: [*emben-] or [*m@.ben-]; Lat. [unguen], Eng. [unguent], vb. [unguo], I smear: Ger. [enke], butter; Skr. [a/n@~jas], a salve, ointment. , about, also with intensive force, Ir. [im-], O.Ir. [im-], [imm-]; it is the prefixive form of prep. [mu], q.v. Also [iom-]. [imcheist], anxiety, doubt, O.Ir. [imchesti], contentiones; from [im-] and [cheist]. , journeying, , go, Ir. [imtheachd], [imthighim], O.Ir. [imthecht]; from [im-] and [teachd], [tighinn]: is for [imthigh], root [tig] [teig] of [tighinn], q.v. , a sarcasm, scandal: [*im-isc]; for [isc], see [inisg]. , navel, Ir. [imleacan], [imlinn], E.Ir. [imbliu], acc. [imblind], [imlec], [imleca/n]: [*embilio^n-], [*embilenko-]; Lat. [umbili^cus]; Gr. @G[o@'mfalo/s]; Eng. [navel]; Skr. [na@-/bhi], [na^bhi^la]; I.E. [onbhelo-], [nobhelo-]. , lick, Ir. [imlighim], [lighim]; [im-lighim]. "about-lick". With [lighim] is cognate O.Ir. [li/gim], I lick, W. [llyaw], [llyad], licking, Br. [leat] (do.): [*leigo^], [*ligo]; Lat. [lingo]; Gr. @G[lei/gw]; Eng. [lick]; Ch.Sl. [lizati] (to lick); Skr. [lihati]. , care, diligence, Ir. [imni/dhe], O.Ir. [imned], tribulatio: [*m@.bi-men-eto-], root [men] of [menmna]. Ascoli analyses the O.Ir. as [*imb-an-eth], root [an], breathe. , a prayer; see [iompaidh]. , about to, almost, M.Ir. [imese catha], imminence of battle, root [ved] of [to\iseach] (Stokes). , controversy, Ir. [imreasa/n], O.Ir. [imbresan], altercatio, [imbresnaim], I strive, W. [ymryson], contention, dispute: [*imbi-bres-], root [bres] of M.Ir. [bressa], contentions, battles, Br., Cor. [bresel] (from [bris], break)? Windisch suggests for Gadelic [*imm-fres-sennim] (prep. [imm] or [im] and [fris], [frith]), from O.Ir. [sennim], I drive, [*svem-no-], allied to Eng. [swim]. , remove, flit, Ir. [imircim], E.Ir. [immirge], journey, expedition: [*imbi-reg-], root [reg], go, stretch (as in [rach]). Windisch suggests [imm-e/irge], from [e/irigh]. , quality, dignity, rank, Ir. [inmhe], patrimony, estate, M.Ir. [indme], rank: [*ind-med-], prep. [ind] ([ann]) and root [m@-], [med], of [meas]? Ir. [inme], wealth, better [indme] or [indbe] (St.). , a confluence of waters, Ir. [innbhear], [inbhear], E.Ir. [indber], [inbir], [inber], W. [ynfer], influxus: [*eni-bero-s] (Stokes), from [eni] or modern [an], in, and [bero-], stem of [beir], Lat. [fero]. The combination is the same as Lat. [infero], Eng. [inference]. , a daughter, Ir. [inghean], O.Ir. [ingen], Ogam [inigena]: [*eni-gena^]; root [gen], beget (see [gin]) and prep. [an]; Lat. [indigena], native; Gr. @G[e@'ggo/nc], a grand-daughter. Also , q.v. Lat. [ingenuus]? , neat, tidy, lively: , Shrove-tide, Ir. [inid], E.Ir. [init], W. [ynyd], Br. [ened]; from Lat. [initium] ([jejunii], beginning of Lent. a reproach; cf. M.Ir. [indsce], O.Ir. [insce], speech: [*eni-sqia^], root [seq], say, as in [sgeul], q.v. Gr. @G[e@'/nispe], Lat. [inseque], say, are exactly the same as Ir. in root and prefix. , , ( before [s]), prep. prefix of like force with [frith], [ri], against, to Ir. [inn-], [ionn-], O.Ir. [ind-] ([int-] before [s]), [inn-], [in-]: [*n@.de], Gaul. [ande-]: [*ande], from [n@.dh], Goth. [und], for, until, O.H.G. [unt-as], until; Skr. [a/dhi], up to ([n@.dhi]). , originate, incite: , a bowel, entrail, gutter, sewer, kennel (M`A.), Ir. [inne], [innighe], M.Ir. [inne], [inde], a bowel, viscer (pl.), E.Ir. [inne], [inde], O.Ir. [inna], d.pl. [innib], viscus, viscera: prep. [in]+? Cf. Gr. @G[e@'\vteron], a bowel, Ger. [innere], Skr. [antaram]; also Dial. Eng. [innards] (for [inwards]). , woof, so Ir., E.Ir. [innech]: [*(p)n@.-niko-], root [pan], thread, Lat. [pannus], cloth, Gr. [pcno/s], woof thread on the bobbin? See further under [anart]. A compound with [in] or [ind] is possible: [in-neg-], Lat. [in-necto]? , want (M`F.): , an instrument, arrangement, Ir. [inneal], arrangement, dress, E.Ir. [indell], yoke, arrangement; G. , prepare, ready, Ir. [inniollaim], arrange, E.Ir. [indlim], get ready: [*ind-el-], root [pel], join, fold, as in [alt], q.v. Ascoli joins O.Ir. [intle], insidi@ae, [intledaigim], insidior, and G. , q.v.; but gives no root. , an anvil, Ir. [inneo/in], E.Ir. [indeo/in], O.Ir. [inde/in], W. [einion] [[[engion]?]], Cor. [ennian], Br. [anneffn]: [*ande-bnis], "on-hit", from [inn-] and [beno^], hit as in [bean], q.v. Osthoff gives the stem [*endivani-], "on-hit", Zd. [vaniti], hit. , dung, M.Ir. [indebar]: [*ind-ebar]; cf. E.Ir. [cann-ebor] (= [cac], O'Cl.), on the analogy of which Stokes suggests that --page 214 [ind-] of [indebar] is for [find], white, but G. is against this. O'Dav. has [find-ebor], dung; so Meyer, but not O'Dav.! , prepare, ready; see [inneal]. , an island, Ir. [inis], O.Ir. [inis], W. [ynys], Cor. [enys], Br. [enez], pl. [inisi]: [*inissi^], from [n@.ss], Lat. [*inssa], [insula], Gr. @G[nc@nsos] (Dor. @G[na@nasos]). The connection of the Celtic, Lat., and Gr. is almost certain, though the phonetics are not clear. Strachan suggests for Celtic [*eni-sti^], "in-standing", that is, "standing or being in the sea". , tell, Ir. [innisim], E.Ir. [innisim], [indisim]: [*ind-fiss-], from [fiss], now [fios], knowledge; root [vid]. Cf. [adfi/adim], narro ([*veido^]), [infi/adim]. [vet] (St.)? , device, mechanism, Ir. [inntleachd], device, ingenuity: [*ind-slig-tu-], root [slig] of [slighe], way? Ascoli joins O.Ir. [intle], insidi@ae, [intledaigim], insidior, and W. [annel], a gin, Cor. [antell], ruse, Br. [antell], stretch a snare or bow, and Ir. [innil], a gin, snare. The O.Ir. [intliucht], intellectus (with [sliucht], cognitio), is considered by Zimmer to be a grammatical word from Lat. [intellectus]. Stokes disagrees. Hence , aim, desire. , provender, forage: "preparation", from [innil], prepare. , mind, courage (H.S.D. form MSS.), also in A.M`D.'s song, "[Am breacan uallach]"; [innsgineach], sprightly (Sh., O'R.): , mind, Ir. [inntinn]: [*ind-seni-]; root [sen] or [senn], as in Ger. [sinn], sense? Kluge, however, gives [*sentno-] as the earliest form of the Ger. Possibly it may be a plural from O.Ir. [inne], sensus, meaning the "senses" originally. The Gadelic words can scarcely be from a depraved pronunciation of Lat. [ingenium]. , , a beginning, entering; from Eng. [entering]. , a raw cake, lump of dough (H.S.D. for N.H.); also , q.v. , pl. , tricks, incantations (Arg.); see [ubag]. , an offering, sacrifice, Ir. [i/odhbuirt], M.Ir. [e/dpart], O.Ir. [edpart], [idpart]: [*aith-od-bart-], root [bert], [ber] of [beir], q.v. Cf. W. [aberth] (= [ad-bert]), a sacrifice. , a victimised or despised female, a trollop (Glenmoriston): , pay, remedy, , a cure, salve, remedy, Ir. [i/ocaim], pay, remedy, , a cure, salve, remedy, Ir. [i/ocaim], pay, remedy, [i/ocshla/inte], a cure, remedy, E.Ir. [i/caim], heal, pay, O.Ir. [i/ccaim], heal, W. [iacha@"u], to cure, [iach], sound, Cor. [iach], sanus, Br. [iac'h], healthy, O.Br. [iac]: [*jakko-], sound; Gr. @G[a@'/kos], a cure; Skr. [yac@,as], grandeur. The long vowel of --page 215 the Gadelic forms is puzzling, and these have been referred to [*isacco-], from [iso-], [eiso-], Gr. @G[i@'aomai], heal, Skr. [ishayati], refresh. , clemency, humanity, Ir. [iochd], clemency, confidence, M.Ir. [icht], protection, E.Ir. [icht], progeny, children: [*pektus], root [pek], [pak], Lat. [pectus], breast, [paciscor], paction; allied to [uchd]. For [iochd], progeny, cf. Norse [a/tt], family (Rhys). See [aicme]. , the lower part, bottom, Ir. [i/ochdar], O.Ir. [i/chtar]. It is formed from [i\os], [i/s], down, on the analogy of [uachdar]. See [i\os]. , alas! Cf. Eng. [tut]. Also , oh dear! , an image, Ir. [i/odhal], O.Ir. [i/dal]; from Lat. , Eng. . , a cornyard, Ir. [iothlann], granary, O.Ir. [ithla], g. [ithland], area, W. [ydlan], O.W. [itlann], area: [*(p)itu-landa^], "corn-land"; O.Ir. [ith] (g. [etho]), corn, W., Cor. [yd], Br. [ed], [it]; Skr. [pitu], nourishment, eating, Zend [pitu], food. For further connections, see [ith], eat. For [-lann], see [lann]. , pangs of child-birth, Ir. [iodhana], pangs, E.Ir. [idu], pl. [idain]: [*(p)ido^n-]; Got. [fitan], travail in birth. , deceit, fraud: , ; see [iongar], [iongnadh]. , prefix denoting "many", Ir. [iol-], O.Ir. [il], multus: [*elu-], [*pelu-], many; Got., O.H.G. [filu], Ger. [viel], many; Gr. @G[polu/s], many; Skr. [puru/]. the root is [pel], [pla^], [ple^], as in G. [la\n], [li\on], Eng. [full], etc. , a fishing station, fishing rock, fishing bank (Heb. and N.H.); Shet [iela]. , a shout, p@aean, Ir. [iolach], merriment, O.Ir. [ilach], p@aean; W. [elwch], a shout. [*elukko], root [pel], roar; @G{pelagos]? (St.). Cf. Ag.S. [eala/], oh, alas. , eagle, Ir. [iolar], M.Ir. [ilur], for [irur], [*eruro-s], W. [eryr], Cor., Br. [er]; Got. [ara], O.H.G. [aro], Ger. [aar], Ag.S. [earn]; Lit. [ere/lis], Prus. [arelie]; also Gr. @G[o@'/rnis], a bird. , down (Perthshire), also : a degraded adverbial form of [urlar]? Or for [*ior-ar], [*air-air], "on-by"? , view, glance; [gabh iolla ris], just look at it; cf. [ealla]. , frolicsome; see [iullagach]. , expert (H.S.D.; Sh., O'R. ); from [ealaidh]. , the broad-vowel form of the prefix [im-], q.v. , , many, many a, Ir. [ioma], [iomdha], E.Ir. [immad], multitudo, O.Ir. [imbed], copia, [immde], multus (*imbde), [immdugud], exuberantia: [*imbeto-], from the prep. [imbi], [embi], now [im-], [mu], about (Z.@+[2] 64). Bez. queries if allied to Lat. --page 216 [pinguis], thick, Gr. @G[pahu/s], but [@gh], [@ghu] gives in Gadelic a simple [g] (Ost. [Ind. For.]@+[4]). Also G. , many, , superabundance, Ir. [iomad], a multitude, much. For [d] cf. [liuthad]. , concurrence of disasters, a mourning: , , anxiety: [*imb-ad-goni-], root [gon] of [iargain]? , a driving (of cattle, etc.), Ir. [ioma/in], tossing, driving, E.Ir. [imma/in], a driving ([*embi-agni-]), inf. to [immagim], circumago; Lit. [amba@-ges], going around, windings; root [a^g], [ag], drive; Lat. [ago], Gr. @G[a@'/gw], etc. , a ridge of land, Ir. [iomaire], E.Ir. [immaire], [imbaire]: [*embi-ario-], root [ar], plough; see [ar]. , need, behove: "serve"; Ir. [timthire], servant, O.Ir. [timmthirim], I serve. For force, cf. [feum]. The root is [ti\r], land? , employ, exercise, play, noun , Ir. [imirt], a game, E.Ir. [imbert], O.Ir. vb. [imbrim], infero, etc.: for [imb-berim], root [ber] of [beir], q.v. , a border, limit, Ir. [imiol], E.Ir. [imbel], W. [ymyl]: [*imb-el], "circuit", root [el], go, Lat. [amb-ulare], walk, which reproduces both roots. See further under [tadhal]. Hence , remote. , a struggle, Ir. [iomarbhaidh], E.Ir. [immarba/g]: [*imm-ar-ba/g-]; root [ba^g], strive, Norse [ba/gr], strife, O.H.G. [ba^ga], vb. [pa^gan]. See [arabhaig]. M`A. gives , hesitation, confusion. , very numerous, superfluous (Carswell's ), Ir. [iomarcach], M.Ir. [imarcraid], superfluity (also "carrying", from [immarchor], [cor], place, as in [iomarchur]). M`A. gives the meaning as "in many distresses, distressed", and the root as [arc] of [airc]. ++, a rowing, tumbling, straying, Ir. [iomarchur] (O'B), E.Ir. [immarchor] (= [imm-ar-cor], from [cor] or [cuir], put), carrying, errand. , carriage, behaviour: , carriage, behaviour, Ir. [iomchar], E.Ir. [immchor]; from [imm-] and [cuir], q.v. , blame, a reflection; from [iom-] and [coire]. , regards, salutation, petition, also G., Ir. , O.Ir. [imchomarc], interrogatio, salutatio: [*imm-com-arc-], from [arc], ask, W. [archaff], I ask, [erchim], Cor. [arghaf], M.Br. [archas], will command: [*(p)arko^], ask, root [perk], [prek], [pr@.k]; Lat. [precor], Eng. [pray], [prosco] (= [porcsco]), demand; Ger. [frage], [forschung], question, inquiry; Lit. [praszy/ti], beg; Skr. [pracnas], question. --page 217 , proper, Ir. [iomchubhaidh], M.Ir. [immchubaid]; from [iom-] and [cubhaidh], q.v. , an image, Ir. [iomhaigh], M.Ir. [ioma/ig], [imagin], Cor. [auain]; from Lat. [imago]. , the navel; see [imleag]. , and exchange, Ir. [iomlut]; possibly from the G. root [lud], go (see [dol]). , whole, E.Ir. [imshla/n], quite whole. , a turning, conversion, Ir. [iompo/gh], O.Ir. [impu/d], [impu/th], W. [ymod], a turn: [*imb-shouth], O.Ir. [so/im], averto: [*sovio^], root [su], [sou], Lat. [sucula], windlass. It has also been referred to the root [sup], Lat. [dissipo], Lit. [supu\], swing. , fame, report, Ir. [iomra/dh], O.Ir. [immra/dud], tractatio, cogitatio; from [iom-] and [ra\dh], say. , an error, wandering, Ir. [iomrolladh], [iomrulladh], E.Ir. [imroll], mistake: [*ambi-air-al], root [al], [el], go, as in [iomall]. , , rowing, Ir. [iomramh], [iomra/mh] (O'B.), E.Ir. [immram], vb. [immra/im]; from [iom-] and [ra\mh]. , fit, , prefix denoting fitness, Ir. [ion-], prefixed to passive participles, denotes fitness (O'D., who quotes [inleighis], curable, [inmheasta], believable): a particular use of [in-], in-, which see. [ion is iomlan], almost perfect (Hend.). , negative prefix [an] before [b], [d], [g], Ir. [ion-], O.Ir. [in-]; see [an] for derivation. The primitive [n@.] before [b], [d], [g]. becomes [in] in Gadelic. , a place, Ir. [ionad], [ionnad]; the E.Ir. has [inad] only, pointing to modern [ionadh]: , in , , whether: [co] and [ionadh] or [iona], E.Ir. [inad], place. See above. The Modern Ir. is [ca hionad]. , a pasturing, pasture; from [in-] and [*altair], a shorter form of [altrum]. Cf. for form Ir. [ingilim], I pasture, from [in-] and [gelim], I eat (root [gel], as in G. [goile]). [iomair ionailt], browsing rig (Carm.). , alike, Ir. [ionnan], O.Ir. [inonn], [innon], [inon]. Possibly for [*sin-o^n], [*sin-so^n], "this-that"; see [sin], and [so^n] of O.Ir. is for [*sou-n], [*sou], hoc, Gr. @G[ou@`@n-tos] (for root, see [sa]). Cf. for form Lat. [idem] = [is-dem], Gr. @G[o@` au@'to/s]. , broth; see [eanraich]. , g. , pl. , , a nail, Ir. [ionga], g. [iongan], O.Ir. [inga], g. [ingen], W. [ewin], Cor. [euuin], Br. [ivin]: [*engi^na^] (Stokes); Lat. [unguis]; Gr. @G[o@'/nux], g. @G[o@'/nuhos]; Got. [nagljan], Eng. [nail]; Skr. [nakha/]. Fick gives the I.E. root as [no@gh], [n@.@gh], with stems [no@ghlo-], [n@.@ghlo-], --page 218 , wonderful, so Ir. [ingantach]; formed from the noun [iongnadh], wonder. , , pus: [*in-gor], root [gor] of [guirean], q.v. Dr Cam. compared Gr. @G[@'/hwr], blood of the gods (Gael, No. 548). [*ping-aro-], [pi], swell? , wonder, so Ir., O.Ir. [ingna/d], [ingna/th] (adj. and n.); for [in-gna/th], "not wont"; see [ion-] (neg. prefix) and [gna\th]. , treasure, Ir. [ionmhas], [ionmhus], E.Ir. [indmass]; from [in-] and [-mass] of [tomhas], measure, q.v. Ascoli connects it with O.Ir. [indeb], lucrum, M.Ir. [indbas], wealth. , dear, Ir. [ionmhuin], O.Ir. [inmain]: [*eni-moni], root [mon], [men], mind, remember, for which see [cuimhne]. See [muinighin]. , prefix of the same force as [fri], [ri]; see [inn-] further. , a watching at night; from [ionn-] and [aire]. , a bath, Ir. [ionnalto/ir] (O'R.), bather (Con.); see [ionnlad]. ++, condition, status, , insomuch that, so that, , how, Ir. [ionnus], so that, O.Ir. [indas], status: [*ind-astu-], "in adstatu", from [ad-sta], root [sta]. Zeuss @+[2] derives it from [ind] and the abstract termination [-assu] ([-astu-]), seemingly giving it the idea of "to-ness". , missing: [*ind-reth-in], "wandering"; see [faondra]. , washing, Ir. [ionnlat], O.Ir. [indlat], Ir. vb. [innuilim], M.Ir. [indalim]. There is also an E.Ir. [indmat], washing of the hands. From [*ind-luttto-], [*lutto] from [lu], [lov], bathe, Lat. [lavo], etc.? , learn, E.Ir. [insaigim], seek out, investigate, noun [saigid], seeking out, [saigim]: [in-] and [sag], root [sag], seek; Lat. [sa!-gio], am keen, [sagax], acute; Gr. @G[c@`ge/omai], lead; Got. [so^kjan], seek, Eng. [seek]; I.E. [sa^g], [sag]. The G. is from [co-in-saigim], [sagim], say, dispute; Got. [sakan], dispute, Eng. [forsake], [sake]. , attempt, approach, Ir. [ionnsuigh], E.Ir. [insaigid], a visit; from [in-] and [saigid], seeking out, visiting. See [ionnsaich]. Hence the prep. [dh'ionnsuidh]. , a nettle; see [deanntag]. , delight (H.S.D.); from [in-] and [tla\th]? , miss (Dial.); see [ionndruinn]. , righteous, Ir. [ionnruic], O.Ir. [inricc], dignus: [*ind-rucci-] (Ascoli); possibly [*rucci-] is for [*rog-ki], root [rog], [reg] of [reacht]. , harmless tricks: [*air]+[alt]. , down; from [air] and [i\os]. Dial. . , infection, taint: [*air]+[bail], "on-issue". --page 219 , a robust man: "Herculean"; from , Hercules, a Gaelic word formed from the Latin one. , fray, strife, so Ir., O.Ir. [irgal]; from [air] and [gal], q.v. Also . , quiet, undisturbed: , a boat song: [*air-ra/m], "at oar" song. Cf. [iomram] for phonetics. ++, down, Ir. ++, in phrases , from below, , to below, so Ir.; O.Ir. [i/s], [i/ss], infra, W. [is], comp. [isel], sup. [isaf], Br. [is], [iz], [isel], comp. [iseloch]: [*enso] or [*endso], from [en], now [an], in; Lat. [i@-mus], lowest, from [*ins-mus], from [in]. Stokes cfs. rather Skr. [adha/s], under (n@.dhas), Eng. [under], giving the prehistoric form as [*inso^]; and there is much in favour of this view for the meaning's sake, though most philologists are on the side of [en] or [end], now [an], being root. Lat. [imus] or [infimus] would then follow the Celtic. , low, Ir. [iosal], O.Ir. [i/sel]: [*endslo-s]; see [i\os] above. , hough, poples, Ir. [ioscaid], M.Ir. [iscait], E.Ir. [escait]: , hyssop, Ir. [i/oso/ip]; from Lat. [hyssopum], whence Eng. , thirst, Ir. [i/ota], O.Ir. [i/tu], g. [i/tad]: [*isotta^t], root [is], desire, seek; Gr. [i@'o/tcs], wish, [i@`/meros], desire; Ch.Sl. [iskati], seek; Skr. [ish], seek, Zend. [ish], wish. , cornyard; see [iodhlann]. , progress, state, degree of growth, O.Ir. [hire], [ire] ([i/re]), ulterior: [*(p)ereio-], from [per], through, over; Gr. @G[perai@nos], on the other side. Stokes makes the proportional comparison of these forms thus:- [(p)ereios]: @G[perai@nos] = [(p)arei] (now [air]): @G[parai/]. , humble: [*air-i\osal], q.v. , hen-roost, basket or shield handle, M.Ir. [iris], pl. [irsi], suspender, shield handle, stchel strap: [*are-sti-], from [air] and [sta], stand. See [ros], [seas]. , is, Ir., O.Ir. [is], O.Ir. [iss], O.W. [iss], [is] = Gr. @G[e@'sti\]; Lat. [est], is; Eng. [is], etc. , and, Ir., E.Ir. [is]; seemingly an idiomatic use of [is], is. Consider the idiom; "Ni\ e sin is mise an so" - "He will do it and I here"; literally: "He will do it, I am here". It is usually regarded as a curtailment of [agus], and hence spelt variously as , <'us>. , a sausage; from Norse [i/spen], a sausage of lard and suet (= [i/-spen], from [speni], a teat). , a chicken, young of any bird, Ir. [ise/an], E. Ir. [essi/ne], O.Ir. [isseniu], pullo: [*ex(p)et-nio-]? Root [pet], fly; that is, [*ex-e/n-], [e/n] being [eun], bird, , a rifle gun; from [oisinn], corner? Meyer suggests from [isean], young of birds, comparing "fowling-piece". --page 220 whist! Eng. [whist!] [hist!] Lat. [st!] Onomatopoetic. , a feather, Ir. [iteo/g], O.Ir. [ette]: [*ettia^], [*pet-tia^], root [pet], fly; Gr. @G[pe/tomai], I fly; Lat. [penna], a wing ([*pet-na]), Eng. [pen]; Eng. [feather], Ger. [fittich]; etc. See [eun]. W. [aden], wing, is near related. , a spool, weaver's bobbin. , hemlok. Cameron (29) suggests a derivation from , the idea being "feather-foliaged". , eat, Ir., O.Ir. [ithim]: [*ito^], [*pito^], I eat; Ch.Sl. [pi@'tati], feed: Skr. [pitu], nourishment, Zend [pitu], food; further Gr. @G[pi/tus], pine. Also ++, ++, corn, as in [iodhlann], q.v. , yew, Ir. [iubhar], E.Ir. [ibar], Gaul. ; Ger. [eberesche], service-tree ([*ebarisc]). So Schra@"der. It does not seem that Ir. [eo/], W. [yw], Br. [ivin], [*ivo-], Eng. [yew], can be allied to [iubhar]. Hence , a yew wood, stately woman, the mythic boat of Fergus Mac Ro in the Deirdre story. [Eboracum]? , a key, Ir. [eochair], E.Ir. [eochuir], Manx [ogher], W. [egoriad], key, [egor], [agor], opening: [*eku^ri-]; root stem [pecu-], fastening, whence Lat. [pecu], cattle, Eng. [fee]. Cf. W. [ebill], key, auger. , the roe, spawn, Ir., M.Ir. [iuchair]: [*jekvuri], Lat. [jecur], liver? , the dog-days: , a particular posture in which the dead are placed: , guidance, Ir. [iul]; cf. [eo\las]. , a sprightly female, , sprightly: , want, E.Ir. [ingua/is], O.Ir. [ingnais], absence: [*in-gna/th], from [gna/th], known, custom; see [gna\th]. Aslo . , stormy sky: , wealth: , fidgeting, wrestling; cf. [farpuis]. ++, suspensory (Oss. Ballads), applied to the mail-coat. From [iris]. H.S.D. gives the meaning as "black, dark". , , , arrow, gun, etc.: , hell; for [*ifhern], a side-form of [ifrinn]. , , day, Ir. [la/], g. [laoi], O.Ir. [lathe], [laithe], [lae], g. [lathi], d. [lau], [lo/u], [lo/]: [*lasio-], root [las], shine; Skr. [la/sati], shines; Gr. @G[la/w], behold. , , mire, dirt, Ir. [la/ba/n]; also . Cf. for root [la\thach] ([*la\th-bo-]). , a day-labourer, plebeian, Ir. [laba/nach] (O'B., etc.; Sh.); from Lat. [labor]? --page 221 , speak, Ir. [labhraim], E.Ir. [labraim], O.Ir. [labrur], [labrathar], loquitur, W. [llafar], vocalis, [lleferydd], voice, Corn. [lauar], sermo, Br. [lavar], Gaul. river [Labarus]: [*labro-], speak; Gr. @G[la/bros], furious, @G[la/breu/omai], talk rashly. Bez. prefers the root of Eng. [flap]. Others have compared Lat. [labrum], lip, which may be allied to bothe Celtic and Gr. (@G[labreu/omai]). Hence G. and Ir. , loud, O.Ir. [labar], eloquens, W. [llafar], loud, Gr. @G[la/bros]. , water shrew (Suth.), (Forbes): , a wild duck, Ir., E.Ir. [lacha]; cf. the Lit. root [lak], fly. , a laugh; from the Sc., Eng. [laugh]. , dun, grey, tawny, Ir., M.Ir. [lachtna], grey, dun; cf. Skr. [rakta], coloured, reddened, ran@~j], dye, whence Eng. [lake], crimson. , , a load, Ir. [la/d]; from the M.Eng. [laden], to lade. , a mill lead; from the Eng. [lead], [lade]. For the N.H. meaning of "puddle", see . , a ladle; from the Eng. [ladle] by dissimilation of the liquids. , bold, so Ir., M.Ir. [latrand], robber, W. pl. [lladron], theives; from Lat. [latro], [latronis], a thief. , a hoof, fork, so Ir., E.Ir. [ladar], toes, fork, branch: [*pla@dhro-n], root [pla], extend. , a hollow, Ir. [log], a pit, hollow: [*luggo-], root [lu@g], bend; Gr. @G[lugi/zw], bend; Lit. [lugnas], pliant. Stokes gives the basis as [*lonko-], root [lek], [lenk], bend, Lit. [la\nkas], a curve, [lanka], a mead, Ch.Sl. [laku@u], bent; but this would give [a\] in G.; Ger. [lu@"cke], gap, blank. , weak, Ir. [lag], E.Ir. [lac], M.Ir. [luice] (pl.), W. [llag], sluggish: [*laggo-s], root [lag]; Lat. [langueo], Eng. [languid]; Gr. @G[lagga/zw], slacken, @G[lagaro/s], thin; Eng. [slack], also [lag], from Celtic. Cf. @G[la/kkos]. , sowens: [*latag-ko-]? Root [lat], be wet, Gr. @G[latax], drop, Lat. [latex]. See [la\thach]. , law, Ir. [lagh] (obsolete, says Con.); from the Eng. The phrase , set in readiness for shooting (as of a bow) is hence also. , pretty, Ir. [la/ghach], [laghach] (Donegal); cf. M.Ir. [lig], beauty, root [leg], Lat. [lectus], chosen, Eng. [election]? Cf. O.W. [lin], gratia. Kluge says Eng. [like]. , strong, Ir., E.Ir. [la/idir]: , , lie, Ir. [luigh], E.Ir. [laigim], O.Ir. [lige], bed, W. [gwe-ly], bed (Cor. [gueli], Br. [guele]), Gaul [legasit] (= posuit?): [*logo^], --page 222 [lego^], to lie, [*legos], bed, I.E. root [le@gh], lie; Gr. @G[lehos], bed, @G[le/hetai], sleeps (Hes.); Got. [ligan], Ger. [liegan], Eng. [lie], etc. , landing place, harbour: from N. [hla@dh-hamarr], pier or loading rock, Shet. [Laamar]. Also [lamraig]. , handle, Ir. [laimhsighim]: [*la/m-ast-ico-], from [*lamas], handling, from [la\mh], q.v. , brightness, polish, E.Ir. [lainderda], glittering, glancing; also , bright, q.v. , a falcon (Carm.): , an instrument for making horn-spoons: , a mare, Ir., O.Ir. [la/ir], g. [la/rach]: [*la^rex]. Stokes suggests connection with Alban. [pele/], [pe@-le/], mare. , stout, short-legged, fat, , a short, fat woman: , a moor, sloping hill, a pass; cf. M.Ir. [laarg], fork, leg and thigh, O.Ir. [loarcc], furca. Often in place names: , easy, in good circumstances; cf. Ir. [laisti], a heavy, stupid person; from [las], loose? , fiery, fierce; from [las], q.v. , a weighing as with scales, Ir. [laithe], scales: [*platio-], root [plat], [plet], as in [leathan]. , milk curdled by rennet (Dial.); see [slaman]. , able, dare, Ir. [lamhaim], E.Ir. [lamaim], O.Ir. [-laimur], audeo, W. [llafasu], audere, Cor. [lavasy], Br. [lafuaez]: [*plamo^], a short-vowel form of the root of [la\mh], hand, the idea being "manage to, dare to"? Stokes says it is probably from [*tlam], dare, Gr. @G[to/lma], daring, Sc. [thole]; see [tla\th]. Windisch has compared Lit. [lemiu\], [lemti], fix, appoint. , hand, Ir. [la/mh], O.Ir. [la/m], W. [llaw], Cor. [lof], O.Br. [lau]; [*la^ma^], [*pla^ma^]; Lat. [palma], Eng. [palm]; Gr. @G[pala/mc]; Ag.S. [folm], O.H.G. [folma]. Hence , glove, E.Ir. [la/mind]. [la\mh], axe (Ross), [la\mhaidh] (Suth.); [la\mhag], a small hatchet (Arg.), M.Ir. [laime], axe; O.Slav. [lomifi], break, [*lam], Eng. lame (St.). , a slut, awkward woman, , awkward handling; from [la/mh]: "underhand". , full, Ir., O.Ir. [la/n], W. [llawn], O.W. [laun], Cor. [leun], [len], Br. [leun]: [*la^no-], [*pla^no-], or [pl@.@--no-] (Brug.), root [pl@.@-], [pla^], [pel]; Skr. [pu^rn@.a/s], full; further Lat. [ple^nus]; Gr. @G[plc/rcs], @G[polu/s], many; Eng. [full], etc. See also [iol], [li\on], [li\nn]. , a married couple, Ir. [la/namhain], E.Ir. [la/namain], O.Ir. [la/namnas], conjugium: [*lag-no-], root [log], [leg], lie, as in [laigh]? Stokes divides the word thus: [la/n-shamain]. For [samhain], assembly, see [samhainn]. , rafter beam, from [la\nain]. , a ling; from Norse [langa], Sc. [laing], Eng. [ling]. --page 223 , seaware with long leaves (Lewis): , a fetter, fetters (especially for horses), , Ir. [langfethir] (O'B.; Lh. has ++[langphetir]), E.Ir. [langfiter] (Corm. Gr., "English word this"), W. [llyfethar], M.W. [lawhethyr]; from Eng. [lang] (long) and [fetter]. The Sc. has [langet], [langelt], which is the origin of G. [langaid]. , the guillemote (Heb.); from Sc. (Shetland) [longie], Dan. [langivie] (Edmonston). , pulling a boat along by a rope from the bank: , lowing of the deer; from the Sc., Eng. [lowing]? , a couch, settee; from Sc. [langseat], [lang-settle], "long seat". , a blade, sword, Ir. [lann], also "a scale, scale of a fish, disc" (Arg., M`A.): [*lag-s-na]? Root [lag], as in E.Ir. [laigen], lance, W. [llain], blade, Lat. [lanceo], Gr. @G[lo/ghc], lance-point. Thur. ([Zeit. 28]) suggests [*plad-s-na], "broad thing"; Gr. @G[plaqa/nc], Ger. [fladen], flat cake, further G. [leathann], broad, etc. O.Ir. [lann], squama, is referred by Stokes to [*lamna], allied to Lat. [lamina], [lamna]; which would produce rather O.Ir. [*lamn], Modern [lamhan]. Ir. [lann], gridiron, is doubtless allied to O.Ir. [lann]. , an inclosure, land, Ir. [lann], E.Ir. [land], W. [llan], O.W. [lann], area, ecclesia, Br. [lann]: [*landa^]; Teut. [land], Eng. [land]. See [iodhlann]. , a lance, Ir. [lannsa]; from the Eng. , a lantern, Ir. [lainde/ar]; from the Eng. , a hero, Ir. [laoch], a soldier, hero, E.Ir. [la/ech], a hero, champion: [*laicus], soldier, "non-cleric", E.Ir. [la/ech], laicus, W. [lleyg]; all from Lat. [laicus], a layman, non-cleric. , a calf, so Ir., E.Ir. [lo/eg], W. [llo], Cor. [loch], Br. [leue/], M.Br. [lue]: [*loigo-s], calf, "jumper", root [lei/@g], skip, Got. [laikan], spring, Lit. [la/igyti], skip, Skr. [re/jati], skip (see [leum] further). It is possible to refer it to root [leigh], lick: "the licker". , pith of wood, heart of a tree, Ir. [laodhan], [laoidhean]; also G. [glaodhan], q.v. , , tulchan calf, calf-skin; from [laogh] and ++[cionn], skin, which see under [boicionn]. , wooden block covered with calf-skin (Wh.). , a lay, so Ir., E.Ir. [la/ed], [la/id], O.Ir. [lo/id]: [*lu^di-]? Alliance with Teutonic [liu@th], Eng. [lay], Fr. [lai], Ger. [lied], is possible if the stem is [lu^di-]; cf. for phonetics [draoidh] and ancient [dru^is], [dru^idos], Druid, Gaul. Lat. [druid@ae] (Stokes). , handsome; cf. [loinn]. , drub lustily (M`A.), , rolling in the dust (H.S.D.). Cf. [le/ir]. --page 224 , thin membrane inside of sheep and cattle (Lewis); N. [lauss-skin], loose skin? , a group, crowd (disparagingly) (Skye): , a crowd, lodge (as corn), Ir. [laomdha], bent, M.Ir. [loem], crowd, heap: , a blaze, Ir. [laom]; from Norse [ljo/mi], ray, Ag.S. [le/oma], Sc. [leme], to blaze. , go to shaw (as potatoes) (Skye): , main beam of a house (Wh.): , a castrated goat: , a person too fond of the fire-side: , benumbed, faltering; cf. [lath]. [lapanaich], bedraggle (Perth). , the ground, Ir., O.Ir. [la/r], W. [llawr], O.Cor. [lor], O.Br. [laur], solum, Br. [leur]: [*la^ro-], [*pla^ro]; Eng. [floor], Ag.S. [flo/r], Norse [flo/r], Ger. [flur]; root [pla^], broad, broaden, Lat. [pla^nus], Eng. [plain], etc. , a site, Ir. [la/ithreach], O.Ir. [la/thrach]; from [la\thair], q.v. , loose, slack, W. [llaes]; from Lat. [laxus], Eng. [lax]. , kindle, , flame, so Ir., E.Ir. [lassaim], [lassair], W. [llachar], gleaming: [*laksar-]; Skr. [lakshati], see, show, O.H.G. [luoge^n] (do.). Also by some referred to [*lapsar-], Gr. @G[la/mpw], shine, Eng. [lamp], Pruss. [lopis], flame. See [losgadh]. Windisch has compared Skr. [arc], [r@.c], shine. Hence , a youth, young "spark"; , pride, etc. , sudden noise: , benumb, get benumbed. Cf. W. [llad]. , mire, clay, Ir., E.Ir. [lathach], coenum, W. [llaid], mire, Br. [leiz], moist: [*lata/ka^], [*latjo-], root [lat], be moist; Gr. @G[la/tax], @G[la/tage/s], drops; Lat. [latex], liquid. , a method, a mould (Wh.): , presence, Ir. [la/thair], O.Ir. [la/thar], [lathair]: [*latri-], [*la^tro-], root [pla^t], [pla^], broad; Lettic [pla^t], extend thinly; further in G. [la\r] above. Asc. refers it to the root of O.Ir. [la/aim], I send, which is allied to Gr. @G[e@'lau/nw], I drive, etc. Hence . , by, with, Ir. [le], O.Ir. [la], rarer [le]: [*let]; from [leth], side. , a flounder; see [leo\b]. Also . , a bed, , Ir. [leaba], [leabuidh], E.Ir. [lepaid], [lepad], g. [leptha]: [*lebboti-], [*leg-buto-] "lying-abode", from root [leg], @G[leh], lie, as in [laigh]? W. [bedd]. , a book, so Ir., O.Ir. [lebor], W. [llyfr]; from Lat. [liber]. , long, clumsy, M.Ir. [lebur], O.Ir. [lebor], long: [*lebro-], root [le@g], hanging, Gr. @G[lobo/s], a lobe; Eng. [lappet]; also Lat. [liber], book. --page 225 , a flag, flag-stone, so Ir., E.Ir. [lecc], W. [llech]: [*licca^], [*l@.p-ka^], root [lep], a shale; Gr. @G[le/pas], bare rock; Lat. [lapis], stone. Stokes and Strachan refer it to the root [pl@.k], flat, Lat. [planca], Eng. [plank], Gr. @G[pla/x], plain. , a cheek, , mangle, so Ir., E.Ir. [letraim], inf. [letrad], hacking: [*leddro-]: , flowing hair, a lock, teasel, Ir. [leada/n], M.Ir. [leda/n], teasel. Root [li], stick; see [liosta]. , notes in music, Ir. [leada/n], musical notes, litany; from Lat. [litania], litany. , throw down, Ir. [leagaim], inf. [leagadh] [*leggo^], from [leg], root of [laigh], lie (cf. Eng. [lay])? The preserved [g] may be from the analogy of [leig], let; and Ascoli refers the word to the O.Ir. root [leg], [lig], destruere, sternere: [foralaig], straverat, [dolega], qui destruit. , self-satisfied, smug (Arg.): , melt, so Ir., O.Ir. [legaim], [legad], W. [llaith], moist, [dad leithio], melt, Br. [leiz]: [*lego^]; Eng. [leak], Norse [leka], drip, Ger. [lechzen]. , foolish, insipid, importunate, Ir. [leamh]; cf. E.Ir. [lem], W. [llefrith], sweet milk, Corn. [leverid], [liuriz]; O.Ir. [lemnact], sweet milk); consider root [lem], break, as in Eng. [lame], etc. , elm, Ir. [leamhann], [leamh], M.Ir. [lem]: [*l@.mo-]; Lat. [ulmus], Eng. [elm]: [*elmo-]. W. [llwyf] ([*leima/]) is different, with which is allied (by borrowing?) Eng. [lime] in [lime-tree]. , tormentil, Ir. [neamhain]: , , stye in the eye, W. [llefrithen], [llyfelyn]: [*limo-], "ooze"? Cf. Lat. [li@-mus], mud, [lino], smear, Eng. [loam]. , , a lea, swampy plain, Ir. [le/ana] (do.): [*lekno-]? Cf. Lit. [le@"kns], [le@"kna], depression, wet meadow (cf. Stokes on [lag] above); this is Mr Strachan's derivation. The spelling seems against referring it, as Stokes does, to the root [lei], Gr. @G[leimw/n], meadow, Lit. [le/ija], a valley; though W. [llwyn], grove, favours this. Cf. W. [lleyn], low strip of land. , follow, Ir. [leanaim], O.Ir. [lenim], W. [can-lyn], [dy-lyn], sequi: [*linami], I cling to; Skr. [lina^mi], cling to; Lat. [lino], smear; Gr. @G[a@'li/nw] (do.); [*lipna^mi], Lit. [lipti], cleave to; root [li^], [li], adhere. Inf. is . --page 226 , a child, Ir. [leanbh], E.Ir. [leanab]: [*lenvo-]; from [lean]? Corm. gives also [lelap], which, as to termination, agrees with G. . Cf. @G[alofurmoai]. , ale, see [lionn]. , a sweetheart, Ir. [leanna/n], a concubine, E.Ir. [lennan], [lendan], concubine, favourite: [lex-no-], root [leg], lie, as in [laigh]? From [lionn]; cf. [o\lach]? , the sea (poetical word), Ir. [lear], E.Ir. [ler], W. [llyr]: [*liro-], root [li], flow, as in [lighe], flood. Stokes gives the Celtic as [lero-s], but offers no further derivation. , larch; from Sc. [larick], Eng. [larch], from Lat. [larix] ([*darix]), as in [darach], q.v.). , ,leirg>, plain, hillside, Ir. [learg], E.Ir. [lerg], a plain; cf. Lat. [largus], Eng. [large]. , diver bird (Carm.): , advantage, Ir. [leas], O.Ir. [less], W. [lles], Cor. [les], Br. [laz]: [*lesso-], root [pled], fruit; Slav. [plodu@u], fruit (Stokes, Bez.). , nick-, step-, Ir. [leas-], O.Ir. [less-], W. [llys-] (W. [llysenw] = G. [leas-ainm]), Br. [les-]; same as [leas] above: "additional". Cf. Fr. use of [beau], [belle] for [step-]. Stokes suggests [*liss-], blame, root [leid], Gr. @G[loidore/w], revile (Lat. [ludere]?); others compare [leas-] to Ger. [laster], vice (see [lochd]); Bez. queries connection with Ag.S. [lesve], false, Norse [lasinn], half-broken. , , lazy, Ir. [leasg], O.Ir. [lesc], W. [llesg]: [*lesko-s]; Norse [lo@"skr], weak, idle, O.H.G. [lescan], become extinguished, Ger. [erloschen] (Stokes). Brugmann and other give stem as [*led-sco-], comparing Got. [latz], lazy, Eng. [late], to which Norse [lo@"skr] may be referred ([*latkwa-z]); root [le^d], [lad]. @G[e@'linnuw], rest (Zeit.@+[34], 531). , loins, Ir. [leasruigh], pl. of [leasrach]; see [leis]. , declivity hillside; cf. Ir. [leathad], breadth. See [leud]. , broad, so Ir., O.Ir. [lethan], W. [llydan], O.W. [litan], Br. [ledan], Gaul. [litano-s]: [*l@.tano-s], Gr. @G[platu/s], broad; Skr. [pra/thas], breadth; Lat. [planta], sole of the foot, sprout: root [plet], [plat], extend. , leather, so Ir., E.Ir. [lethar], W. [lledr], M.Br. [lezr], Br. [ler]: [*letro-]; Eng. [leather], Ger. [leder], Norse [le@dhr]. To prove that the Teutons borrowed this word from the Celts, it is asserted that the original Celtic is [*(p)letro-], root [pel] of Gr. @G[pella], hide, Eng. [fell]. , burden, weight, pregnant, Ir. [leathtrom] burden, pregnancy; from [leth] and [trom]. , race, generation (McIthich, 1685); from Eng. [levy]? [leibhidh], amount of stock (Carm.): , a trifle, dirt, , trifling, Ir. [libideach], dirty, awkward. --page 227 , strong, shaggy, Ir. [le/idmheach], strong (O'B.), O.Ir. [le/tenach], audax: let Ir. [le/igim], O.Ir. [le/iccim], [le/cim]: [*leingio^]; Lat. [linquo]; Gr. @G[lei/pw]: Got. [leihvan], Eng. [loan]. , a physician, , a cure, Ir. [le/igheas], M.Ir. [leges]; see [lighiche]. , a shirt, so Ir., E.Ir. [le/ne], g. [le/nith], pl. [le/nti]: [*leinet-], from [lein], [li^n]; Lat. [li^num], flax, Eng. [linen], Sc. [linder]; Gr. @G[li@nta], cloth @G[li/non], flax. See [li\on]. Strachan refers it, on the analogy of [deur] = [dakro-], to [laknet-], root [lak], of Lat. [lacerna], cloak, [lacinia], lappet. , sight, Ir. [le/ir], sight, clear, O.Ir. [le/ir], conspicuous. If Strachan's phonetics are right, this may be for [*lakri-], root [lak], see, show, W. [llygat], eye, Cor. [lagat], Br. [lagad], eye, Skr. [lakshati], see, show, O.H.G. [luoge^n] (do.), as in [las], q.v. , , altogether, Ir. [le/ir], M.Ir. [le/ir], complete, W. [llwyr], total, altogether: [*leiri-s]: , torment, to pain: [*lakro-], root [lak], as in Lat. [lacero] lacerate? lerg>, a plain; see [learg]. , a foolish, senseless person slut (): , thigh, Ir. [leas], [leis], hip, O.Ir. [less], clunis; [*lexa], root [lek]; Eng. [leg], Gr. @G[la/x], kicking (St.). Nigra connects it with [leth], side. See [slios]. , arrow-maker; from the Eng. [fletcher], from Fr. [fle\che], arrow. See [fleasg]. , laziness, lazy, Ir. [leisg] (n.); see [leasg]. , excuse; from [leth] and [sgeul], "half-story". , the like, so Ir., E.Ir. [lethet]; from [leth], half, side. , print for frocks: , a hillside slope, E.Ir. [lettir], G. [lettrach], W. [llethr], slope: [*lettrek-]. It may be from [*leth-ti/r], "country-side", or from [let] of [leathan]; cf. W. [lleth], flattened, "broadened". , a piece, shred, Ir. [le/ab] a piece, [leadhb], a patch of old leather. M.Ir. [ledb]: [*led-bo-]; for root [led], cf. [leathar]? Hence , a hanging lip, , , a flounder. Cf. Norse [leppr], a rag (Craigie). , long clumsy; see [leabhar]. , sneaking, low: , a slut, prude, flirt: , a slap in the head (M`D.): , hanging loosely, slovenly: , enough, Ir., E.Ir. [leo\r], [lo/r], O.Ir. [lour], W. [llawer], many: [*lavero-], root [lav], [lau], gain, Lat. [lu^crum], gain, Laverna, Skr. [lo/ta], booty, Eng. [loot], etc. Stokes refers W. [llawer] to the comparative stem of [ple^], full; see [liuth]. --page 228 , conceit, , dilly-dallying; cf. Ir. [leoghaim], I flatter, [leom], prudery. , mothe, Ir. [leomhan], [le/amhann], E.Ir. [legam]. <[leo/mhann>, , lion, Ir. [leomhan], O.Ir. [leoman]; from Lat. [leo], [leonem]. , wound, Ir. [leo/naim], E.Ir. [le/naim], wound, [le/n], hurt; this Strachan refers to [*lakno-], root [lak], tear, as in Lat. [lacero], lacerate, Gr. @G[laki/s], a rent. But cf. [leadradh], E.Ir. [leod], cutting, killing, [*ledu], root [led], [ledh], fell, Lat. [labi], Eng. [lapse]. , side, half, Ir., O.Ir. [leth], W. [lled], O.Br. [let]: [*letos]; Lat. [latus]. Brugmann refers it to the root [plet], broad, of [lethan]. , twin, : E.Ir. [emuin], twins, [*jemnos]: , a correlative, equal, match; from [leth] and [breac](?). (pron. ), the side of the head, cheek; from [leth] and [ceann], with ossibly a leaning on the practically lost [leac], [leacann], cheek. , , breadth, Ir. [leithead], O.Ir. [lethet]; see [leathan]. , a precious stone, Ir. [liag], a stone, M.Ir. [le/g], [le/g-lo/gmar], O.Ir. [lia], g. [liacc]: [*le^vink-]; Gr. @G[la@nigx], g. @G[la/iggos], a small stone, @G[la@nas}, stone; Ger. [lei], stone, rock, Ital. [lavagna], slate, schist. , laziness, lazy, slow; see [sle/ig]. , , read, Ir. [le/aghaim], M.Ir. [le/gim], O.Ir. [legim], [role/g], legit, [legend], reading; from Lat. [le@ugo], I read, Eng. [lecture], etc. , a jump, Ir., O.Ir. [le/im], [le/imm], W. [llam], Br. [lam], O.Br. [lammam], salio: [*lengmen-], O.Ir. vb. [lingim], I spring, root [leg], [leng]; Skr. [langhati], leap, spring; M.H.G. [lingen], go forward, Eng. [light], etc. The O.Ir. perfect tense [leblaing] has made some give the root as [vleng], [vleg], Skr. [valg], spring, Lat. [valgus], awry, Eng. [walk]; and some give the root as [svleng], from [svelg]. It is difficult to see how the [v] or [sv] before [l] was lost before [l] in [leum]. , , a torch, light, Ir. [leus], E.Ir. [le/s], [le/ss], O.Ir. [le/sboire], lightbearer: [*plent-to-], from [plend], [splend], Lat. [splendeo], Eng. [splendid] (Strachan). Cf. W. [llwys], clear, pure. , colour, O.Ir. [li/], [li/i], W. [lliw] Cor. [liu], colour, Br. [liou], O.Br. [liou], [liu]: [*li^vos-]; Lat. [li^vor], [lividus], Eng. [livid]. ++, a stone, O.Ir. [lia], g. [liacc]; see [leug]. , a ladle, Ir., M.Ir. [liach], O.Ir. [liag], trulla, scoop, W. [llwy], spoon, spattle, Cor. [loe], Br. [loa]: [leiga^], ladle, root [leigh], [ligh], lick (as in [limlich], q.v.); Lat. [ligula], spoon, ladle. , gray, so Ir., E.Ir. [li/ath], W. [llwyd], canus, O.Br. [loit], M.Br. [loet]: [*leito-], [*pleito-], for [*peleito-]; Gr. @G[pelitno/s], livid; Skr. [palita/], gray; Lat. [pallidus]; Eng. [fallow], Ag.S. [fealo], yellow. Cf. O.Fr. [liart], dark grey, Sc. [lyart] ([*leucardus]?). --page 229 , a ball (M`D., [liaroid]): , blue-mould, , : [liath]+? , , a syllable, lisp, , , lisping, Ir. [liotadh], a lisp (Fol.); cf. Gr. @G[litc/], prayer, Lat. [lito], placate. , steep grassy slope: N. [hli@dh]? , sly; from the Sc. [sleekie], [sleekit], sly, smooth, Eng. [sleek]. , a flood, overflow, Ir., E.Ir. [lia], O.Ir. [lie], eluvio, W. [lli], flood, stream, [lliant], fluctus, fluentum, Br. [livad], inundation; root [li^], [leja], flow; Skr. [riyati], let run; Lit. [le@"/ti], gush; Gr. @G[li/mnc], lake, @G[lei@nos], smooth, Lat. [levis], level, [li^mus], mud; etc. Stokes hesitates between root [li] and roots [pleu] (Eng. [flow]) and [lev], [lav], Lat. [lavo], [luo]. , a physician, Ir. [liaigh], g. [leagha], E.Ir. [liaig], O.Ir. [legib], medicis: Got. [leikeis], Eng. [leech]. , lining; form the Eng. , an age, century, offspring, Ir. [linn], O.Ir. [li/nn], [li/n], pars, numerus: [*lu^nu-], from [ple^n], as in [li\on], fill (Brug.), q.v. , a pool, linn Ir. [linn], E.Ir. [lind], W. [llyn], M.W. [linn], Cor. [lin], Br. [lenn]: [*linnos], root [li], [li^], flow; Gr. @G[li/mnc], lake, etc.; see [lighe]. , shoemaker's thread; from Sc. [lingan], [lingel], from Fr. [lingneul], Lat. [*lineolum], [linea], Eng. [line]. , shroud, penance shirt; founded on the Eng. [linsey]. , slovenly, awkward, so Ir.; founded on Eng. [slippery]? , slovenly, awkward, so Ir.; see [slibist]. , love (Carm.): , , syllable; see [lid]. , polish, Ir. [li/omhaim], [liomhaim], M.Ir. [li/mtha], polished, sharpened, W. [llifo], grind, whet, saw; Lat. [li^mo], polish whet, [li^matus], polished, root [li^], [lei], smooth, flow. , flax, lint, Ir. [li/on], E.Ir. [li/n], W. [llin], Cor., Br. [lin]: [*li^nu-]; Lat. [li^num], flax; Gr. @G[li/non], flax, @G[li@nta], cloth; Got. [lein], O.H.G. [li@-n]; Ch.Sl. [li@unu@u]; root [lei], [li], smooth, flow. , a net, Ir. [li/on], O.Ir. [li/n]; from the above word. , fill, Ir. [li/onaim], O.Ir. [li/naim]: [*le^no^], [*ple^no^]; Lat. [ple^nus], full; Gr. @G[plc/rcs], full; root [ple^], [pla^], as in [la\n], q.v. Hence , , numerous. , , how many; same as [linn], O.Ir. [li/n]. , , ale, so Ir., O.Ir. [lind], M.Ir. [lind dub], W. [llyn]: [*lennu-]; same root and form (so far) as [linne], q.v. This is proved by its secondary use in G. and Ir. for "humours, melancholy". Stokes suggests for both connection with Gr. @G[pladaro/s], moist. li\onradh>, gravy, juice; from [li\on], "fullness"? --page 230 , a garden, Ir. [lios], a fort, habitation, E.Ir. [liss], [less], enclosure, habitation, W. [llys], aula, palatium, Br. [les], court, O.Br. [lis]: [*l@.sso-s], a dwelling enclosed by an earthen wall, root [plet], broad, Eng. [place], Gr. @G[platu/s], broad; O.H.G. [flezzi], house floor, Norse [flet], a flat. For root, see [leathan]. , slow, tedious, importunate, so Ir., M.Ir. [liosta], [lisdacht], importunity, E.Ir. [lista] slow: [*li-sso-], root [li], smooth, Gr. @G[lisso/s], smooth, @G[lei@nos], as in [lighe]. , smooth, press (as cloth after weaving), dress, (Badenoch); compare the above word for root and stem. , stammering, lisping. See [lid]. , , a lip Ir. [liob]; from Eng. [lip]. , , a lippie, fourth of a peck; from Sc. [lippie]. , a species of marine fungus (H.S.D.): , porridge, M.Ir. [lite/], E.Ir. [littiu], g. [litten], W. [llith], mash: [*littio^n-] (Stokes), [*pl@.t-tio^], from [pelt], [polt], Gr. @G[po/ltos], porridge, Lat. [puls], [pultis], pottage. , a letter, so Ir., E.Ir. [liter], W. [llythyr], Br. [lizer]; from Lat. [litera]. (H.S.D. ), deliver; from the Lat. [libero], Eng. [liberate]. , a lame hand or foot sneaking look, Ir. [liug] a sneaking or lame gait, [liugaire], cajoler, G. (do.): , , , many, many a, so many, Ir., O.Ir. [lia], more, O.W. [liaus], Br. [liez]: [*(p)le^jo^s], from [ple^] full, Gr. @G[plei/wn]; Lat. [plus], [plu^res], older [pleores]; Norse [fleiri], more. , a lythe; from the Sc. , , bathing, from [liu], [li], water (Carm.); M.Ir. [lia], flood (Stokes, 249). , , , a creel for dyring corn basket, wooden frame put inside corn-stacks to keep them dry, basekt peat-cart, peat-creel; from N. [laupr] basket timber frame of a building, Shet. [loopie], Ag.S. [le/ap]. , draggled, , draggle; from , puddle (Armstrong): [*loth-bo-], [loth] of [lo\n] q.v.? , putrefy Ir. [lobhaim], O.Ir. [lobat], putrescant, inf. [lobad], root [lob], wither waste; Lat. [la^bi] to fall, [la^bes], ruin, Eng. [lapse]. , a leper, so Ir., O.Ir. [lobur], infirmus, W. [llwfr], feeble, O.W. [lobur], debile, M.Br. [loffr], leprous, Br. [laour], [lovr], [lor], leper. For root see above word. , a loft, Manx [lout], Ir. [lota] (Connaught); from Norse [lopt], Eng. [loft]. , plane (carpenter's), Ir. [locar]; from Norse [lokar], Ag.S. [locer]. --page 231 , a lake, loch, Ir., E.Ir. [loch]: [*loku-]; Lat. [lacus]; Gr. [la/kkos], pit. , a fault, so Ir., O.Ir. [locht], crimen: [*loktu-], root [lok], [lak], Gr. @G[lak-], @G[la/skw], cry; O.H.G. [lahan], blame, Ag.S. [leahan], Ger. [laster], a fault, vice, Norse [lo@"str]. Eng. [lack], [leak], [*lak]? , a little amount (of sleep), Ir. [lochdain], a nap, wink of sleep (Arran and Eigg, [lochd]): , a torch, light, Ir. [lo/chrann], O.Ir. [lo/charn], [lu/acharn], W. [llugorn], Cor. [lugarn]: [*loukarna^], root [louq], [leuq], light; Lat. [lu@ucerna], lamp, [lux], light; Gr. @G[leuko/s], white. , , a puddle, Ir. [lodan]: [*lusdo-], [*lut-s], root [lut], [lu], Lat. [lutum], mud, Gr. @G[lu@nma], filth. , a load, Ir. [lo/d]; from the Eng. , a pack (of dogs) a number: "a leash"; see [lomhainn]. , a clumsy old man, plump boy: , , awkward, unwieldy person, loose slipper or old shoe (Arg.); from Eng. [log]. Cf. Sc. [loggs]. Eng. [luggage]? , sea swash (Lewis): , pardon, Ir. [loghadh] (n.), E.Ir. [logaim], O.Ir. [doluigim]. Stokes refers it to the root of [leagh], melt. , excellent: , a varlet, rascal, soft fellow, M.Ir. [locaim], I flinch from: , one who works in all weathers and places; cf. [la\ib], under [la\ban]. , foolishly fond, doting, Ir. [loiceamhlachd], [lo/iceamhlachd] (O'B.), dotage: , an untidy person, ragged one: , a lock of fine wool, tuft of snow: Cf. @G[lahnc]; , churn staff, Ir., M.Ir. [loinid]. Stokes takes from N. [hlunnr]. O.R. has [lunn], churn-dasher. , rheumatism, : , good condition, charm, comeliness, joy, Ir. [loinn], joy, M.Ir. [lainn], bright; from [plend], Lat. [splendeo], Eng. [splendid]. Hence , bright. So Stokes. , glade, area; oblique form of [lann], the locative case in place names. , a badge; a corruption of [sloinn]? , bright, elegant, E.Ir. [lainderda], glittering: [*lasno-], from [las], flame, q.v.? Cf. [lonnrach]. See [loinn]. , a wavering: , wallow, (Perth): , a deformed foot, , lame; cf. [lurc], [lorc]. , a beautiful, hary cow; a plump girl, pan-cake, water-nymph (Carm.); cf. [lur], [lurach]. --page 232 , male child just able to walk; cf. [luran]. , pomp show: , cunning: "foxy"; Ir. [loisi], [los], a fox: [*luxo-]; Gr. @G[lu/gx], lynx, O.H.G. [luhs], Ag.S. [lox], lynx. , a lodging, tent, Ir. [lo/isti/n]; from the Eng. [lodging]. , ragged (Hend.): , bare, Ir. [lom], O.Ir. [lomm], W. [llwm]: [*lummo-], [*lups-mo-], root [lup], peel, break off; Lit. [lupti], peel, Ch.Sl. [lupiti], detrahere; Skr. [lumpami], cut off. Hes. has Gr. @G[lumno/s] = @G[gumno/s], which Stokes suggests alternately. Hence , fleecing, O.Ir. [lommraim], tondeo, abrado, [lommar], bared, stripped; which last Stokes compares rather to Lat. [lamberat], scindit ac laniat. , bare; cf. O.Ir. [lommar], bared (see [lom]). Possibly the [b] is intrusive, as in Eng. [number], [slumber]. , bare place; from [lom] and [cuir], [cor]. , a leash, Ir. [comna], a cord (O'Cl.), O.Ir. [loman], funis, lorum, W. [llyfan], Cor. [louan], Br. [louffan], tether: [*lomana^]. , brilliant: , naked, so Ir., E.Ir. [lomnocht]; from [lom] and [nochd], naked. , a bare plain; see [lombair], which is another spelling of this word. , niggardliness, Ir. [lompais]; from [*lommas], from [lom]. , food, Ir., M.Ir. [lo/n], O.Ir. [lo/on], adeps, commeatus, O.Br. [lon], adeps: [*louno-]. Strachan and Stokes cf. O.Sl. [plu@uti], caro, Lat. [pluta\], a crust, Lettic [pluta], a bowel. Bez. queries if it is allied to L.Ger. [flo^m], raw suet, O.H.G. [floum]. It was usual to refer it to the same root as Gr. @G[plou@ntos], wealth; and Ernault has suggested connection with [blonag] ([*vlon]), which is unlikely. , marsh, mud, meadow (Arg.), water (Skye): [*lut-no-], root [lut], muddy O.Ir. [loth], mud, Lat. [lutum]; further root [lu], [lou], as in [lod]. It may be from [*louno-], with the same root; cf. M.Ir. [conluan], hounds' excrement. , , the blackbird, Ir., M.Ir., O.Ir. [lon]. Stokes refers it to [*lux-no-] (root [leuq], light, Lat. [lux], etc.), but this in the G. would give [lonn]. , elk, M.G. [lon] (D.of L.), Ir. [lon]: [*lono-]; cf. O.Slav. [lani], hind, and, further, Celtic [*elani^], roe (see [eilid]). , a rope of raw hides (St Kilda): possibly a condensation of [lomhainn] , , gluttony, M.Ir. [con cra/is]. Kuno Keyer, ([Vision of M`Conglinne]) translates [lon] separately as "demon". For [craois] see [craos]. [lon], water (Carm.) + [craos]? --page 233 , prattle, forwardness, Ir. [lonaigh], a scoff, jest, W. [llon], cheerful: [*luno-], root [lu], [lav], enjoy, win, W. [llawen], merry; Gr. @G[a@'polau/w], enjoy; Got. [laun], reward. See further under [luach]. [la\n-aighear], boisterous mirth (Wh.)? , a ship Ir. [long], E.Ir. [long], vessel (vas), ship W. [llong], ship: [*longa^]; Norse [lung], ship (Bez.); cf. Lat. [lagena], flagon (Stokes). Usually supposed to be borrowed from Lat. (navis) [longa], war ship. Cf. Ptolemy's River @G[Lo/ggos], the Norse [Skipafjo@"r@dhr, now Loch Long. [*plugna^]? Eng. [fly]? , a diet, so Ir. E.Ir. [longad], eating; a side form of [slug], which see for root. , harbour, camp, palace, Ir. [longphort] (do.); from [long] + [port]. Hence , palace; [longart], [lunkart], in placenames. , timber put under a boat for launching it; from Norse [hlunnr], a roller for launching ships. , anger, fierce, strong, Ir. [lonn], O.Ir. [lond], wild. Stokes ([Zeit].@+[30], 557) doubtfully suggests connection with Skr. [randhayati], destroy, torment. , glittering, so Ir.; cf. [loinnir]. [lo\nrach], well fed (Hend.). , soft, muddy place (Suth.): see . , shank (Carm.): , a staff, Ir., E.Ir. [lorg], Cor. [lorc'h], baculus, Br. [lorc'hen], temo: [*lorgo-], Norse [lurkr], a cudgel (Bez., Cam.). , track, footstep, Ir., E.Ir. [lorg], O.Ir. [lorc], trames, [lorgarecht], indago, W. [llyr], course duct, Cor. [lergh], [lerch] Br. [lerc'h], track: [*lorgo-]. Bez. compares L.Ger. [lurken], creep. Rhys adds W. [llwrw], direction ([Manx Pray.]@+[2], 127). , purpose, sake, Ir., E.Ir. [los] sake, behalf, part, M.Ir. [los], growth; [a los], "about to" (Wh.); [in doghran losleathan], beaver (ooter of broad tail), Ir. [los], tail, end (O'Cl), W. [llost], Br. [lost], [*losto-], [losta^]: , a kneading trough, Ir. [losad], E.Ir. [lossat]: [*lossanta^], [*lok-s-], root [lok], [lek]; Gr. @G[le/kos], a dish, pot; Lit [lekmene@?], a puddle; Lat. [lanx], dish. , a burning, Ir. [loscadh], E.Ir. [loscud], W. [llosg], urere, Cor. [losc] (n.) Br. [losk]: [*losko^], I burn, [*lopsko^], root, [lop], [lap]; Gr. @G[la/mpw], shine; O.Pruss. [lopis] flame, Lett. [lapa], pine-torch (Stokes). See [lasair], to whose root it is usually referred. , a toad, Ir. [loscain], E.Ir. [loscann]; from [losg] above, so named from the acrid secretions of its skin. , wound, so Ir., E.Ir. [lot], damage, [loitim], laedo: [*lotto^], [*lut-to-], root [lut], [lu], cut; Skr. [lu^-], cut; Gr. @G[lu/w], loose; Eng. [loss], [lose]; Pruss. [au-laut], die. Stokes refers it to a stem [*lud-no/-], --page 234 root [lud], Teut. root [lut], Eng. [lout], [little], Norse [lu/ta], to lout, bow, Ag.S. [lot], dolus, etc. , share, etc., one's croft (Lewis): , a colt, Manx, [lhiy], W. [llwdn], young of deer, sheep, swine, hens, etc., Cor. [lodn] (do.), M.Br. [lozn], beast, Br. [loen], animal: [*pluto-], [*plutno-]; cf. Lat. [pullus], foal, Eng. [filly]. , marsh (Suth.), O.Ir. [loth], mud; see further under [lo\n]. Hence [Loth], parish. , the plant brook-lime, Ir. [lothal] (O'B.), [lochal]: , worth, value, Ir. [luach] O.Ir. [lo/g], [luach]: [*lougos], root [lou], [lu^], gain; Lat. [lu^crum], gain, [Laverna], the thieves' goddess; Got. [laun], a reward, Ag.S. [le/an] (do.); O.Slav. [lovu@u], catching. , rushes, Ir., E.Ir. [luachair]: "light-maker", from [louk], light (Lat. [lux], etc.), M.W. [lleu babir], rush-light. , fulling cloth; cf. Ir. [luadh], motion, moving, root [ploud] (Lit. [plaudz@?u], wash, Eng. [fleet]), a side-form of the root of [luath]. But compare [dol]. , mention, speaking, Ir. [luadh], O.Ir. [luad]: [*laudo-]; Lat. [laus], [laudis], praise. Hence , beloved one: "spoken or thought of one". , lead, Ir., M.Ir. [luaidhe]: [*loudia^]; Eng. [lead], Ag.S. [le/ad] ([*lauda-]), Ger. [loth]. , a prattler, Ir. [luaimearachd], volubility; see next word.>> , restless, Ir. [luaimneach], E.Ir. [luamnech], volatile (as birds), [lu/amain], flying; root [ploug], fly; Eng. [fly], Ger. [fliegen], Norse [flju/ga]. , a grovelling person, a fire-fond child; from [luaith], ashes: "one in sackcloth and ashes"? , move, wave, (n.), Ir. [luasgaim], M.Ir. [luascad], O.Br. [luscou], oscilla, Br. [luskella], to rock: [*lousko^], [*ploud-sko-], root [ploud] or [plout], [plou], go, flow, move, as in [luath], q.v. Bez. queries connection with Lit. [plu/ska/t], [plu/kt], pluck, tear. , moon, Monday, so Ir.; M.Ir., O.Ir. [luan], moon, Monday: [*loukno-], Lat. [lux], [luceo], [lu^na], moon. The Gadelic is possibly borrowed from Lat. Ir. [go la/ an Luain], till doomsday. , a dizziness, faint: , ashes, Ir. [luaith], E.Ir. [lu/aith], W. [lludw], Cor. [lusu], Br. [ludu]: [*loutvi-]. Bez. queries if it is allied to Ger. [lodern], to flame. , swift, Ir. [luath], O.Ir. [lu/ath]: [*louto-], root [plout], [plou], go, flow, be swift; Eng. [fleet], Norse [fljo/tr], swift (root [pleud]); Gr. @G{ple/w], I sail; Lat. [pluit], it rains; Skr. [plavate], swim, fly. , bend, Ir., M.Ir. [lu/baim], E.Ir. [lu/paim] ([ro-lu/pstair], they bent, L.Leinster): [lu/bbo^], root [leub], [lub]; Eng. [loop], M.Eng. [loupe], noose; @G[lugi/zw] see [lag]. Skeat regards the Eng. as borrowed from the Celtic. Hence , a fold, creek, angle. --page 235 , a mouse, Ir., O.Ir. [luch], g. [lochat], W. [llyg], [llygoden], Corn. [logoden], Br. [logodenn], pl. [logod]: [*lukot-], [*pluko-], "gray-one"; Lit. [pilkas], gray, [pele], mouse; root [pel], [pol], gray, as under [liath]. Stokes refers it to the Gadelic root [luko-], dark (read [lauko-] or [louko-]), whence E.Ir. [loch] (read [lo/ch]), which he takes from I.E. [leuq], shine (Lat. [lux], etc.), comparing W. [llwg], vivid, blotchy, to which add W. [llug], blotch, dawning. From this obsolete G. word [lo/ch], dark, comes the name of the rivers [Lo\chaidh], Adamnan's [Nigra Dea] or [Loch-dae], which we may take as the G. form of it from another of his references. , a palace, castle; see [longphort]. , people, Ir. [luchd], O.Ir. [lucht], W. [llwyth], tribe: [*lukto-], from [plug], [pulg], Eng. [folk], Ger. [volk], whence O.Slov. [pluku], a troop. , a burden, Ir. [luchd], E.Ir. [lucht], W. [llywth] a load: [lukto-]. The O.W. [tluith] (or [maur-dluithruim], multo vecte) has suggested [*tlukto-], allied to Lat. [tollo], raise (Stokes). Eng. [flock]? , the little finger, Ir. [lughado/g], O.Ir. [lu/ta], dat. [lu/tain]: [*lu^ddo^n-], root [lu^d], [lud], Eng. [little], Ag.S. [ly/tel], O.H.G. [luzil]; root [lu], [lu^], Eng. [loss], [-less], Gr. @G[lu/w], etc. , , , a hinge, , hinges, Ir. [lu/drach] (Fol.), [ludach] [ludann] (O'R.): , a slovenly person, , bespatter with mud, , wallow Ir. [ludar] (n.), [ludair] (vb.); two words from [lod], mud, and [luid], rag. , permit, allow: from the Eng. ['lowing], [allowing]. [lughaic], stipulate for (Hend.). , having crooked legs, , a deformed person, , a weakling: [*lu^ggo-], root [leug], [lug], bend, Gr. @G[lugi/zw], bend, Lit. [lugnas], pliant. , swear, blaspheme, O.Ir. [luige], oath, W. [llw], Br. [le]: [*lugio-n], oath, "binding"; Got. [liugan], wed, O.H.G. [urliugi], lawless condition, Ag.S. [orlege], war. , a joint (M`A.), , a tendon, ankle, Ir. [luthach], joints, [luighe/an], a nave, M.Ir. [lui/thech], sinew. , less, Ir. [lugha], O.Ir. [lugu], [laigiu], positive, [lau], [lu/], little, W. [llai], less, from [llei], Br. [lei], from [lau]: [*legio^s], from [*legu-s], little: Lat. [levis]; Gr. @G[e@'lahu/s], little; Skr. [lagha/-s], light, Eng. [light]. , an herb, Ir. [luibh], O.Ir. [luib], [lubgort], herb-garden, garden, W. [lluarth], garden, Cor. [luvorth], Br. [liorz], garden: [*lubi-], herb; Norse [lyf], herb, Got. [lubja-leisei], witchcraft, "herb-lore", O.H.G. [luppi], poison, magic, Ag.S. [lyb] (do.). --page 236 , , a rag, a slut, Ir. [luid]: [*luddi], root [lu], cut, lose, as under [lot]. , a vent, chimney, louvre, W. [llwfer]; from M.Eng. [louere], [lover], smoke-hole, O.Fr. [lover]. The Norse [ljo/ri], a louvre or roof-opening is from [ljo/s], light. , a clumsy fellow; from the Sc. [lotch], lout, [louching], louting. , a weak person; see [lu/gach]. , lie; see [laigh]. , an ankle; cf. E.Ir. [lua], foot, kick, O.Ir. [lue], heel: (), child-bed, Ir. [luidhsiu/bhail] (Fol.), M.Ir. [ben siuil], parturient woman, [luige seola], child-bed. Stokes refers [siuil] to M.Ir. [siul], bed, and compares the Eng. phrase [to be brought a-bed]. The G. and Ir. seem against this, for the idea of [luighe-siu\bhladh] would then be "bed-lying"; still worse is it when [leabaidh-shiu\ladh] is used. Consider [siubhal], bearing. , requital, reward: [*lugi-], root [lug], [loug], as in [luach]. , a shift, contrivance: , active (Smith's S.D.); cf. [luaineach]. , a ditty, Ir. [luinnioc], chorus, glee, M.Ir. [luindiuc], [luindig], music-making; [*lundo-], root [lud], as in [laoidh], Eng. [lay]? , tossing, floundering, paddling about; see [lunn], a heaving billow. , luinnsear>, a sluggard, lazy vagrant, Ir. [lunnsaire], idler, watcher; from Eng. [lungis] (obsolete), [lounger]. , torture, drub (M`A.); see [laoir]. , a coat of mail, Ir. [lu/ireach], E.Ir. [lu/irech], w. [llurig]; from Lat. [lo^ri^ca], from [lo^rum], a thong. Hence , a patched garment, an untidy female. , an untidy person, tall and pithless: , part of the oar between the handle and blade; from N. [hlumr], handle of an oar. , choke-full, also and (Hend.); from [lom]+[la\n]. , a covering, great-coat, Ir. [lumain], E.Ir. [lumman] (g. [lumne], M`Con.). In some dialects it also means a "beating", that is a "dressing". , , , Lammas, first August, Ir. [lughnas], August, E.Ir. [lu/gnasad], Lammas-day: "festival of Lug"; from [Lug], the sun-god of the Gael, whose name Stokes connects with Ger. [locken], allure, Norse [lokka] (do.), and also [Loki](?). E.Ir. [nassad], festival (?), is referred by Rhys to the same origin as Lat. [nexus], and he translates [lu/gnasad] as "Lug's wedding" ([Hib.Lect], 416). --page 237 , a staff, oar-handle, lever; from Norse [hlunnr], launching roller. See [lonn]. Dial. , a heaving billow (not broken); also . See [lonn], anger. , a sluggard; cf. Fr. [lendore], an idle fellow, from M.H.G. [lentern], go slow, Du. [lentern]. Br. [landar], idle, is borrowed from the Fr. , a smooth grassy plot (possibly "marshy spot", Rob.). Hence place-name [An Lunndan]. , thump, beat; from the Sc. [lounder], beat, [loundering], a drubbing. , delight, , lovely, , darling, a male child; [*luru-], root [lu], [lau], enjoy, as in [lon]. , a crease in cloth; from Sc. [lirk], a crease, M.Eng. [lerke], wrinkle. , lame in the feet; see [loirc]. , cunning, a sly fellow; from Sc. [lurdane], worthless person, M.Eng. [lourdain], lazy rascal, from O.Fr. [lourdein] (n.), [lourd], dirty, sottish, from Lat. [luridum]. , , a shank, Ir., E.Ir. [lurgu] g. [lurgan]; W. [llorp], [llorf], shank, shaft. , an herb, plant, Ir. [lus] E.Ir. [luss], pl. [lossa], W. [llysiau] herbs, Cor. [les], Br. [louzaouen]: [*lussu-], from [*lubsu-], root [lub] of [luibh]. , a pigmy sprite, Martin's [Lusbirdan]; from [lugh] little (see [lugha]), and [spiorad]. strength, pith, Ir. [lu/th], E.Ir. [lu/th]; cf. O.Ir. [lu/th], velocity, motion, from the root [pleu], [plu] of [luath]. Or [tlu/th], from [tel]? , if, Ir. [ma/], O.Ir. [ma/], [ma], Cor., Br. [ma] (also [mar]); cf. Skr. [sma], [sma^], an emphatic enclitic (= "indeed") used after pronouns etc., the [-sm-] which appears in the I.E. pronoun forms (Gr. @G[a@'mme] = [n@.s-sme], us). , a tassel; a side-form of [pab], q.v. , abuse, vilify: , lisping, stammering; cf. M.Eng. [maflen], Du. [maffeln], to stammer. , a son, Ir. [mac], O.Ir. [macc], W. [mab], O.W. [map], Cor. [mab], Br. [map], [mab], Ogam gen. [maqvi]: [*makko-s], [*makvo-s], son, root [mak], rear, nutrire, W. [magu], rear, nurse, Br. [maguet]: I.E. [mak], ability, production; Gr. @G[makro/s], long, @G[ma/kar], blessed; Zend [mac@,anh], greatness; Lettic [ma/zu], can, be able. Kluge compares Got. [magaths], maid, Ag.S. [mag@th], Eng. [maid], further Got. [magus], boy, Norse [mo@"gr], which, --page 238 however, is allied to O.Ir. [mug] (pl. [mogi]), slave. The Teut. words also originally come from a root denoting "might, increase", Gr. @G[mc@nhos], means, Skr. [mahas], great. Hence , mild: "filial". , a youth, generous man, Ir. [macamh], [macaomh], a youth, E.Ir. [maccoem]: from [mac] and [caomh]. , , outside (motion to "out"), Ir. [amach], E.Ir. [immach]; from [in] and [magh], a field, [mach] being its accusative after the prep. [in], into: "into the field". Again , outside (rest), is for E.Ir. [immaig], [in] with the dat. of [magh]: "in the field". See [an], [ann] and [magh]. , a plain, level, arable land, Manx [magher], Ir., M.Ir. [machaire], [macha]; [*makarjo-], a field; Lat. [ma^ceria], an enclosure (whence W. [magwyr], enclosure, Br. [moger], wall). So Stokes. Usually referred to [*magh-thi\r], "plain-land", from [magh] and [ti\r]. , matrix, uterus, Ir. [machlo/g] (O'B., etc.), M.Ir. [macloc]; cf. Ger. [magen], Eng. [maw]. , sport, wantonness, Ir. [macnas] (do.), [macras], sport, festivity; from [mac]. , , echo, Ir., M.Ir. [macalla]; from [mac] and obsolete [all], a cliff, g. [aille] ([*allos]), allied to Gr. @G[pe/lla], stone (Hes.), Norse [fjall], hill, Eng. [fell]. See also ++, which is allied. , a dog, mastiff, so Ir., M.Ir. [madrad]: E.Ir. [matad] (McCon.), [maddad] (Fel.), W. [madog], fox (cf. W. [madryn], reynard): [*maddo-], [*mas-do-], the [mas] possibly being for [mat-s], the [mat] of which is then the same as [math-] of [mathghamhuin], q.v. Connection with Eng. [mastiff], Fr. [ma^tin], O.F. [mestiff], from [*mansatinus], "house-dog", would mean borrowing. , mussel: , , a mattock, W. [matog]; from M.Eng. [mattok], now [mattock], Ag.S. [mattuc]. , madder, Ir. [madar], the plant madder; from the Eng. , valiant, dexterous in arms, Ir. [madhanta]: "overthrowing", from the E.Ir. verb [maidim], overthrow, break, from [*mato^], Ch.Sl. [motyka], ligo, Polish [motyka], hoe (Bez.). , morning, Ir. [maidin], O.Ir. [matin], mane, [maten]; from Lat. [matutina], early (day), Eng. [matin]. , a paw, hand, lazy bed, ridge of arable land, E.Ir. [ma/c]: [*manka^], root [man], hand, Lat. [manus], Gr. @G[ma/rc], Norse [mund], hand. Sc. [maig] is from Gaelic. , mocking, Ir. [magadh], W. [mocio]; from the Eng. [mock]. , a whim; from Sc. [maggat], [magget]. --page 239 , testicle(s), Ir. [magairle], [magarla], E.Ir. [macraille] (pl.): [*magar-aille], "[magar] stones"; [magar] and [all] of [mactalla]: [magar] = [*maggaro-], root [mag], [meg], great, powerful, increas? Cf., however, [mogul]. , toad; properly , "squat beast"; from [ma\g] above. , a plain, a field, Ir. [magh], O.Ir. [mag], W. [ma], [maes] ([*magestu-]), Cor. [me^s], Br. [maes], Gaul. [magos]: [*magos], [*mages-], field, plain, "expanse", from root [magh], great, Skr. [mahi^], the earth, [mahas], great; Gr. @G[mc@nhos], means, Lat. [machina], machine; Got. [magan], be able, Eng. [may]. , stomach: N. [magi]. , bait for fish, so Ir., E.Ir. [magar] (Corm.), small fry or fish: , a cluster, bunch; see [mab]. , a stick, wood, Ir., E.Ir., [matan], a club: [*maddio-], [*mas-do-]; Lat. [malus] (= [*ma^dus]), mast; Eng. [mast]. , delay, slowness: , a shapeless mass: , a major; from the Eng. , May, E.Ir. [Ma/i]; from Lat. {maius], Eng. [May]. , a child beginning to walk, a fat, little man: from [ma\g]. , concha veneris, the shell of the escallop fish; from [maighdean]? Cf. [madadh], mussel. , a maiden, so Ir., late M.Ir. [maighden] (F.M.); from M.Eng. [magden], [maiden], Ag.S. [m@oeden], now [maiden]. , a hare, Ir. [mi/ol bhuidhe] (for [mi/ol mhuighe]), E.Ir. [mi/l maighe], "plain beast"; from [mial] and [magh]. The G. is an adj. from [magh]: [*mageco-], "campestris". , , master, Ir. [maighisdir], M.Ir. [magisder], W. [meistyr], Cor. [maister]; from Lat. [magister], Eng. [master]. , a bag, wallet, knapsack, Ir. [ma/ile/id], [ma/ili/n]; see [ma/la]. , with, Ir. [maille re], O.Ir. [immalle], [malle]; for [imb-an-leth], "by the side", [mu an leth] now. , mail armour; from the Eng. [mail]. , a monastery, so Ir., E.Ir. [manister]; from Lat. [monasterium]. , delay, Ir. [mainneachdna]; cf. O.Ir. [mendat], residence, O.G. [maindaidib] (dat.pl.), Skr. [mandiram], lodging, habitation; Lat. [mandra], a pen, Gr. @G[ma/ndra] (do.). , a fold, pen, goat pen, booth, Ir. [mainreach], [mainneir], M.Ir. [maindir]; Lat. [mandra], Gr. @G[ma/ndra], pen, as under [mainne]. K.Meyer takes it from early Fr. [maneir], dwelling, Eng. [manor]. , last, live, Ir. [mairim], O.Ir. [maraim]: [*maro^]; Lat. [mora], delay [*mr@.-]. --page 240 , to-morrow, Ir. [ma/rach], E.Ir. [imba^rach], to-morrow, [iarnaba/rach], day after to-morrow, W. [bore], [boreu], morning, [y fory], to-morrow, M.W. [avory], Br. [bure], morning, [*ba^rego-] (Stokes, Zimmer): [*mr@-@.-ego-], root [mr@-@.gh], [mr@.gh] ([mr@.g]?); Got. [maurgins], morning, [da maurgina], to-morrow, Eng. [morrow], Ger. [morgen], etc. , pity! Ir. [mairg], E.Ir. [marg], vae: [*margi-]; Gr. @G[ma/rgos], mad, Lat. [morbus](?). Usually referred to [*mo-oirc], [*mo oirg], "my destruction", from [org], destroy (See [tuargan]). , marriage; from the Eng. , a delay, Ir. [mairneulachd], tediousness, a sailing: , a martyr, so Ir., E.Ir. [martir], W. [merthyr]; from Lat. [martyr], from Gr. @G[ma/rtus] [ma/rturos], a witness. , beauty, so Ir., E.Ir. [maisse], from [mass], comely; root [mad], [med], measure, Eng. [meet], Ger. [ma@"ssig], moderate; further Eng. [mete], etc. , urine, so Ir.; [*madstri], root [mad], Lat. [madeo]. , churning, so Ir.; root [mag]: Gr. @G[magi/s], @G[ma/ssw], Ch.Sl. [masla], butter. , , good, Ir., O.Ir. [maith], W. [mad], Cor. [mas], M.Br. [mat]: [*mati-s], root [mat], [met], measure, I.E. [me^], measure, as in [meas], q.v.? Bez. suggests as an alternative Skr. [u/pa-ma^ti], affabilis, Gr. @G[mati/s] (= @G[me/gas], Hes.). , , pardon, Ir. [maitheam] (n.), E.Ir. [mathem], a forgiving, W. [maddeu], ignoscere, root [mad], "be quiet about", Skr. [ma/dati], linger, [mandas], lingering, Got. [ga-mo^tan], room; see [mainnir]. Rhys regards the W. as borrowed from Ir.; if so, G. is same as [maith], good. , rent, tax, M.Ir. [ma/l], W. [ma^l], bounty; from Ag.S. [ma/l], tribute, M.Eng. [ma@-l], now [mail] (black-[mail]), Sc. [mail]. , a bag, budget, Ir. [ma/la]; from the M.Eng. [ma@-le], wallet, bag (now [mail]), from O.Fr. [male], from O.H.G. [malha]. , pl. ([mailghean in Arg., cf. [duilich], [duilghe]), eyebrow, Ir. [mala], O.Ir. [mala], g. [malach], M.Br. [malvenn], eyelash: [*malax]; Lit. [blakstenai], eyelashes, [blakstini], wink, Lettic [mala], border, Alban. [mal'], hill, border. , an exchange, so Ir., M.Ir. [malartaigim], I exchange, also "destroy": in E.Ir. and O.Ir. [malairt] means "destruction", which may be compared to Lat. [malus], bad. , putrefy: [*malqo^]; Lit. [nu-smelkiu\], decay, Servian [mlak], lukewarm (Strachan), O.H.G. [moa(h)we^n], tabere (Bez.). It has also been referred to the root [mel], grind. , gentle, Ir. [ma/lta]; Gr. @G[malqako/s], soft (see [meall]). , slow, Ir., O.Ir. [mall] (W. [mall], want of energy, softness?); Gr. @G[me/llw], linger ([*melno-]); Lat. [pro-mello], litem promovere. --page 241 It has also been refered to the root of Gr. @G[malqako/s], soft (see [meall]), and to that of Lat. [mollis], soft, Eng. [mellow]. , a curse, so Ir., O.Ir. [maldacht], W. [mellith], Br. [malloc'h]; from Lat. [maledictio], Eng. [malediction]. , large round hill, Ir. [mam], mountain, M.Ir. [mamm], breast, pap (O'Cl.): "breast, pap", Lat. [mamma], mother, breast, Eng. [mamma], etc. Hence , an ulcerous swelling of the armpit. , a handful, two handfuls, Ir., M.Ir. [ma/m], handful, W. [mawaid], two handfuls: [*ma^mma^] (Stokes), from [*manma^], allied to Lat. [manus], hand? Cf., however, [ma\g]. , a mole on the skin, arm-pit ulcer; side form [ma\m]. , a monk, Ir., E.Ir. [manach], M.Ir. [mainchine], monkship, monk's duties (cf. [abdaine]), W. [mynach], Br. [manac'h]; from Lat. [monachus], Eng. [monk]. Hence , a monastery. , the angel fish: , the groin: , an omen, luck, E.Ir. [mana], omen; Lat. [moneo], warn, advise; Ag.S. [manian], warn, exhort. , the portion of an estate famed by the owner, a large or level farm; from the Sc. [mains], Eng. [manor]. , mandrake, Ir. [mandra/c]; from the Eng. W. [mandragor] is from M.Eng. [mandragores], Ag.S. [mandragora]. , a fawn, M.Ir. [mang], E.Ir. [mang] (Corm.): Celtic root [mag] ([mang]), increase, Eng. [maiden], Got. [magus], boy (see [mac]). , a bear; see [mathghamhain]. , , lisping, stammering, Ir. [manntach], toothless, stammering, E.Ir. [mant], gum, O.Ir. [mend], dumb, etc., Ir. [meann], dumb (O'Br.), W. [mant], jaw, [mantach], toothless jaw: [*mand@?to-], jaw; Lat. [mandere], eat, [mandibula], a jaw; further is Eng. [meat], Gr. @G[masa/omai], chew, eat, root [mad]. , a tuneful sound, a cooing, humming, Ir. [manra/n]: , a paunch, stomach, ruminant's pouch, Ir. [me/adail], [maodal], [meadhail] (Lh.), M.Ir. [medhal] (Ir.Gl., 235), [me/tail]: [*mand-to-]? Root [mad], [mand], eat, as under [mannda]? , grudge, reproach, Ir. [maoidhim], grudge, upbraid, bra, E.Ir. [ma/idim], threaten, boast, O.Ir. [mo/idem], gloriatio: [*moido-]; root [moid], [meid]; M.H.G. [gemeit], grand, O.H.G. [kameit], jactans, stolidus, O.Sax. [geme^d], stupid, Got. [gamaids], bruised. See [miadh]. , personal influence, interest; from Sc. [moyen] (do.), Fr. [moyen], a mean, means, Eng. [means], from Lat. [medianus], median, middle. --page 242 , brow of a hill; see [maol]. , terror, onset, eruption, surprise, Ir. [maidhm], a sally, eruption, defeat, E.Ir. [maidm], a breach or breaking, defeat: [*matesmen-] (Stokes), [*mato^], break; Ch.Sl., Pol. [motyka], a hoe. Some give the root as allied to Skr. [math], stir, twirl, Lit. [mentu\ris], whorl. , wealth, Ir. [maoin], O.Ir. [ma/in]: [*moini-]; Lat. [mu@-nus], service, duty, gift (Eng. [munificence]), [communis], common; Got. [ga-mains], common, Eng. [mean]; Lit. [mai/nas], exchange. , slowness; see [ma\idhean]. , a bait for a fishing hook (N.H.), , the least quantity of anything; cf. [maghar], root [mag], grow. , a large basket, hamper, , five hundred fish, Ir. [maois], W. [mwys], hamper, five score herring, Cor. [muis], [moys]; Sc. [mese], five hundred herring, Norse [meiss], box, wicker basket, [meiss si/ld], barrel-herrings, O.H.G. [meisa], a basket for the back; Lit. [maiszas], sack, Ch.Sl. [me@?chu@u]. The relationship, whether of affinity or borrowing, between Celtic and Teutonic, is doubtful. The Brittonic might come from Lat. [mensa], a table, and the Gadelic from the Norse. , , a doe, heifer: [maol-sech] ({maol], harnless); see [mi/s]. , bald, Ir. [maol], O.Ir. [ma/el], [ma/il], W. [moel], Br. [maol]: [*mailo-s]; Lit. [mailus], something small, smallness, Ch.Sl. [me@.lu@uku@u], small; further root [mei], lessen (see [maoth]). The Ir. [mug], servant, has been suggested as the basis: [*mag(u)lo-], servile, "short-haired, bald"; but this, though suitable to the W., would give in G. [ma/l]. Cf. Ir. [ma/l], prince, from [*maglo-]. Hence , brow of a hill or rock, W. [mael], a conical hill? , the space between the eyebrows; from [maol]. , lazy, careless, indifferent (H.S.D.), [maol-sne\(imh)], [maol-sni\omh] (Rob.), a lazy one: , an officer of justice or of estates, Ir. [maor], an officer, O.G. [m@oer], [ma/ir] (B.of Deer), W. [maer], steward; from Lat. [major], whence Eng. [mayor]. , shell-fish, Ir. [maorach]; cf. Gr. @G[mu/raina] ([u] long), lamprey, @G[smu@nros], eel. , soft, Ir. [maoth], E.Ir. [mo/eth], O.Ir. [mo/ith]: [*moiti-s]; Lat. [mi^tis], mild; further root [mei], lessen (see [mi\n]). , as, Ir., M.Ir. [mar], E.Ir., O.Ir. [immar], quasi: [*ambi-are], the prepositions [imm] (now [mu]) and [air]? W. [mor], as, Corn., Br. [mar], is explained by Ernault as unaccented Br. [meur], G. [mo/r], big. , M.G. [far ri] (D.of L.): from [mar] and [ri]. --page 243 , a big, ungainly woman (Arg.); from [mo/r], with neuter termination [ach]. Also . , a pudding, M.Ir. [maro/c], hilla, E.Ir. [mar], sausage; from the Norse [mo@"rr], dat. [mo@"rvi], suet, [blo/@dh-mo@"rr], black pudding. , a master, regulator, Ir., M.Ir. [marascal], regulator, marshal; from M.Eng. and O.Fr. [marescal], now [marshal]. , dead, Ir. [marbh], O.Ir. [marb], W. [marw], Cor. [marow], Br. [maro], M.Br. [marv]; [*marvo-s], root [mr@.]; Lat. [morior], die; Lit. [mirti], die; Gr. @G[marai/nw], destroy; Skr. [mar], die. , a horse, G. and Ir. , a horseman, E.Ir. [marc], horse, W., Cor., Br. [march], Gaul. @G[marka-n] (acc.): [*marko-s], [*marka^]; O.H.G. [marah], mare, [meriha], horse, Norse [marr], mare, Ag.S. [mearh], Eng. [mare] and [marshal]. , a merk: from the Eng. [mark], Sc. [merk], Norse [mo@'rk], g. [markar]. , a market, so Ir., M.Ir. [margad], [marcad], E.Ir. [marggad] from M.Eng. [market], from Lat. [mercatus]. , marl, Ir. [ma/rla], W. [marl]; from Eng. [marl]. The G. has the sense of "marble" also, where it confuses this word and Eng. [marble] together. , marble, Ir. [marmur]; from Lat. [marmor]. A playing marble is in the G. dialects , a marble. , enchanted castle which kept one spell-bound, labyrinth, thicket to catch cattle (M`A.). Root [mar], [mer], deceive, as in [mear], [brath]. , , cream, milk, and their products (Carm.). Cf. [marag]. , marching, Ir. [marsa/il]; from the Eng. , a cow, Ir. [mart], a cow, a beef, E.Ir. [mart], a beef; hence Sc. [mart], a cow killed for family (winter) use and salted, which Jamieson derives from [Martinmas], the time at which the killing took place. The idea of [mart] is a cow for killing: [*marta^], from root [mar], die, of [marbh]? , March, Ir. [Ma/rt], E.Ir. [mairt], g. [marta], W. [Mawrth]; from Lat. [Martius], Eng. [March]. , maiming, laming, Ir. [mairtrighim], murder, maim, martyrise, O.Ir. [martre], martyrdom; from Lat. [martyr], a martyr, whence Eng. , the buttock, Ir. [ma/s], E.Ir. [ma/ss]: [*ma^sto-]; Gr. @G[mc/dea], genitals, @G[masto/s], @G[mazo/s], breast, cod, @G[mada/w], lose hair; Lat. [madeo], be wet; root [ma/d], [mad]. , before, ere: see [mus]. , delay, Ir. [masa/n] (O'B., etc.): , mix, infuse; from the Sc. [mask], Swed. [ma@"ske], to mash, Fries. [mask], draff, grains, Eng. [mash]. --page 244 , flattery: , disgrace, Ir. [masla], [masladh], despite, shame, disgrace: , good, Ir. [math]; see [maith]. This is the commonest form in G., the only Northern Dialect form. , forgive: see [maith]. , manure land; from [math]? , mother, Ir. [ma/thair], O.Ir. [ma/thir], W. [modryb], dame, aunt, O.Br. [motrep], aunt: [*ma^te^r]; Lat. [ma^ter]; Gr. @G[mc/tcr], Dor. [ma/tcr] ([a] long); Norse [mo/@dhir], Eng. [mother]; Skr. [ma^ta^r]. , a bear, Ir. [mathghamhuin], E.Ir. [mathgaman], from [math-] and [gamhainn]; with [math], bear (?), cf. W. [madawg], fox, and possibly the Gaul. names [Matu-genos], [Matuus], [Teuto-matus], etc. , a root, bulb, Ir. [meacan], any top-rooted plant, O.Ir. [meccun], [mecon], Gr. @G[mc/kwn], poppy; O.H.G. [ma/gi], Ger. [mohn]; Ch.Sl. [maku]: [*mekkon-], root [mek], [mak] of [mac]? , mercy, an abatement, , soft, tender, , hospitable person, Ir. [meach], hospitality: , a wooden pail or vessel, Ir. [meadar], a hollowed-out drinking vessel, churn, M.Ir. [metur]; from Lat. [metrun], measure, metre, meter. , verse, metre; for root, etc., see above word. , joy; see [meadhrach]. , luke-warm: "mid-warm"; O.Ir. [mid-], mid-, root [med], [medh], as in next. , the middle, so Ir., O.Ir. [medo/n], [im-medo/n], M.W. [ymeun], W. [mewn], within, Br. [y meton], amidst; cf. for form and root Lat. [media^num], the middle, Eng. [mean], further Lat. [medius], middle; Gr. @G[me/sos]; Eng. [middle]; etc. , glad, joyous, Ir. [meadhair], mirth, [meadhrach], joyous, E.Ir. [medrach]: [*medro-]; Skr. [mad], rejoice, be joyful, [ma/da], hilarity. But [medu], ale? , whey, Ir. [meadhg], E.Ir. [medg], W. [maidd] ([*me@dhjo-]), Cor. [maith], O.Br. [meid], Gallo-Lat. [mesga], whey, whence Fr. [me\gue]: [*mezga^], whey; O.Slav. [mozgu], succus, marrow (Thurneysen), to which Brugmann adds O.H.G. [marg], marrow (Eng. [marrow]), Lit. [mazgoti], wash, Lat. [mergo], merge. , barking, mewing, alarm; see [miamhail]. , possess, enjoy, Ir. [mealadh] (n.), M.Ir. [melaim], I enjoy: possibly from the root [mel], [mal], soft, as in [mealbhag]. Cf. O.Ir. [meldach], pleasant, Eng. [mild]. , flattery, fawning, great rejoicing; see [miolasg]. , corn poppy; cf. Lat. [malva], mallow, whence Eng. [mallow]; Gr. @G[mala/hc], root [mal], [mel], soft, "emollient", Gr. @G[malako/s], soft, Lat. [mulcere]. --page 245 , sea bent (Suth.), sand dunes with bent (W.Ross): , milt of fish; for <*fealg> = ? , a lump, hill, Ir. [meall], lump, knob, heap, E.Ir. [mell], Br. [mell], joint, knot, knuckle, Gaul. [Mello-dunum] (?), now [Melun]: [*mello-], from [*melno-]; O.Slav. [iz-mole^ti], just out, proturberate (Bez. with query); [*ml@.so]; cf. Gr. @G[me/los], limb, part. , deceive, entice, Ir. [meallaim], M.Ir. [mellaim], deceive, E.Ir. [mell], error: [melso^] (Stokes), root [mel], [mal], bad; Lat. [malus]; Lit. [mi\lyti], mistake, [me/las], lie; Gr. @G[me/leos], useless; Armen. [me@G[l]], peccatum. O.Ir. [meld], pleasant (?), Gr. @G[a@'malo/s], root [mela], grind. , , hail, Ir. [mealla/n] (Fol., O'R.); from [meall], lump? , parchments, Ir. [meamrum], O.Ir. [membrum]; from Lat. [membrana], skin, membrane, from [membrum]. , , memory, Ir. [meamhair], O.Ir. [mebuir], W. [myfyr]; from Lat. [memoria], Eng. [memory]. , , spirit, will, Ir. [meanma] (n.), [meanmnach] (adj.), O.Ir. [menme], g. [menman], mens; [*menme^s], g. [menmenos], root [men], mind, think; Skr. [ma/nman], mind, thought, [manye], think; Lat. [memini], remember, [mens]; Gr. @G[me/mona], think, @G[mnc@nma], monument; Eng. [mean], [mind]; etc. , , small, E.Ir. [menbach], small particle: [*mino-], [*minvo-], root [min]; Lat. [minus], Eng. [diminish], Lat. [minor], [minutus], minute; Gr. @G[minu/qw], lessen; Got. [minus], less: root [mi], [mei]. See [mi-]. Stokes gives also an alternate root [men], Skr. [mana^k], a little, Lat. [mancus], mamed, Lit. [me\nkas], little. , small cattle, sheep or goats (Dial.); for . , a yawn, Ir. [me/anfach], E.Ir. [me/n-scailim], I yawn, "mouth-spread", [me/n], mouth, [me/nogud], hiatus; cf. W. [min], lip, edge, Cor. [min], [meen], Br. [min], snout. Strachan and Stokes suggest the stem [*makna^], [*mekno-], root [mak]; Ag.S. [maga], stomach, Ger. [magen], Eng. [maw]. , guile, Ir. [meang], E.Ir. [meng]: [*menga^]; Gr. @G[ma/gganon], engine (Eng. [mangle]), @G[magganeu/w], juggle; Lat. [mango], a dealer who imposes. Cf. N. [mang], traffic, [monger]. , whey; Dial. for [me\ag]. , , a twig, Ir. [meanga/n], [beanga/n]: [*mengo-], Celtic root [meg], [mag], increase; see under [maighdean], [mac]. Cf. M.Ir. [maethain], sprouts. , a kid, Ir. [meanna/n], [meann], W. [myn], Cor. [min], Br. [menn]: [*mendo-], kid, "suckling"; Alban. [m@G[e]nt], suck; O.H.G. [manzon], ubera; perhaps Gr. @G[mazo/s], breast (Stokes, Strachan) --page 246 It may be from the root [min], small ([*minno-]), a form which suits the W. best. , mint; from the Eng. , venture; from Eng. [venturing]. W. [mentra]. , merry, Ir. [mear]; cf. Eng. [merry], Ag.S. [merge], [myrige], O.H.G. [murg], [murgi] (root [mr@.gh]). The E.Ir. [mer], mad, is allied to [mearachd]. O.Ir. [meraigim], prurio. Lat. [meretrix]. , error, Ir. [mearaighim], I err, [mearughadh], a mistaking, erring, M.Ir. [merugud], wandering, root [mer], [mr@.]; Gr. @G[a@`martanw], miss (see [brath]); Eng. [mar], Got. [marzian], cause to stumble. Cf. E.Ir. [mer], mad, [meracht], mad act, O.Ir. [meraige], a fool, O.Br. [mergidhaam], I am silly, which Loth joins to Gr. @G[ma/rgos], mad. , rash; from the root of [mear]. , brisk, lively, , be impatient (Suth), Ir. [mearganta], brisk; from [mear]. , marching; see [ma\rsadh]. , vigour, strength; cf. [marsainn], abiding, from [mar], remain. , fruit, Ir. [meas], fruit, especially acorns, [measog], acorn, E.Ir. [mess], fruit, W. [mes], acorns, Cor. [mesen], glans, Br. [mesenn], acorn: [*messu-], root, [med], [mad], eat (see [manntach]), and, for force, cf. Eng. [mast], fruit of forest trees, Ag.S. [maest], fruit of oak or beech, Ger. [mast]. , judgement, opinion, respect, Ir. [meas], O.Ir. [mess], [*messu-], root [med]; Lat. [meditari], think, [modus], method; Gr. @G[me/domai], think of; Got. [mitan], measure, Eng. [mete]: further root [me^], measure, Eng. [metre], [meter], etc. , a lapdog, Ir. [measa/n], E.Ir. [measan], [meschu]: , a tub, measure; see [miosar]. , temperate, modest, Ir. [measarrdha], O.Ir. [mesurda]: [mensura] (Stokes). But it may be from [meas], judgment. , , among, Ir. [measg], [a measg], among, W. [ym mysg], M.Br. [e mesg]: [*med-sko-], root [med], [medh], as in [meadhon], middle. , , mix, Ir. [measgaim], E.Ir. [mescaim], W. [mysgu]: [*misko^], [*mig-sko^], root, [mig], [mik]; Gr. [mi/gnomi], [mi/sgw]; Lat. [misceo]; Eng. [mix], Ger. [mischen]; Lit. [maiszy/ti]; Skr. [miksh]. , a dish to hold butter, Ir. [mi/osgan]; see [miosgan]. But cf. E.Ir. [mescan], a lump of butter, M.Ir. [mesgan], masa; from [measg], mix? , , feeble, soft, cowardly, Ir. [meata], E.Ir. [meta], cowardly: [*mit-tavo-]; see [meath]. W. has [meth], failure. [*mettaios] (St.) --page 247 , fail, fade, become weak, dishearted, Ir. [meathaim], fail, droop, soften, E.Ir. [meth], failure, decay: [*mito^], root [mit], the short form of root [meit], [moit] (see [maoth]). , a balance, Ir. [meadh], O.Ir. [med], d. [meid], W. [medd], centre of motion: [*meda^], root [med], mete; Lat. [modius], a peck: Gr. @G[me/dimnos], a measure (6 [modii]); Eng. [mete]. See [meas] further. Hence , a measure, instalment (Arg., M`A.). , , hip-joints: , the bleating of a goat or kid, Ir. [meigiodaigh]; Gr. @G[mcka/omai], bleat, @G[mc/kas], she-goat, "bleater"; Ger. [meckern], bleat; Skr. [makakas], bleating; root [me^k], [mek], [mak], an onomatopoetic syllable. , bleat, Ir. [me/idhlighim], M.Ir. [meglim], I bleat, [megill], bleating; Ger. [meckern]: see [meigead]. G. is for [*megli-] or [*mekli]. , , grind, Ir. [meilim], O.Ir. [melim], W. [malu], Br. [malaff]: [*melo^]; Lat. [molo]; Gr. @G[mu/llw]; O.H.G. [malan], grin, Eng. [meal], [mill]; Lit. [ma/lti], molo. Hence , , a quantity of corn sent to grind, , miller. , chilblain (Arg.), Ir. [miolchea/rd] (Kerry), [miolchartach], [miolcarta/n], [milchearta] (Tirconnell); root in [meilich]. , the thick stick by which the quern is turned, a quern, Ir. [meile], hand-mill: "grinder"; from [meil]? , long sea-side grass; from Norse [melr], bent. , become chill with cold, be benumbed; from the root [mel], crush, grind. See [meil]. , sea-pod, husk of peas, etc.: , the cheek, Ir. [meill]; G. , blubber-lip (M`L., M`E.), , , blubber-lipped (, H.S.D.); see [be/illeach]. , , outer rind of bark: , , ore, mine, Ir. [me/in], [mianach], E.Ir. [mi/anach], W. [mwyn]: [*meini-], [meinni-], root [mei], [smei], [smi]; O.Sl. [me^di], aes; O.H.G. [smi^da], metal, Eng. [smith] (Schra@"der). , , disposition, Ir. [me/in], M.Ir. [me\in], mind, disposition: "metal, mettle"; seemingly a metaphoric use of the foregoing word. A root [mein], mind, mean, appears to exist in Eng. [mean], Ger. [meinen]; cf. W. [myn], mind. Thurneysen compares Eng. [mien]. , flexible, sappy, substantial; from [me/in], ore: "gritty"? , spiritless, delicate, so Ir., E.Ir. [meirb], W. [merw]: [*mervi-]; O.H.G. [maro], soft, mellow, Ger. [mu@"rbe], Ag.S. [mearo], Norse [merja], crush; Gr. @G[marai/nw], destroy, @G[ma/rnamai], fight; Lat. [martus], hammer, "crusher"; etc. See [marbh] from the same root ultimately ({mer], [mar]). Hence , digest. --page 248 , agrimony, Ir. [meiri/n na magh] (O'B., [me/iri/n] (Con.): , rust, Ir. [meirg], O.Ir. [meirg], [meirc], Br. [mergl]: [*mergi-], "red, dark"; Eng. [murk], Ag.S. [mirce], Norse [myrkr] (cf. G. [dearg] and Eng. [dark]). Ernault compares Gr. @G[ma/rgos], senseless; and it has been joined to O.W. [mergid], debilitas, O.Br. [mergidhehan], evanesco, root [mar], [mer], fade, die. , a banner, Ir. [meirge], E.Ir. [mergge]; from the Norse [merki], a banner, mark, Eng. [mark] (Zimmer). , theft, , thief, Ir. [meirleach], E.Ir. [merle], theft, [merlech], thief; root [mer], [mra] (as in [bradach]); see [mearachd]. Stokes compares Gr. @G[a@'mei/rw], deprive; but this is likely [n@.-@G[merjw]], privative [n@.] or [a] and root [mer] (@G[me/ros], share). , a kind of hawk; from the Eng. [merlin]. , metal, Ir. [miotal]; from the Eng. [metal], Lat. [metallum]. , fat, sappy, Ir. [me/ith], [me/ath], O.Ir. [me/th], W. [mwydo], soften: [*meito-]; the [e] grade of the root seen in [*moiti-] (in [maoth], q.v.), the root being [mit], [meit], [moit] ([meath], [me\ith], [maoth]). , whey; better than [me\ag]. , meditate, remember, Ir. [me/amhruighim], M.Ir. [mebrugud], rehearsing, remembering; from Lat. [memoria]. See , also spelt , with the verb = . , mixture (Dial.): [*meik-tu], root [meik], [mik], as in [measg]. , , size, Ir. [me/id], [me/ad], W. [maint], Cor. [myns], Br. [men@~t]: [*mn@.ti-], [ment], "measure", a nasalised form of the root [met], measure, Lat. [mensus], having measured, [me@-tior] (vb.), Gr. @G{me/tron], measure; etc. Bez. queries its alliance only with Norse [munr], importance. Usually referred to the root [mag], [meg] ([*maganti-]), great, or to that of [minig], q.v. , , a finger, Ir. [meur], O.Ir. [me/r]. Strachan suggests the stem [*makro-], root [mak], great, mighty, Gr. @G{makro/s], long, Lat. [macer], lean, [macte], good luck, Zend. [mac@,], great. Brugmann has compared it to Gr. @G[mo/krwna] (Hes.), sharp (Lat. [mucro]). , , only, Ir. [amha/in], E.Ir. [ama/in]. It has been divided into a prefix and root form: [a-ma/in], the latter being parallel to Dor. Gr. @G[mw@nnos], Gr. @G[mo/nos], alone. Cf. O.Ir. [namma/], tantum, "ut non sit magis" ([na-n-ma/], Zeuss). , I, Ir., O.Ir. [me/], W. [mi], Cor. [my], [me], Br. [me]: [*me^], [*me]; Lat. [me^]; Gr. @G[me]; Eng. [me]; Skr. [ma^]. , un-, mis-, Ir., O.Ir. [mi/-], root [mi^], [mei], [mi], lessen; Gr. @G[mei/wn], less; Lat. [minus], less; Eng. [mis-], Got. [missa-] ([*mi@thto-]). See [maoth], [mi\n]. Stokes makes [mi/-] a comparative like @G[mei/wn], and rejects the Teutonic words. --page 249 , , , a meadow, mead; from the Eng. [meadow]. , respect, esteem, so Ir., O.ir. [mi/ad], fastus, dignity, O.Br. [muoet], fastu: [*meido-], fame: O.H.G. [kameit], iactans, stolidus, M.H.G. [gemeit], bold, O.Sax. [geme^d], haughty (Bez.); allied to Eng. [meed], Gr. @G[misqo/s], pay, Lat. [miles], soldier. Cf. Gr. @G[timc/], fame, price. , louse, animal, Ir. [mi/ol], animal, whale, louse, E.Ir. [mi/l], W. [mil], beast, Cor., Br. [mil]: [*me^lo-n], animal: Gr. [mc@nlon], sheep; Norse [smali], sheep, Eng. [small]. Hence G. , greyhound, W. [milgi], Cor. [mylgy]. , bad-fortune (N.H.): , pleasant (H.S.D.), O.Ir. [meld], [melltach], pleasant; Eng. [mild]; G. @G[malqako/s], soft. See [malda]. , mewing (of cat), Ir. [miamhaoil]; Eng. [mewl], from O.Fr., Fr. [miauler]: an onomatopoetic word. , desire, Ir. [mian], O.Ir. [mi/an]: [*meino-]; Eng. [mean], Ger. [meinen], to mean; O.Slov [me@?nja@?] (do.). Cf W. [myn], desire, Br. [menna], to wish, which may be from the short form [min] beside [mein]. (Otherwise Loth in [Voc. Vieux-Br.], 145). , a dish, Ir. [mi/as], a dish, mess, platter, E.Ir. [mias]; from L.Lat. [me^sa], mensa, a table, whence Ag.S. [my/se], table, Got. [mes], table, dish. , honey, Ir. [mil], O.Ir. [mil], g. [mela], W. [me^l], Cor., Br. [mil]: [*meli-]; Lat. [mel]; Gr. @G[me/li]; Got. [mili@th]; Arm. [me@G[l]r]. , , sweet, sweetness (Carm.): , solid warm white whey (Carm.): , a thousand, a mile, Ir. [mi/le], O.Ir. [mi/le], a thousand, W., Br. [mil], Cor. [myl], [myll]; Lat. [mi^le] (whence Eng. [mile]), [mille]. The Celtic words are borrowed doubtless. , a melon; from the Eng. , honey dew (N.H.): , a champion, Ir. [mileadh], [mi/lidh] (O'B.), E.Ir. [mi/lid]; from Lat. [miles], [militis], soldier. , sweet, Ir., O.Ir. [milis], W. [melys]: [*melissi-]; from [mil]. , destroy, Ir., O.Ir. [millim]: [*mel-ni-], root [mele], fail, miss; Lit. [mi\lyti], fail; Gr. @G[me/leos], useless, wretched, @G[a@'mbli/skw], cause, miscarriage. the root of Eng. [melt] ([*meld], Gr. @G[a@'maldu/nw], destroy) has been suggested, the [mel] of which is the same as above. It may be root [mel], crush, mill. , mountain grass, good grass; Norse [melr], bent grass. , meal, Ir. [min], g. [mine], O.Ir. [men]: [*mina/], root [min], lessen. Strachan suggests two derivations; either allied to (1) Lit. [mi\nti], tread, Ch.Slav. [me@?ti], crush, Gr. @G[mate/w], tread on, from root [men], tread, or from (2) [*mecsn], root [meq], [menq], grind, --page 250 Ch.Slav. [ma@?ka], meal, Gr. @G[ma/ssw], knead. But [mexn-] would give G. [menn]. , soft, delicate, Ir., E.Ir. [mi/n], W. [mwyn], gentle, Cor. [muin], gracilis, Br. [moan], fine: [*mi^no-], [meino-], root [mei], lessen; Gr. @G[mei/wn], less, @G[minu/qw], lessen; Lat. [minor], less, [minister]. Hence , explain. Stokes has apparently two derivations for [mi\n] - the one above and [*me^no-], allied to Gr. @G[mano/s] ([a] long), thin. , an awl, Ir. [meanadh], E.Ir. [menad], W. [mynawyd], Br. [minaoued], M.Br. [menauet]: [*minaveto-]; Gr. @G[sminu/c], mattock, @G{smi/lc] ([i] long), chiesel. , mid's skin; from [meann] and [*cionn] (see [boicionn]). , , often, Ir. [minic], O.Ir. [menicc], W. [mynych], Cor. [menough]: [*menekki-s]; Got. [manags], many, Ger. [manach], Eng. [many]. , degree, portion (M`A.), root of [mion]. , a minister, Ir. [mi/nistir]; from Lat. [minister], servant, whence Eng. [minister]. , ill-usage, as by weather; from [mi-bha\idh]. , unmannerly (Arg.); [mi]+[modhail]. , flattery, Ir. [miodal]: , a churl, niggard one; see [miu\ghair]. , , (H.S.D.), a smile, sly look, Ir. [mi/og]: [*smincu-], root [smi], smile, Eng. [smile], Gr. @G[meida/w], Skr. [smayate], laughs. , low barking or whining of a fawning dog: see next word.>> , flattery, fawning (as a dog), keen desire; from the root [smi], smile? See [mi/og]. , small, so Ir.; root [min], Lat. [minor], etc. Also [mean], [meanbh], q.v. , a minute, Ir. [minuit] (dat.); from the Eng. , an oath, Ir. [mionn], g. [mionna], E.Ir. [mind], oath, diadem; the [mind] was the "swearing reliques" of a saint, O.Ir. [mind], a diadem, insignia, O.W. [minn], sertum: [*menni-]; cf. O.H.G. [menni], neck ornament, Ag.S. [mene], neck chain, Lat. [monile]. See [muineal] further. Stokes gives the stem as [*mindi-], but no etymology. Windisch (Rev.Celt.@+[5]) equates [minn] with Lat. [mundus], ornament, world. , a titmouse, Ir. [mionta/n]; from [mion], small, [*minu-], Lat. [minor], etc., as under [mi/n]. , a miracle, Ir. [mi/orbhuil], E.Ir. [mi/rbail]; from Lat. [mi@-rabile], Eng. [marvel]. , myrtal, Ir. [miortal] (Fol.); from the English. W. has [myrtwydd], myrtle trees. --page 251 , a month, Ir. [mi/], [mi/os], g. [mi/osa], O.Ir. [mi/], g. [mi/s], W. [mis], Cor. [mis], Br. [mis], [miz]: [*me^ns], g. [*mensos]; Lat. [mensis]; Gr. @G[me/n]: Skr. [ma^s]; further Eng. [month]. , , worse, Ir. [measa], O.Ir. [messa]: [*misso^s]; Got. O.H.G. [missa-], mis-, Eng. [mis-], [miss]. See [mi-]. , fairy flax, purging flax, Ir. [mi/osach]: "monthly"; from [mi\os], "from a medicinal virtue it was supposed to possess" (Cameron). , a measure (as of meal), Ir. [miosu/r], E.Ir. [messar], phiala, O.Ir. [mesar], modus, W. [mesur]; from the Lat. [mensura], Eng. [measure]. , butter kit, Ir. [mi/osga/n]; from [mias], a dish. , envy, malice, Ir. [mioscuis] ([mi/oscuis], Con.), E.Ir. [miscen], hate, O.Ir. [miscuis]; Gr. @G[mi@nsos] (= [mi@-tos]); Lat. [miser], wretched (= [mit-s-ro-s]); root [mit], [mi]. , a mitten, Ir. [mioto/g], [miti/n], mittens; from Eng. [mitten], O.Fr. [mitaine]. , a bit, piece, Ir., O.Ir. [mi/r], pl. [mi/renn]: [*me^sren], piece of flesh; Skr. [ma^msa/], flesh; Got. [mimz] (do.); Lit. [me@?sa\], flesh (Stokes, Thur., Brug.). Allied also is Lat. [membrum], member; I.E. [me^mso-m], flesh. , kind of sea-weed; cf. N. [ma/ru-kjarni], fucus vesiculosus (Lewis). , pastime, Ir. [mire], sport, madness, M.Ir. [mire], madness; see [mear]. , myrrh, Ir. [miorr], E.Ir. [mirr], W. [myr]; from Lat. [myrrha], Eng. [myrrh]. , , , goat, doe (Carm.) = [maoisleach]. , the worse for, Ir. [misde], [meisde], M.Ir. [meste], E.Ir. [mesai-die] = [messa-de], "worse of"; from [mios] and [de], of. , drunkenness, Ir. [meisge], [misge], E.Ir. [mesce], O.Ir. [mescc], drunk: [*mesko-], [*meskja^], from [*med-sko-], also E.Ir. [mid], g. [meda], mead, W. [medd], hydromel, O.Cor. [med], sicera, Br. [mez], hydromel: [*medu-]; Gr. @G[me/qu], wine; Eng. [mead]; Ch.Slav. [medu@u], honey, wine; Skr. [ma/dhu], sweet, sweet drink, honey. , bog-mint, Ir. [misimi/n dearg]: , a mountain grass, sweet meadow grass (Cameron); for [milsean], from [milis], sweet; cf. Ir. [milsean mara], a sort of sea-weed; [mi\sleach], sweetness (Hend.). , , courage, Ir. [meisneach], M.Ir. [mesnech]: [*med-s-], root [med] of [meas]: "think, hope". , a cunning, designing person; from [misd]. , an obscure or humble person; from the root [mi], [mei] as in [mi-], [miosa]. --page 252 , weak, crazy, Ir. [mithfir], weak; see [mith]. , proper time, tempestivus, Ir. [mithid], O.Ir. [mithich], tempestivus: [*meti-], Lat. [ma@-turus], Eng. [mature]. , sport, playfulness: , niggardly; from [mi] and [fiu\] or [fiu\-mhor]? cf. [miodhoir]. , my, O.Ir. [mo], [mu], W. [fy], M.W. [my] (from [myn]), Corn., Br. [ma] (which aspirates): [*mou], [*movo]: formed on the analogy of [do], [du], from the pronomial root [me] (see [mi]). W. [myn] or [my n-] is allied to Zend. [mana], Lit. [mane\] (for [me-ne/]), Ch.Sl. [mene]. , greater, Ir. [mo/], O.Ir. [mo/a], [ma/o], [ma/a], [mo/o], [mo/], W. [mwy], O.W. [mui], Corn. [moy], Br. [mui]: [*ma^jo^s]; Lat. [ma^jor], greater (Eng. [major]); Got. [mais], more (adv.), [maiza], greater, Eng. [more]: root [ma^] of [mo/r], q.v. , maltreating, handling roughly; see [moibean]. , early, Ir. [moch], early, O.Ir. [moch], mane: [*moq-]; also O.Ir. [mos], soon, W. [moch], early, ready, Corn. [meugh]: [*moqsu]; Lat. [mox], soon; Zend. [moshu], Skr. [mokshu/], soon: also Gr. @G[ma/y], idly, rashly. See [mus]. Hence , early rising, , early morning, M.Ir. [mochthrath], O.Ir. [mochtratae], matutinus. , move, yield (Oss. Ballads); cf. M.Ir. [mocht], gentle, weak, W. [mwytho], soften, pamper, Eng. [meek], Norse [mjukr], soft, meek. , a court, trial, meeting; from the Norse [mo/t], meeting, town-meeting, court of law, Ag.S. [mo/t], [gemo/t], Eng. [moot], [meet]. , manner, Ir. [modh], O.Ir. [mod], W. [modd]; from Lat. [modus]. Hence , respect, E.Ir. [mod]; cf. Eng. [manners] for sense. , the sound of a bagpipe or other musical instrument (H.S.D., also ): , soft, gentle (, M`A.); from [modh]. , clumsy hand or foot; see [ma\g], [smo\g]. , shaggy, hairy: , a footless stocking; from the Sc. [moggan], [moggans]. , spirits from oats (Uist): , a husk, mesh (of a net), Ir. [mogal], cluster, mesh of a net, husk, apple of the eye, E.Ir. [mocoll] (do.), O.Ir. [mocul], subtel: [*mozgu-], I.E. [mozgho], knot, mesh; Lit. [ma/zgas], knot, mesh; O.H.G. [masca^], Ger. [masche], Eng. [mesh]; Gr. @G[mo/shos], sprout, calf. Lat. [macula], a mush, is not allied. Dialect G. , bunch of nuts (Glenmoriston). , bulky, clumsy: , , a mop, broom, Ir. [moipal]; from Eng. [mop]. --page 253 , a gnawing, half-chewing: "making a mop of"; from above.>> , a vow, Ir. [mo/id], M.Ir. [mo/it], E.Ir. [moit] (Corm.): [*monti-], W. [gofuno], to vow, O.Br. [guomonian], polliceri], which Bugge and Stokes connect with W. [mun], hand (cf. Ag.S. [mund], Lat. [manus]). But see [bo/id]. Stokes now says [votum]. , the greater, Ir. [mo/ide], more, M.Ir. [mo/ti]: [*mo\]+[de]. Cf. [misd]. , robust, handsome: , matted hair; see [molach] ([*ml@.-]). , a fat, plump child, a lump; cf. Ir. [moil], [molan], a heap. To this Lat. [mo^les] may be compared. , , peat, moss, Ir. [mo/in], g. [mo/na], E.Ir. [mo/in], pl. [mo/inte], W. [mawn], peat, turf: [*ma^n-]; Lat. [ma^no], flow, Eng. [emanate]. Strachan takes it from [*mokni-], root [mok], [mak], Ch.Sl. [mokru@u], wet, Lit. [makone], puddle; Stokes agrees, giving Celtic as [*ma^kni-], [mo^kni-]. It is doubtful if W. [k] would disappear before [n] (cf. [deur]). W. has also a form [migen], [mign], a bog. , false delicacy (M`A.), , vanity, boasting; from root [mon], [men], mind? , , certainly, hercle, Ir. [iomorro], indeed, however, O.Ir. [immurgu], autem. , a lord, O.G. [morm@aer] (Book of Deer), M.G. [morbhair] (M`V.), M.Ir. [mormhaer] (Muireach Albanach), [murmor] (M`Firbis); from [mo/r] and [maor], "great steward". , creat cascade, streams (Oss. Ballads); from [mo/r] and [eas]? , pride, sulkiness, Ir. [moiteamhuil], sulky, nice, pettish (Con., O'R., M`F.); cf. E.Ir. [mochtae], magnified, [*mog-tio-s], root [mog], [mag], great. O.Ir. [mo/idem], boasting, praise. , praise, advise, Ir. [molaim], O.Ir. [molid], laudat, W. [moli], [mawl], laus, Br. [meuli]: [*molo^], [*ma^lo], "magnify"; root [mo@-l], [mel], be strong; Gr. @G[ma/la], very; Lat. [melior], better; Lit. [milns], very many, Ch.Slav. [iz-mole^ti], eminere (Stokes). Windisch has compared it to Ch.Sl. [moliti], ask, Lit. [myleti], love, Gr. @G[me/le], friend, @G[mei/lihos], gentle. , , a shingly beach; from Norse [mo@"l], g. [malar], pebbles, bed of pebbles on the beach; root [mel], grind. , hairy, rough, Ir. [mothlach], rough, bushy (O'R.), [muthalach], shaggy (Fol.). If the Irish form is right, it cannot be allied to I.E. [ml@.o-s], wool, Gr. @G[mallo/s], wool, tuft, Lit. [millas], woolen stuff. , chaff, Ir. [moll] (O'R.), W. [mwl]: [*muldo-]; Eng. [mould], Got. [mulda], dust, O.H.G. [molt], dust, mould; root [mel], grind. Borrowed from Welsh? --page 254 , a curse; the Northern form of [mallachd], q.v. , a mould; from Eng. [moulter], [mould]. , miller's share of the grain or meal (Lewis) = [multure]: , a mountain range, W. [mynydd], mons, Cor. [menit], [meneth], O.Br. [-monid], M.Br. [menez], mountain: [*monijo-], [*menijo-], root [men], eminere, Eng. [eminent]. Cf. Welsh inscription [Monedorigi], "mountain-king"; also middle G. name of St Andrews - [Rig-monath] (Chronicles). The Ir. [monadh] appears only in Lh.; O'Br. gives [mo/nadh]. The G. word may have been borrowed from the Picts along with the place-names in which it appears: it is rare in Argyle topography. , heed: , slowness, negligence; root [men], stay, Gr. @G[me/nw]. , a diminutive person or thing, , a mote; see [munar]. , chaff, dross; from the root of the above.>> , , a murmuring noise, Ir. [monmhar], [monbhar], murmuring, [monghair], [monghar], roaring: [*mon-mur]; cf. Lat. [murmur]. , great, Ir. [mo/r], O.Ir. [mo/r], [ma/r], W. [mawr], O.W., Cor. [maur], Br. [meur], Gaul. [-ma^ro/s]; Gr. @G[-mwros], great, famed (@G[e@'ghesi/-mwros]) in spear-throw; Got. [-me^rs], famed, [me^rian], proclaim, O.H.G. [ma^ri], famed, [-mar] in Germanic names Ger. [ma@"rchen], a tale, Norse [m@oerr], famous; Slav. [-meru] ([Vladimir], etc.); Lat. [merus], Eng. [mere]. A shorter form of the stem ([*ma^ro-]) appears in [mo\], greater ([ma^]), q.v. , land liable to sea flooding, Ir. [murbhach], M.Ir. [murmhagh]; from [muir] and [magh]. Hence the locative [A' Mhor'oich], the G. name of Lovat. Aran Ir. [muirbheach], sandy soil by the seaside. , a fishing spear; "sea-spear", from [muir] and [gath]? M.Ir. [murgai] (B.of Lis.). , a small timber dish, Ir. [mo/rna/n]: , murder, Ir. [mort], M.Ir. [martad], slaughtering; from Lat. [mort-] of [mors], [mortis], death. , mortar, Ir. [mortaoil]; from the Eng. ---KPD: Connection of [mortaoil] with [aol]? , nasty, dirty; see [musach]. , waken, arouse, Ir. [mu/sguilim], [mu/sglaim], M.Ir. [romuscail], he awoke, [musclait], they wake: [*imm-od-sc-al], root [sec] of [du\isg]. , coarse dalliance, , smuttiness; from [mos] with suffix [radh]. See [musach] for root. , perceive, Ir. [mothuighim], M.Ir. [mothaigim], perceive, O.Ir. [mothaigid], stupeat (?); root [mot], [met], Lit. [matyti], see, Lettic [mati/t], perceive, Ch.Slav. [motriti], spectare, Gr. @G[mateu/w], seek. --page 255 , bog violet: , loud noise, swelling of the sea, , noise as from a cave (M`A.): , a park, clump of trees (Arm.), M.Ir. [mothar], enclosure, a place studded with bushes: , about, Ir. [um], [im], O.Ir. [imb], [imm-], W. [am], Cor., Br. [am-], [em], Gaul. [ambi]: [*ambi], [*m@.bi]; Lat. [ambi-]; Gr. @G[a@'mfi/]; Ag.S. [ymb]. , a pig, Ir. [muc], O.Ir. [mucc], W. [moch], pigs, Br. [moc'h], pigs: [*mukku-]; Lat. [mu^cus], [muccus], mucus; Gr. @G[mu/xa], phlegm, @G[a@'pomu/ssw], wipe the nose, @G[muktc/r], nose; Skr. [mun@~ca/ti], let loose. , a hip or hep, fruit of the dog-rose, M.Ir. [muco/ra]; from [muc] above. Cf. Gr. @G[mu/kcs], a mushroom, from the same root. , smother, press down, Ir., O.Ir. [mu/chaim], also E.Ir. [mu/ch], smoke, W. [mwg], smoke, Cor. [mok], [megi], stifle, Br. [mik], suffocation, [miga], be suffocated, [moguiet], smoke: [*mu^ko-], root [smu^k], [sm^g], ([smu^gh], [smaugh]), Eng. [smoke], Gr. @G[smu/hw], smoulder ([v] long). Stokes suggests old borrowing from the Ag.S. Hence , a vent or chimney, Ir. [mu/cha/n] (O'B.). , a covering, covering for a gun: , destruction, decay, Ir. [mu/gha], a perishing, straying, M.Ir. [mugud], slaying, [mogaim], I slay: , ankle, so Ir.; cf. W. [migwrn], ankle, joint, Br. [migorn], cartilage, which Stokes compares to Lat. [mucro], point. , a churn, E.Ir. [muide], a vessel, [buide], a churn, W. [buddai], churn. Stokes compares [buide] and [buddai] to Gr. @G[pi/qos], jar, Lat. [fedelia], pot, which is related to Eng. [body]. The form [muidhe] has been compared to Lat. [modius], a peck, Fr. [muid], hogshead. , a mutch; from the Sc. [mutch], Ger. [mu@"tze]. , , cloudiness, gloom, surliness, Ir. [mu/ig]: [*munki-], root [muk], smoke, as in [mu\ch]? Or [*mu@-ggi-], allied to Eng. [muggy]? , , outside; see [mach]. , fell-wort, Ir. [muilcheann]: , dear, beloved: [*molico-], from [mol], praise? , a cranberry: , a mill, so Ir., O.Ir. [mulenn], [muilend], W., Corn., Br. [melin]; from Lat. [moli^na], a mill, [molo], grind (see [meil]). G. , miller, E.Ir. [muilleo/ir], is for [*muilneo/ir]. , a mukle, Ir. [mu/ille]; from Lat. [mulus]. , a husk, particle of chaff; from [moll]. , a truss (of hay or straw): cf. Sc. [mullio] (Orkney), and see under [mul], heap. , a million, Ir. [milliun]; from the L.Lat. [millionem], coined from [mille], a thousand. --page 256 , a certain small red berry (Dial. H.S.D.). See [muileag]. , a step-mother, nurse, Ir. [buime], [muime], a nurse, E.Ir. [mumme], nurse, stepmother: [*mud-s-mja^], nurse, "suckler", root [mud], suck; Lat. [mulier], woman; Gr. @G[mu/xw], suck, @G[mu/dos], damp; Lit. [ma/udyti], bath. It has also been paralleled to Lat. [mamma], Ger. [muhme], mother's sister, stepmother. , teach, instruct, Ir. [mu/inim], O.Ir. [mu/nim]: , the back, Ir. [muin], E.Ir. [muin], back, neck, W. [mwn], neck: [*moni-], neck; Skr. [ma/nya^], neck; Lat. [monile], necklace; O.H.G. [menni], neck ornaments, Ag.S. [mene], neck-chain; Ch.Slav. [monisto], necklace. See [muineal], [muing]. Gaulish had also @G[mania/kcs], collar or torque. , micturate, Ir. [mu/n], urine, E.Ir. [mu/n], root [meu] [mu^], befoul; Skr. [mu@-/tra] urine; possibly also Lat. [mu^to], [mutto], penis, E.Ir. [moth], ball ferda. , the neck, Ir. [muineul], E.Ir. [muine/l], W. [mwnwgl]: [*moniklo-]; from [*moni-] of [muin], back, q.v. , depressed (Glenmoriston): , a name, Ir. [muing], O.Ir. [mong], W. [myng] (m.), M.Br. [mo/e], Br. [moue]: [*monga^], [*mongo-], root [mon] of [muin], back, q.v. Further is Eng. [mane], Norse [mo@"n], Ger. [ma@"hne]; Swed. and Dan. [manke] is especially close to Gaelic. , (Arg.), a sleeve, Ir. [muinichille], [muinchille], E.Ir. [munchille]; from Lat. [manicula], [manica], long sleeve, from [manus], hand. , confidence, trust, so Ir., E.Ir. [muinigin]; from [*moni-], love, desire, Norse [munr], love, O.Sax. [munili^k], lovable; root [men], think (Lat. [mens], Eng. [mind], etc.). , stomach (Arg.). Cf. [mionach]. , , beauteous; cf. Lat. [mundus]. , disposition (Dial.); for root see [muinighin], and cf. O.Ir. [muiniur], I think. , household, people, Ir. [muinntir], O.Ir. [muinter], [muntar]. This is regarded by Stokes, Zimmer, and Gu@"terbock as an early borrowing from the Lat. [monasterium], monastery; the word [familia] is often applied to monasteries by Irish writers. , the sea, Ir. [muir], O.Ir. [muir], gen. [mora], W. [mo^r], Cor., Br. [mor], Gaul. [mor-]: [*mori-], sea; Lat. [mare]; Eng. [mere], Ger. [meer]; Ch.Slav. [morje]. , leprosy; from [mu\r], a countless number, q.v. , a fisihing spear; see [morghath]. , children, family, Ir. [muiridhin], a charge, family: [*mori-], care, charge, root [mer], [smer], remember; Lat. [memoria], memory; Gr. @G[me/rimna], care; Skr. [smarati], think, mind, [*mori-gen-]. --page 257 , joy, affection, Ir. [mu/irn], [mu/irni/n] (Eng. [mavourneen], my darling), M.Ir. [mu/irn], [muirn]: [*morni-], root [mor], [mer], [smer], as in [muirichinn] above. , a threat, (Arm.); from [mus] of [musach]. , a mean, sordid fellow; see [musach] for the root. , a primrose, Ir. [mu/isea/n] (O'B.): , a muzzle, Ir. [muisiall]; from the Eng. , an English pint, mutchkin; from the Sc. [mutchkin], Dutch [mutsje], an eighth part of a bottle. , a conical heap, mound, Ir. [mul], [moil], E.Ir. [mul-], eminence: [*mulu-]; cf. Norse [mu/li], jutting crag, "mull", Ger. [maul], snout. Cf. Gr. [mulon], little heap of dried grass. [mul-conain], conical suppurating sore. , axle, Ir. [mul], [mol], shaft; cf. Gr. @G[meli/c], ash, spear. , a cheese, Ir., M.Ir. [mulcha/n]: , sadnmess; root [mu], mutter? , dwarf elder, Ir. [mulabhu/rd], [malabhu/r], [mulart] (O'B.): , push, butt; cf. Lat. [mulceo], [mulco], stroke, beat. , a shapeless lump, lump; , a pustule; cf. [meall]: , the top, Ir., O.Ir. [mullach]: [*mulda^ko-], [*muldo-], top, head; Ag.S. [molda], crown of the head; Skr. [mu^rdha/n], top, head. , a wedder, Ir., O.Ir. [molt], W. [mollt], Cor. [mols], vervex, Br. [maout], a sheep (mas.): [*molto-], root [mel], [mol], crush, grind, "mutilate"; Russ. [moliti@u], cut, cut up, O.H.G. [muljan], triturate. Hence M.Lat. [multo], whence Fr. [mouton], a sheep, Eng. [mutton]. , a trifle, a trifling person, , diminutive person or thing: , bullying: , a puddle, Ir. [mu/nloch], gen. [mu/nlocha]; from [mu/n] and [loch]. , unless, Ir. [muna] (Donegal Ir. [mur]; Monaghan has [amur] = [acht muna], unless), M.Ir. [mun], [moni], [mona], E.Ir., O.Ir. [mani]; from [ma], if, and [ni], not: "if not". The G. [r] for [n] is possibly due to the influence of [gur] and of the verbal particl [ro-] (in [robh]); [mun-robh] becoming [mur-robh]. , a wall, bulwark, palace, Ir., E.Ir. [mu/r], W. [mur]; from Lat. [mu^rus], a wall. , countless number (as of insects), E.Ir. [mu/r], abundance; Gr. @G[muri/os] ([u] long), countless, ten thousand; Skr. [bhu^ri], many. Stokes compares rather Gr. @G[-mura] of @G[plc/mura] ([u] long), @G[plcmuri/s] ([u] short or long), flood tide, flood. , leprosy = countless number. --page 258 , sea-bent, Ir. [muraineach], bent grass; from [muir], the sea. Norse has [mura], goose-grass. , sorrowful, Ir. [murcach], [mu/rcach]; cf. M.Br. [morchet], anxiety, now [morc'hed], Cor. [moreth], chagrin. Eng. [murky], Norse [myrkr] could only be allied by borrowing. Cf. Lat. [marceo], droop. , a coat of mail: , the king-fisher: , , a kind of basket, , fishing basket (M`A.), Ir. [muirleog], a rod basket for sand eels and wilks (Donegal). Cf. Sc. [murlain], a narrow-mouthed basket of a round form. , rough head of hair: , able, rich, [murrtha], successful, M.Ir. [muire], [muiredach], lord, Murdoch; Ag.S. [maere], clarus, Norse [maerr], famous (Stokes), same root as [mo/r]. , murder; see [mort]. , sultry heat, weariness produced by heat: , before, ere; cf. O.Ir. [mos], soon, mox, used as a verbal particle; it is allied to [moch], being from [*moqsu], Lat. [mox]. , nasty, Ir. [mosach] (O'R., Sh.), W. [mws], effluvia, stinking, Br. [mous], muck, [mouz], crepitus ventris: [*musso-], [*mud-so-], root [mud], be foul or wet; Gr. @G[mu/sos] (= @G[mu/d-sos]), defilement, @G[mu/dos], clamminess, decay; Lit. [mudas], dirty sea-grass: root [mu] ([mu@-]), soil, befoul, G. [mu\in], Eng. [mud], etc. , a musket, Ir. [mu/sgaid], L.M.Ir. [muscaed] (F.M.); from the Eng. , rheum about the eyes, gore of the eyes; from the root [mu^], befoul, be wet, as discussed under [musach], [mu\in]. , dry-rot in wood, Ir. [musgan], mustiness, mouldiness; Lat. [muscus], moss; Eng. [moss], [mushroom]; Lit. [musai] (pl.), mould. This word is not in H.S.D., but it is implied in Arm. and is in M`E.; also in common use. , pith of wood, porous part of a bone (H.S.D.). Armstron gives also the meanings attached to , above; the words are evidently the same. , the horse fish: , confusion, tumult, Ir. [mu/isiu/n], codlata, hazy state preceding sleep. From Eng. [motion]? , short, E.Ir. [mut], everything short: [*mutto-], root [mut], dock; Lat. [mutilus], maimed (Eng. [mutilate]), [muticus], docked; Gr. @G[mi/tulos], hornless. , , a muff, fingerless glove, also (Arms.); from [miotag], with a leaning on [mutach], short. Thurneysen takes --page 259 it from [mutach] without reference to [miotag]. Ir. has [mutho/g] (Con.). , change, M.W. [mudaw]; from Lat. [mu^to], I change. , from, in , , Ir., O.Ir. [an-]; see [a] number 5.>> , not, ne, Ir., O.Ir. [na]: used with the imperative mood solely. It is an ablaut and independent form of the neg. prefix [in] (see [ion-], [an-]), an ablaut of I.E. [ne^], Lat. [ne^], Gr. @G[nc-]; shorter from Lat. [ne@u-], Got. [ni], Eng. [not] (ne-a/-wiht]), etc.; further I.E. [n@.-], Gr. @G[a@'n-], Lat. [in-], Eng. [un-], Gaelic [an-]. See [nach], which is connected herewith as Gr. @G[ou@'k], @G[ou@']; the W. is [nac], [nag], with imperative, Br. [na]. , or, vel, Ir. [na/], E.Ir., O.Ir. [no/], W. [neu]: [*nev] (Stokes, who allies it to Lat. [nuo], nod, Gr. @G[neu/w], Skr. [na/vate], go remove; but, in 1890, Bez. Beit.@+[16] 51, he refers it to the root [nu], Eng. [now]). It can hardly be separated from [neo], otherwise, q.v. Strachan agrees. , than, Ir. [na/], M.Ir. [ina/], E.Ir. [inda], [inda/s], O.Ir. [ind as], [inda/s], pl. [indate] (read [inda/te]); from the prep. [in] and [ta/], to be (Zeuss@+[2], 716-7, who refers to the other prepositional comparative conjunction [oldaas], from [ol], de). The use of [in] in O.Ir. as the relative locative may also be compared. , what, that which, id quod, M.Ir. [ina], [ana], inna n-], E.Ir. [ana n-]; for [an a], O.Ir. rel. [an] (really neuter of art.) and G. rel [a], which see. Descent from [ni] or [ni], without any relative, is favoured by Book of Deer, as [do ni thi/ssad], of what would come. Possibly from both sources. <'na>, <'na->, in his, in her, in (my); the prep. [an] with the possessive pronouns: <'nam>, <'nar>, <'nad> (also , E.Ir. [at], [it]), <'nur>, <'na>, <'nan>. , , a neighbour; from the Norse , neighbour, "nigh-dweller", the same in roots as Eng. [neighbour]. , not, that not (conj.), that not = quin (rel), noone? Ir., E.Ir. [nach], W. [nac], [nag], not, Br. [na]: [*nako], from [na], not, which see above, and [ko] or [k] as in Gr. @G[ou@'k] against @G[ou@'] (Stokes). The [ko] has been usually referred to the same pronominal origin as [-que] in Lat. [neque]; it does appear in [neach]. , nature, Ir. [na/du/r], W. [natur]; from Lat. [natura]. , a lamprey (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [naid]: , news, Ir. [nu/aidheachd], W. [newyddion]; from [nuadh], new. , yea! an interjection: --page 260 , , upwards, Ir. [ana/irde], E.Ir. [i n-ardi], [i n-airddi]; prep. [in] (now [an]) into, and [a\irde], height: "into height". This adverb is similar in construction to [a bha\n], [a mach], [a steach], etc., for which see [a] number 6.>> , shame, Ir. [na/ire], E.Ir. [na/re]: [*nagro-], shameful, root [nagh], be sober, Gr. @G[nc/fw] (do.), Ger. [nu@"chtern], fasting, sober. , modest; compare the next word.>> , care, wariness; from Norse [njo/sn], spying, looking out, Got. [niuhseini], visitation (@G[e@'piskopc/]), Ag.S. [neo/san], search out. , harm, mischief: , from over, to this side, Ir., O.Ir. [annall]; from [an] (see [a] 5>>) and [all] of [thall], q.v. , an enemy, Ir. [na/mhaid], g. [namhad], O.Ir. [na/ma], g. [na/mat], pl.n. [na/mait]: [*na^mant-], root [no^m], [nem], seize, take; Gr. @G[ne/mesis], wrath, nemesis, @G[nwma/w], @G[ne/mw], distribute; O.H.G. [na^ma], rapine, Ger. [nehmen], take, Eng. [nimble]; Zend. [nemanh], crime, Alb. [name], a curse. Cf. W., Corn., and Br. [nam], blame. , ([na'm]), if (with false supposition), M.G. [dane], [da n-], [da m-] (D.of Lis.), Ir. [da], [da/] (for [da n-], eclipsing), E.Ir. [da/ n-], [di/a n-], O.Ir. [dian]: the prep. [di] or [de] and rel. [an]; Manx [dy]. The G. form with [n] for [d] is puzzling, though its descent from [da n-] seems undoubted. , nine, so Ir., O.Ir. [no/i n-], W., Corn. [naw], Br. [nao]: [*neun@.]; Lat. [novem]; Gr. @G[e@'n-ne/a]; Eng. [nine], Ger. [neun]; Skr. [na/van]. , an infant, so Ir., O.Ir. [no/idiu], gen. [no/iden]: [*ne-vid-], "non-witted"? Cf. for force Gr. @G[nc/pios], infant (= @G[nc-pios], not-wise one), from @G[-pi[f]os], wise, @G[pinuto/s] (do.), root [qei] of [ciall], q.v. So Stokes in Celt.Ph.@+[2]; now [*no-vidio^n] ([no] = [ne]); cf. Gr. @G[nc/pios]. , holy, Ir. [naomh], E.Ir. [no/em], [no/eb], O.Ir. [no/ib]: [*noibo-s]; O.Pers. [naiba], beautiful, Pers. [ni^w] (do.). Bez. suggests the alternative of Lettic [naigs], quite beautiful. , a snipe, Ir. [naosga]: [*snoib-sko-], root [sneib], [snib] of Eng. [snipe]? , negative particle of wishing: [*ni-air], for not; [air] and [ni\]. , an empty shell: , a band, tieband, collar, Ir., E.Ir. [nasc]: [*nasko-]; O.H.G. [nusca], fibula, Norse [nist], brooch: [*n@.dh-sko-], root [n@.dh] (Brug.). The verg [nasg], O.Ir. [-nascim], appears in Br. as [naska]. The root [nedh] is in Skr. [nahyati]. Others make the root [negh] of Lat. [nexus], etc., and the root [snet] of [sna\th], q.v., has been suggested. See [snaim] further. , gratis, free, Ir. [a n-aisge], freely, [aisge], a gift. See [asgaidh]. --page 261 , nitre; from Eng. [natron], [nitre], , a serpent, so Ir., O.Ir. [nathir], W. [neidr], Corn. [nader], M.Br. [azr]: [*natri^x]; Lat. [natrix], water snake; Got. [nadrs], Norse [na@dhr], Eng. [adder]. The Teutonic words are regarded by Kluge as scarcely connected with Lat. [natrix], whose root is [nat], swim. <-ne>, emphatic participle added to the pl. of 1st pers. pron. [sin-ne], [ar n-athair-ne], "our father"; O.Ir. [ni], [-ni], used independently (= [nos]) and as a suffix. See further under [sinne]. , anyone, Ir. [neach], O.Ir. [nech], aliquis, W., Cor., Br. [nep], [neb], quisquam: [*neqo-], [ne-qo-]; Lit. [neka\s], something, [neku/rs], quidam, Let.. [ka/ ne ka/], anyhow. Stokes takes the [ne] from the negative root [ne] (se [na]); the [qo] is the pronominal stem of the interrogative (cf. Lat. [-que], [neque]). , a nest, Ir. [nead], E.Ir. [net], W. [nyth], Corn. [neid], Br. [nez], [neiz]: [*nizdo-s]; Lat. [ni^dus]; Eng. [nest]; Skr. [ni^das]. Supposed to be from [*ni-sed-], "sit down". , heaven, Ir. [neamh], O.Ir. [nem], W., Corn. [nef], M.Br. [neff], now [env]: [*nemos]; Skr. [na/mas], bowing, reverence; Lat. [nemus], grove; Gr. @G[ne/mos], pasture: root [nem], distribute, Gr. @G[ne/mw] (do.), Ger. [nehmen], take. Gaulish has @G[nemcton] or @G[nemeton], O.Ir. [nemed], sacellum. Often, and lately (1895) by Prof. Rhys, referred to the root [nebh], be cloudy, Gr. @G[ne/fos], cloud, Lat. [nebula] (see [neul]); but the Gaelic nasalized [e\a] is distinctly against this, as also is the Br. [env] (Stokes). , a pearl, Ir. [meamhunn], M.Ir. [niamnuid], pearl, E.Ir. [nemanda], pearly, O.Ir. [ne/m], onyx (for [nem]?); root [nem] of [ne\amh]. , nettle, Ir. [neanto/g], E.Ir. [nenntai], nettles, [nenaid]. See [deanntag]. , a napkin, Ir. [naipici/n]; from Eng. , happiness, usually , lucky to, Ir. [moigheane/ar], happy is he (O'B.), [is meanar duit-se], happy it is for you (O'Growney), M.Ir. [mo ghenar duit], good luck to you (F.M.), [mongenar] (L.B.), E.Ir. [mogenar]. The root seems to be [mag] (I.E. [magh]), increase (see [mac]); cf. Lat. [macte], root, [mak], great. , a daughter (Oss. Ballads); if a word properly handed down, it is interesting to compare it with the root of the following.>> , strength, Ir. [neart], O.Ir. [nert], W., Corn. [nerth], Br. [nerz], Gaul. [nerto-], root [ner]; Skr. [na/r], man; Gr. @G[a@'nc/r] (root [ner]); Lat. Umbr. [nerus], viros, Sab. [Nero], fortis; Teut. [Nerthus], Norse {Njo@"r@dhr]; Lit. [nore@?ti], to will. --page 262 , weazel; see [nios]. , , a boil, Ir. [neasco/id], E.Ir. [nescoit]: [*ness-conti-], from E.Ir. [ness], wound ([*snit-so-], root [snit], cut. Ger. [schneide], S. [sned]), and [-conti-] found in [urchoid]? Stokes regards E.Ir. [ness], wound, as from [*nesko-], root [neg]. , poison, Ir. [nimh], [neimh], O.Ir. [nem], pl. [neimi]: [*nemes-], "something given", root [nem-], distribute (as in [ne\amh])? , a turnip; from the Sc. [neep], M.Eng. [ne@-pe], from Lat. [na^pus]. , , otherwise, alioquin (conj.); see next.>> , un-, Ir. [neamh-], [neimh-], M.Ir. [nem], O.Ir. [neb-], [neph-]: [*ne-bo-]; the [ne] is the negative seen in [na], [ni], but the [bo] is doubtful. Zimmer suggests that [b] is what remains of the subj. of [bu], be: "be not". , , the daisy, Ir. [no/inin]: "noon-flower", from [no\in], noon. Cf. the Eng. [daisy] for force. , eccentric, curious: [*neo-gna\thach], "unwont". , a stye in the eye (Arg.); cf. [leamhnad]. Also [steo\nagan]; cf. Sc. [styen]. , nothing, a trifle, O.Ir. [nephni/]; from [neo-] and [ni], thing. , , a cloud, Ir. [neul], O.Ir. [ne/l], pl.acc. [ni/ula], W. [niwl], mist: [*neblo-s]; Lat. [nebula]; Gr. @G[nefe/lc]; Ger. [nebel], mist; O.Slav. [nebo], sky; Skr. [nabhas], mist. , not, Ir. [ni/], O.Ir. [ni/], [ni], W. [ni]: [*nei]; O.Lat. [nei], Lat. [ni-], [ne^]; O.H.Ger. [ni], Ger. [nein]; O.Slav. [ni], neque; Zend [nae^]; Gr. @G[nc-]. Thur. says [*ne-est] = [*ne/st], Celtic [ni/st], [ni\s], [ni h-] non-aspirating. , a thing, Ir. [nidh], O.Ir. [ni/], res, probably a curtailed form of O.Ir. [ani/], id quod, from the art.neut. and the pronominal suffix [ei], which Zimmer compares to Got. [ei], that (conj.), [sa-ei], [that-ei], which is either the locative of pronominal [o-] (Gr. @G[ei@'], I.E. [ei-so], this here), or the particle seen in Gr. @G[ou@`tos-i/] ([i] long), an instrumental of Lat. [is], Gaelic [e], he. Some have regarded [ni] as from [*gnithe], factum, which see in [ni/], will do. , cattle; this is the same as [ni], thing. , will do, Ir. [gni/m], I do, O.Ir. [dogni/], facit; see [de\an], [gni\omh]. , courageous, Ir. [nia], gen. [niadh], a champion, [niadhas], valour, M.Ir. [forniatta], brave, E.Ir. [nia], g. [ni/ath], possibly Ogam [neta], [netta] (*ne^ta]?): [*neid-], Gr. @G[o@'neidos], revile, Lit. [na/ids], hatred, Skr. [nind], mock, or [*ni-sed-], down-setter? Rhys ([Lect.]) cfs. the Teut. [nan@th], venture, strive; this would give Gaelic preserved [d]. , female patronymic prefix, M.Gaelic [nee] (D.of L.), Ir. [ni/], M.Ir. [ini/], an abbreviation of O.Ir. [ingen], now [inghean] or --page 263 [nighean] and [ui], nepotis (Stokes). The G. [nic], really "grand-daughter", stands for [inghean mhic] or [ni/ mhic]; we have recorded in 1566 [Ne V@+[c] Kenze] (M`Leod Charters). , wash, Ir. [nighim], E.Ir. [nigim], O.Ir. [dofonuch], lavo, [nesta], laveris: [*ligo^], I.E. [nei@go^]; Gr. @G[ni/zw], @G[ni/ptw]; Eng. [nick], [Auld Nick], a water power, Ger. [nix]; Skr. [nij], clean. , a daughter; a corruption of [inghean], q.v. , poison, Ir. [nimh]; see [neimh]. , not (with perfect tense), Ir. [ni/or], E.Ir. [ni/r] = [ni/-ro]; [ro] is the sign of past tenses. , , a weazel, Ir. [neas], [eas(o/g)], O.Ir. [ness]: , from below, up, Ir. [ani/os], E.Ir. [ani/s]; from [an] (see [a] number 5>>) and [i\os]. , now, Ir. [anois], M.Ir. [anosa], E.Ir. [innossai], O.Ir. [indossa]; [ind] (now [an]) of the article and G. [fois], rest. The word appears in , q.v. The form [indorsa], this hour (= now), is rejected by Ascoli as a misspelling for [indossa]. , id quod, the usual classical Gaelic with the verb substantive to denote comparative state: , she is better, Ir [nios], M.Ir. [ni/ is]: "thing that is", from [ni] and [is]. The usual and true Gaelic form is not a degraded form of Ir. [ni 's]. The G. [na] of [na 's] is simply = id quod (see ); the Ir. is some medi@aeval development with [ni/], for old [ana], id quod, was lost, the simple [a] (art.) being used now in its stead, as in O.Ir. As it was impossible to use [a] in the comparative construction with clearness, recourse was had to [ni/ is]. Thus Ir.: An tan do tho/gradh ni/ ba mo/ do dheunamh = G. An [tan] a thogradh e na bu mho\ a dhe\anamh. Hence should never have been used in Sc. Gaelic. , a corner; from the Sc. [neuk], M.Eng. [no@-k]. Dial. . Skeat thinks the Eng. is the borrower. , or, vel, Ir. [na/], E.Ir., O.Ir. [no/], W. [neu]; see [na]. , to-night, Ir. [anochd], O.Ir. [innocht], hac nocte: [the art. and [nochd], night, W. [henoeth], corn. [neihur], Br. [neyzor], [nos]: [*nokti-]; Lat. [nox], [noctis]; Gr. @G[nu/x], @G[nukto/s]; Got. [nahts], Eng. [night]; Lit. [nakti\s]; Skr. [na/kti]. , naked, Ir. [nochdadh], manifestation, O.Ir. [nnocht], W. [noeth], Corn. [noyth], Br. [noaz]: [*noqto-]; Got. [naqa@ths], O.H.G. [nacot], Eng. [naked]; further cf. Lat. [nu^dus] ({*nogvidus]); Slav. [nagu@u]; Skr. [nagna/]. , a nod, suggestion; from the Eng. , new; see [nuadh]. , the anus: , old-fashioned face; [noigeiseach], snuffy; [noigeanach] (D. Ba\n): --page 264 , a noggin, Ir. [noigin]; from the Eng. [noggin]. Skeat thinks the Eng. are the borrowers; but this is unlikely. , noon, Ir. [no/in], g. [no/na], evening, noon, E.Ir. [no/in], [no/na], W. [nawn]; from the Lat. [no^na] hora, ninth hour of the day, or 3 o'clock. , the east, Ir. [anoir], O.Ir. [anair], "from before", if one looks at the morning sun; from [an] (see [a] number 5>>) and [air]. , Christmas, Ir. [nodlog], E.Ir. [notlaic], W. [nadolig]; from Lat. [natalicia], the Nativity. , a wink of sleep (Arran), , a custom, Ir., E.Ir. [no/s], W. [naws], M.Br. [neuz]: [*nomzo-], Gr. @G[nomos], law, Lat. [numerus]. Thurneysen thinks the Gadelic words are borrowed from the Welsh [naws], from [gnaws] (see [gna\th]). Stokes gives [*nomso-] as stem for Gadelic alone; the W. he regards as from [gna^], as above. The ideal stem would be [*na^sto-], root [na^d]. , a cow's first milk, E.Ir. [nus]; from [nua], new, and [ass], milk. , a notary, Ir. [no/tado/ir], O.Ir. [notire]; from Lat. [notarius]. , a foolish person: , angry, surly; see [nuarranta]. , new, Ir. [nu/adh], O.Ir. [nue], [nu/ide], W. [newydd], O.Br. [nouuid], Br. [neuez], Gaul. [novio-]: [*novio-s]; Lat. [novus], Novius]; Gr. [ne/os], young, new; Got. [niujis], Eng. [new]; Lit. [nau/jas]; Skr. [navya]. <'nuair>, when, "the hour that", Ir. [anuair], E.Ir. [innu/air]: the art. and word [uair], q.v. , , a howling, cry, Ir. [nuaill], E.Ir. [nu/all]: [*nouslo-n]; Skr. [nu], cry, [navati]; Lettic [nauju], cry; O.H.G. [niumo], praise, rejoicing. , sad, surly; cf. the Ir. interjection [mo nuar], my woe, root [nu] as above. , down, from above, Ir. [anuas]; see [a] number 5>> and [uas]. , as far as, O.G. [gonice] (B. of Deer), Ir. [nuige], [go nuige], E.Ir. [connici]: [*con-do-icci]; see [thig], come. , number, so Ir.; from Lat. [numerus]. Usually [uimhir], q.v. <'n uiridh>, last year, Ir. <'nuraidh>, E.Ir. [innuraid]; the art. and O.Ir. dat. [urid]. See [uiridh]. , over, to beyond; for [nunn] on the analogy of [nall], and for dissimilation of the [n]s. See [nunn], the only Argyllshire form. , over, beyond, Ir. [anonn], O.L. [inunn]; from the prep. [an] (see [a] 5>>) and [sund], here ("from here"), W. [hwnt], Br. [hont]: ([so-u-to-s]), this. The pronominal forms beginning in [so] and [to], or [s] and [t] without [o], are all from the roots [so] and [to] ultimately. --page 265 , the interjection "O! oh!" Ir. [o]; see vocative [a]. , from, , Ir. [o/], O.Ir. [o/], [ua] ([ho/], [hua]): [*ava]; Skr. [a/va], away, off; Lat. [au-], as in [aufero], take away; Ch.Sl. [u-], Pruss. [au-]. Also , q.v. , since, when, with the rel. as , Ir. [o/], O.Ir. [o/], ex quo; it is merely the prep. [o] used as a conjunction. , refuse, Ir. [obaim], O.Ir. [obbaim], [obbad] (inf.); referred to [ud-bad], "out-speak", the prefix [ud-], out (allied to Eng. [out], Skr. [ud], out, of) and [ba], speak, I.E. [bha], Lat. [fari], Gr. @G[fa] in @G[fcmi/]. Ascoli gives the root as [ben] (see [bean]), repellere. , a creek; from NNorse [ho/p], small land-locked bay, Sc. [hope], Ag.S. [ho/p], valley. , a charm; see [ubag]. , a work, so Ir., E.Ir. opair], [oper], O.Ir. [opred], operatio; from Lat. [opus] (g. [operis]), [opera]. ++, a confluence; the usual pronunciation of the [Aber-] in place names. See [abar]. , sudden, Ir. [obann], E.Ir. [opond]: [*od-bond], e vestigio, from [bonn]? Stokes refers it to the root of Gr. @G[a@'/fnw], O.Slav. [abije], immediately, suggesting [*ob-no/-]. W. [buan] also suggests itself. , interest on money, Ir. [ocar], W. [ocr]; from Norse [okr], usury, Ag.S. [wocer], Got. [wokrs], Ger. [wucher]; root [ve@g]. , an interjection, alas! Ir. [och], [uch], O.Ir. [uch], vae, [ochfad], sighing: [*uk]; Got. [au/hjo^n], make a noise, Norse [ugla], Eng. [owl]; Let. [auka], stormwind, Srb. [uka], a cry. , eight, Ir. [ochd], O.Ir. [ocht n-], W. [wyth] ([*okti]), Br. [eiz]: [*okto^]; Lat. [octo]; Gr. @G[o@'ktw/]; Got. [ahtau]; Skr. [ashtau/]. , alas, Ir. [och o/n]; literally "alas this"! From [och] and the old pronoun [o/n], discussed under [eadhon]. , hunger, Ir. [ocrus], [ocarus], E.Ir. [accorus]. See [acras]. The Lat. [careo], want, may be suggested as allied; root [ker], [kor]. , yonder, yon; see [ud]. , tongue of land; [oddr]. , horse-race (Uist), race, race-course (Carm.); cf. N. [at], horse-fight. , dun, so Ir., E.Ir. [odar]: [*odro-s], for [*odh-ro-], shady, Lat. [umbra] (= [*o-n-dhra]), [a^ter], dark, Umbrian [adro], atra. Bez. suggests, with query, [*jodras], allied to Lit. [ju@odas], dark. Thurneysen has referred [*odro-s] to I.E. [udro-], otter, hydra, watery, the idea being "otter-like" or "water-like" (Gr. @G[u@`/dwr], Eng. [water]). --page 266 , an offering, Ir. [ofra/il], M.Ir. [offra/il], E.Ir. [oifrend]; from Lat. [offerendum]. , young, Ir. [o/g], O.Ir. [o/c], [o/ac], W. [ieuanc], Corn. [iouenc], Br. [iaouank], Gaul. [Jovinc-illos]: [*jovn@.ko-s], comparative [jovo^s]; Lat. [juvenis], [juvencus]; Eng. [young], Got. [juggs]; Skr. [yuvac@,a/], juvenile, [ju/van], young. , grandchild, Ir. [o/], [ua], g. [ui], a grandson, descendant, O.Ir. [ua], [aue], [haue], g. [haui]: [*(p)avio-s]; Gr. @G[pai/s], for [pafi/s], boy; further Lat. [puer], for [pov-er]; W. [wyr]; root [pu], [pav], [pov], beget. Brug. ([Grund.@+[2] 122) refers it to [*avio-s], an adj. from [avo-s], grandfather, etc., Lat. [avus]. Eng. [eame]. ++, the "Ogam" writing, so Ir., E.Ir. [ogum], [Ogma ma Elathan] (son of knowledge), the Hercules of the Gaelic gods, Gaul. [Ogmios], the Gaul. Hercules and god of eloquence: [*Ogambio-s]. Cf. Gr. @G[o@'/gmos] (@G[*g-mos]?), a furrow, line, Skr. [a/jmas], course, run, root [ag]: the comparison is very doubtful. See [oidheam]. , a youth, servant, Ir. [o/glach], O.Ir. [o/clach]; from [o/g] and suffix [-lach] (see [teaglach]). , gloomy, awful, bashful, Ir. [ogluidh], bashful; from Norse [uggligr], fearful, Eng. [ugly]. , interjectionn of pain, Ir., O.Ir. [uch]. See [och]. , foster-father, step-father, Ir. [oide], O.Ir. [aite]: [*attio-s]; Gr. @G[a@'/tta], father; Got. [atta], father; Ch.Sl. [otici], father; Skr. [atta^], mother. , , night, Ir. [oidhche], O.Ir. [aidche], later [oidche], also [adaig]: [*ad-aqia^], [*ad-aqi^], root [aq], dark; Lat. [aquilus], dark; Lit. [aklas], blind; Gr. @G[a@'/karon], blind (Hes.). Skr. [andhas], darkness, with root [andh], [adh], Lat. [ater], etc., have been suggested, the [ad] of [*ad-aqia] being made the root and not the [aq] (see [odhar]). +, tragical death, so Ir., E.Ir. [oided], [aided]; root [pad], [ped], fall, Lat. [pestis] (Stokes). See [eas]. , a secret meaning, inference, idea (M`A., M`E.), a book (M`F., H.S.D.). Properly [oigheam], the same as [ogham] above (Zeuss, Rhys' [Hib.Lect.]). , , an attempt: [*ad-erb-], root [erb] of [earb], q.v.? , an office, Ir. [oifig], M.Ir. [oifficc]; from Lat. [officium] (Eng. [office]). , a stallion, young horse; from [o\g] and [each]. Commonly , q.v. , a virgin, Ir. [o/igh], E.Ir. O.Ir. [o/g], [uag], integer: [*augi-], root [au@g], increase; Lat. [augeo]; Got. [a/ukan], increase; Lit. [a/ugu], (Brug.). Bez. (in Stokes' [Urkel.Spr.]) suggests Czech [pouhy/], pure, and a stem [*pougo-s]. --page 267 , obedience, homage; cf. [gaidhe]. , , a thistle (Perth, according to M`A.): see [fobhannan]. , ice, Ir. [oidhir], M.Ir. [o/igred], E.Ir. [aigred], snow; see [deigh]. , an heir, so Ir., M.Ir. [oigir]; founded on Lat. [heres], possibly on M.Eng. [heir] rather, which is from [heres]. , cloudberry; founded on Sc. [averin]. , vexation, offence, Ir. ++[oil]. The E.Ir. [a/il] has [a] long, and is for [agli-], Got. [agls], disgraceful (Strachan). The G. is perhaps from the root of [oillt]. , rear, educate, Ir. [oilim], O.Ir. [ailim]; root [al] as in [altrum]. , offence, stumbling-block, Ir. [oilbhe/im], M.Ir. [ailbe/im]: "stone-dashing", "stone-stumbling"; from [ail], rock, and [beum], blow, q.v. (Atk.). , , training, nurture, Ir. [oileamhuin], nurture, M.Ir. [oilemain], inf. to [ailim], I rear; root [al], as in [altrum], q.v. , horror, disgust, Ir. [oilt]: [*aleti-], root [pal], strike, whence Lat. [palma], palm, [palpo], palpitate, etc.? , liberality, Ir. [oineach], mercy, liberality. See [eineach]. , a fool, Ir. [o/inmhid], E.Ir. [o/inmit], [onmit]; from [o/n-], foolish, and [ment], mind. See next.>> , a foolish woman, Ir. [o/inseach]; from [o/n], foolish, and the feminine termination [-seach]. , edge, border, Ir., E.Ir., O.Ir. [or], W. [gor-or], ora superior: [*oro-]. Cf. Lat. [o^ra], coast, from which Thur. regards it as borrowed; it is not allied to Ger. [ufer], coast. , for, O.Ir. [ar], [air]; the prep. [air] (*[are]) used as a conj. The Ir. [o/ir], because, for, O.Ir. [o/re], [u/are], abl. of O.Ir. [uar], [huar], is from Lat. [ho^ra], Gaelic [uair]. , prefix denoting "ad" or "on", Ir. [oir-], O.Ir. [air-], [ar-]; this is the prep. [air] ([*are]). Hence , a good deed, Ir. do., from [beart]; , act of charity, from [beus], conduct, etc. Sometimes confused with , gold, as prefix; cf. [o/irdheirc]. , pity, charity, Ir. [oircheasachd], need, charitableness; cf. O.Ir. [airchissecht], gratia, indulgentia, vb. [airchissim], parcit, indulget: [air]+[cess]; root of [cead]? , a piece or lump of anything; see [ord]. , glorious, Ir. [o/irdhearc], O.Ir. [airdirc], [erdirc]; from [air] and [dearc], see: "con-spicuous". See [oir-] for the [o\ir-]. , music, Ir. [oirfid], E.Ir. [air-fitiud], playing, inf. to [arbeitim], [arpeitim]; from [air] and [peitim], M.ir. [peiteadh], music; [peit] or [pet] is from [svetta^], whistle, pipe, G. [fead], q.v. , an inch, Ir. [o/rlach], [ordlach], M.Ir. [ordlach], [tri hordlaighe], three inches; from [ordu], thumb, now G. [o\rd-ag], q.v. --page 268 , the east, so Ir., O.Ir. [airther]; comparative of [air], ante - "in front", as one faces the sun in the morning. , border, coast, so Ir., M.Ir. [airer]; from [air] and [ti\r]. , a sheep, yearling ewe, E.Ir. [o/isc]; for [o/i-shesc], [o/i], sheep, and [seasg], barren, q.v. The word [o/i] is from [*ovi-s]; Lat. [ovis]; Gr. @G[oi@'/s]; Lit. [avis]; Skr. [a/vis]. , a corner, Ir. [isinn], the temple, [fa/n na hoisean], along the temple, E.Ir. [na-h-usine], the temples: [*ad-stani-], "out-standing"(?). See [ursainn], [tarsainn]. , an oyster, Ir. [oisre]; from M.Eng. [oistre], from Fr. [oistre], from Lat. [ostrea]. , ostrich, Ir. [ostrich]; from the Eng. , an interjection to denote the sense of burning heat; cf. O.Ir. [uit mo chrob], alas for my hand! , a breeze, puff of wind, Ir. [oiteo/g]: [*atti-], root [at], as in Gr. @G[a@'tmo/s], vapour, Eng. [atmosphere]; Ag.S. [ae@dhm], breath; Skr. [a^tma/n], breath, soul. , a ridge or bank in the sea, a low promontory, Ir. [oiti/r]: [*ad-ti/r], from [ti/r], land, "to-land". , drink, drinking, Ir. [o/l], [o/laim], E.Ir. [o/l], inf. to [ibim], O.Ir. [oul], [*povolo] (St.), drinking: [*potlo-], root [po], [po^], drink; Lat. [po/to], Eng. [potate], etc.; Skr. [pa^-], drink. Zimmer considers it borrowed from Norse [o@"l], Eng. [ale]. The root [pele], [ple^], full, has also been suggested; but it is unlikely here. , oil, Ir., O.Ir. [ola], W. [olew], O.W. [oleu], Br. [eol]; from Lat. [oleum], Eng. [oil]. , a hospitable person: "boon-companion"; from [o\l]. , wool, so Ir., E.Ir. [oland], O.W. [gulan], W. [gwlan], Corn. [gluan], Br. [gloan]: [*vlana^], [*vlano-]; Lat. [la^na]; Gr. @G[la@nnos], @G[lc@nnos]; Eng. [wool], Got. [vulla]; Lit. [wilna]; Skr. [u@-/rna^]; I.E. [vl@.na^], [vl@.@-na^]. , bad, Ir. [olc], O.Ir. [olcc], [olc]; cf. Lat. [ulciscor], revenge, [ulcus], wound, Eng. [ulcer]; Gr. @G[e@`\lkos], wound. Bez. suggests O.H.G. [ilki], hunger, Lit. [alkti], Ch.Sl. [alkati], hunger. , a great army (M`F.), Ir. [ollarbhar]: [oll]+[arbhar]. For [oll], see next word>>; E.Ir. [arbar], a host, is from [ber] (see [beir]). , a learned man, a doctor, so Ir., O.Ir. [ollam], g. [ollaman]; from Ir. [oll], great (root [pol], [pel], [ple^], full, fill). , amber, Ir. [omra], W. [amfer]; from the Eng. , attention, heed, Ir. [u/mhail]; cf. G. [umhal], obedient. , , froth of milk or whey, whey whisked into froth (Carm.), Ir. [uan], E.Ir. [u/an], froth, foam, W. [ewyn], Br. [eon]: [*eveno-], [*poveno-]; Lit. [puta\], foam, Lettic [putas]. onagaid>, confusion, row (Dial.); cf. [aonagail]. --page 269 , a blast, storm, raging of the sea, Ir. [anfadh], E.Ir. [anfud], for [an-feth], "excess-wind", [feth], aura; root [ve^], [ven], blow; Skr. [va@-/ta], wind; Gr. @G[a@'/cmi], blow, @G[a@'c/r], Lat. [aer], Eng. [air]; Lit. [ve@?jas], wind; further Lat. [ventus] and Eng. [wind]. , a standard (M`F., O'B.), so Ir., also Ir. [onchu/], leopard, E.Ir. [onchu/], banner, leopard; the idea of "leopard" is the primary one. From Fr. [onceau], [once], Eng. [ounce], leopard. , respect, honour, Ir. [ono/ir], E.Ir. [ono/ir], [onoir]: from Lat. [honor]. , solitude, Ir. [aonarachd]; from [aonar], [aon]. , gold, Ir., O.Ir. [o/r], W. [aur], Cor. [our], Br. [aour]; from Lat. . , prefix [air], [oir], confused often with the prefix , gold; e.g. , good (golden!) deed, which is for [oirbheart] (see [oir-]). , sheaf of corn (H.S.D.), [orag] (M`F., Arm.): , an organ, Ir., M.Ir. [orga/n], E.Ir. [organ], W. [organ]; from Lat. [organum], Eng. [organ]. , a speech, Ir. [o/raid], prayer, oration, E.Ir. [orait], prayer, orate; from Lat. [orate], pray ye, [oratio], speech. , a song; this is for [*auran], from the correct and still existing form , Ir. [amhra/n], M.Ir. [ambra/n], Manx {arrane]; from [amb], i.e. [mu], about, and [rann]? Ir. [amhar], E.Ir. [amor], music. Cf. Ir. [amhra], eulogy, especially in verse. Cf. [amra] (Cholumcille), panegyric. , a porch (, M`D.): "front", from [air-] or [ar-] and [air], a reduplication really of [air], "on-before". , a tumultuous noise (H.S.D. from MSS.): , a hammer, Ir., M.Ir. [ord], O.Ir. [ordd], W. [gordd], O.Cor. [ord], Br. [orz], [horz], Gallo.Brit. [Ordo-vices](?): [*ordo-s], [*urdo-s], root [verdh], [urdh], raise, increase, whence or allied are Gr. @G[o@'rqo/s], Lat. [arduus], G. [a\rd], etc.; especially Skr. [vardhate], raise, increase, grow. See [o\rdag]. Thur. thinks it perhaps possible that Romance [urtare], hit, thrust, Fr. [heurter], Eng. [hurt], are hence, and Ascoli that Fr. [ortail], big toe ([orddu] = [ortu]), is from [o\rd], the basis of [o\rdag], q.v. , a mountain of rounded form (topographical only); from above.>> , thumb, Ir. [ordo/g], O.Ir. [orddu], g. [ordan]: [*ordo^s], [*urdo^s]; same root as [o\rd] above. , order, Ir. [ord], [ordughadh], O.Ir. [ord], [ordaad], ordination, W. [urdd], [urddawd], ordaining, Br. [urz]; from Lat. [ordo]. , organ; see [oragan]. --page 270 , , , , a charm, incantation, Ir. [orrtha] ([o/rrtha], Con.), [ortha], prayer, charm (in this last sense pronounced [arrtha]), E.Ir. [ortha], acc. [orthain], prayer (especially in verse); from Lat. [o^ra^tionem], Eng. [oration]. , squeamishness, nausea: , above, Ir. [os], [o/s], [uas], O.Ir. [os], [uas], W. [uch], Br. [a], [us]; see [uasal] for root. , an elk, deer, Ir. [os] (O'B.), E.Ir. [os], [oss], W. [uch], pl. [uchen], bos, Corn. [ohan], boves, Br. [oc'hen] (do.), O.Br. [ohen], boum: [*okso-s] (for G.), [*uksen-] (for Brittonic); Got. [auhsa(n)], Eng. [ox], [oxen]; Skr. [uksha/n], bull. , quoth; for [ors'], from [or], [ar], say; see [arsa]. , mouth of a river, harbour bar; from Norse [o^ss], river mouth; Lat. [ostium]. , desisting, Ir. [osadh], truce, E.Ir. [ossad] (do.): [*ud-sta-] "stand out"; root [sta], stand. , a blast, breeze: [*ut-sa^], root [ut], [vet], [ve], blow, as in [onfhadh]. , a hose, stocking, Ir. [assan], caliga, O.Ir. [ossa], [assa], soccus, W. [hosan], Cor. [hos]; from Ag.S. [hosa], g. [hosan], now [hose], [ho@-sen], Norse [hosa]. , eminent, superior (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [osca/ch]; from [os] and [ca/ch]. , , bold, fierce, Ir. [oscar], champion; from the heroic name , son of (Ir. [Oisi/n], little deer or [os], q.v.). Possibly stands for [*ud-scaro-], "out-cutter", root [scar] of [sgar], q.v. Zimmer derives it from Norse [A/sgeirr], spear of the Anses or gods, and [Oisian] from the Saxon [O/swine], friend of the Anses; which should give respectively [A/sgar] and [O/isine], but the initial vowels are both [o] short in [Oscar] and [Oisian]. Doomsday Book has Osgar. , , , an inn, Ir. [tigh o/sda]; from M.Eng. [ooste], [ho/st], hotel, house, hospitium, through Fr. from Lat. [hospitium]. Stokes takes it direct from O.Fr. [oste]. , a sigh, so Ir., O.Ir. [osnad], W. [uchenaid], [uch], Br. [huanad]. Zimmer has analysed this into [os], up, and [an] (root of [anail]), breat: "up-breath"; cf. Lat. [suspirium], from [sup-spi/rium], "up-breath". But consider [*ok-s], from [uk] of . Cf. E.Ir. [esnad], M.Ir. [easnadh], song, moaning. , , a gasp, sob, sigh, pang, Ir. [ospo/g], [uspo/g], [osmo/g]; cf. [osnadh]. Also [uspag], q.v. , gasping quickly, sobbing, sighing; from [os] and [spairn], q.v. Cf. [uspairn]. , , confusion, hubbub, also (Dial., where pronounced [ow-il]), rejoicing; spelt also , ; root [gal], as in [gal]? For [odhail], rejoicing, cf. M.Ir. [odhach], ceolmar, also --page 271 [uidheach], [od], music; root [ved]; Gr. @G[u/de/o], sing, praise, Skr. [vadati], sing, praise; Lit. [vadinu], rufe, root [ved], [vad], [ud], rufen. , ulcer, abscess, Ir. [othar], sick: [*putro-]; Lat. [puter], Eng. [putrid]; root [pu^], [pu], Eng. [foul], etc. , dunghill, Ir., M.Ir. [otrach], dunghill, O.Ir. [ochtrach] (= [othrach]?), excrement: [*puttr-], root [put], [pu], Lat. [pu^teo], [puter], as under [othar]. Ir. [othrach], dung, [*putr]. , shag, refuse of flax, wooly hair, and (M`A.) tassel (= ), M.Ir. [papp], [popp], sprig, tuft, E.Ir. [popp], bunch, which Stokes refers to a Celtic [*bobbu/-], [*bhobh-nu/-], from [*bhobh], [*bhabh], Lat. [faba], bean, Gr. @G[pomfo/s], blister, [pe/mfix], bubble, Lettic [bamba], ball, I.E. [bhembho-], inflate. Eng. [bob], cluster, bunch, appears in the 14th century, and Sc. has [bob], [bab] correspondingly; the Gadelic and Eng. are clearly connected, but which borrowed it is hard to say. the meaning of as "shag, flax refuse" appears in the Sc. [pab], [pob]. Borrowing from Lat. [papula], pimple, root [pap], swell, has been suggested. , a pack, Ir. [paca]; from Eng. [pack]. Hence , a mass of confusion. , a packet; from the Eng. , thirst, Manx [paa]; seemingly formed by regressive analogy from the adjective , thirsty, a side-form of , drinking, bibulous, from , Lat. [po^tus], drunk. M.Ir. [paadh] is explained by Stokes as [*spasa^tu-], root [spas] or [spes], Lat. [spiro], breathe, W. [ffun], breath, from [*sposna^]. For phonetics see [piuthar]. , ewer, Ir. [padhal], ewer, pail, W. [padell], pan; from Eng. [pail]; cf. [adhal], [paidhir], [staidhir], [faidhir], [rathad]. , heathen, Ir. [pa/ganach], [pa/ga/nta], M.Ir. [paga/nta]; from Lat. [paganus], villager, pagan, whence Eng. [pagan]. , a penalty, pledge; from [pa\igh], with leaning on [peanas]. , a pair; from English [pair], M.Eng. [peire], Fr. [paire], from Lat. [par]. Cf., for phonetics, [faidhir] (fair) and [staidhir] (stair). , the Lord's prayer, so Ir., M.Ir. [paiter], O.Ir. [pater], W. [pater]; from Lat. [pater] in [Pater noster], etc., which begins the prayer. , a patch, clout: , a cluster of grapes, posy, string of beads, Ir. [paidri/n], rosary, necklace; from [paidir]. --page 272 , , pay, Ir. [paidhe], payment; from Eng. [pay]. , pavement, Ir. [pa/il-chlach], stone pavement, [pa/il], [pabhail], pavement; formed from the Eng. [pave], [pavement]. , a box on the ear, a blow with the palm: [*palm-bheart], "palm-action", from Lat. [palma], palm; cf. W. [palfad], stroke of the paw, Br. [palfod], blow on the cheek. , a tent, Ir. [pailliu/n]; from M.Eng. [pailyoun] (Barbour), [pavilon], Fr. [pavillon], from Lat. [papilionem], a butterfuly - tents being called after the butterfly because spread out like its wings. Stokes takes it direct from the Fr. , palm tree, Ir., M.Ir. [pailm]; from Lat. [palma], whence Eng. [palm]. , plentiful, , plenty, Manx [palchys], Cor. [pals], plenteous, M.BR. [paout], numerous, Br. [paot], many, much; the G. is in all likelihood a Pictish word - a root [qalt], I.E. [qel], company, collection, as in [clann], q.v. , a panther; founded on the Eng. [panther], M.Eng. [pantere]. , a panel, Ir. [paineul], W. [panel]; from the Eng., M.Eng., Fr. [panel]. , a punch; from the Sc. [painch], [pench], Eng. [pauch]. , a snare, Ir. [painteur], M.Ir. [painnte/r]; from M.Eng. [pantere], snare for birds, O.Fr. [pantiere]. Hence Eng. [painter], boat rope. , paper, Ir. [pa^ipeur], W. [papyr]; from Lat. [papyrus], whece Eng. [paper]. , poppy, Ir. [paipi/n], W. [pabi]; from Lat. [popaver], whence Eng. [poppy]. , a park, Ir. [pa/irc], W. [parc], [parwg]; from M.Eng. [park], [parrok], now [park]. , palsy, Ir., M.Ir. [pairilis], W. [parlys]; from Lat. [paralysis], whence Eng. [palsy]. , a share, part, Ir. [pa/irt], E.Ir. [pairt], W. [parth]; from Lat. [pars], [partis], a part, whece Eng. [part]. M.Ir. [pars], point of time less than a minute. , a child, Ir. [pa/isde]; formed from M.Eng. [pa/ge], boy, Sc. [page], boy, now Eng. [page]. , a fainting fit, Ir., M.Ir. [pa/is], E.Ir. [paiss], passio, suffering; from Lat. [passionem], [patior], suffer. , wrap; see [pasgadh]. , a hump, lump, Ir. [pait], M.Ir. [pait], mass; also Ir. [paiteo/g], small lump of butter; from Eng. [pat]. Skeat thinks the Eng. is from the Gaelic, but the [p] is fatal to the word being native Gadelic. --page 273 , a periwinkle (H.S.D., for Heb.): , green shelf in a rock (Lewis); N. [pallr], step, dais. , a rudder, Ir. [palmaire]; see [falmadair]. , a palace, Ir. [pa/las], W. [palas]; from Lat. [palatium], whence Eng. [palace]. , a pan; from M.Eng. [panne], now [pan]. , , a band or company, also , q.v.; from Eng. [band]. , the pope, Ir. [pa/pa], O.Ir. [papa], W., Br. [pab]; from Lat. [papa], father, pope, Eng. [pope]. , a rhapsody (M`A.): , pushing, brandishing; cf. [purr]. , a parent; from Eng. [parent]. , a pannier (Arm.): , parliament, Ir. [pairlime/id], M.Ir. [pairlimint]; from Eng. [parliament]. , a parish, Ir. [parraisde]; from Eng. [parish], M.Eng. [parische]. , paradise, Ir. [parrthas], O.Ir. [pardus], W. [paradwys], Br. [baradoz]; from Lat. [aradisus]. , a crab, (Skye), Ir. [parta/n], [porta/n], M.Ir. [partan]; Sc. [partan]. E.Ir. [partar], [partaing], ruby? , a wrapping, covering, , a bundle, , a faggot; cf. Ir. [faisg], a pen, W. [ffasg], bundle, which last is certainly from Lat. [fasces]. , expiring pang (H.S.D.); from Eng. [spasm]? H.S.D. gives also the meaning "cataclysm applied to the sores of a dying person". , , pepper, Ir. [piobar], W. [pubyr]; from Lat. [piper], Eng. [pepper], Norse [piparr]. , sin, so Ir., O.Ir. [peccad], g. [pectho], W. [pechod], Br. [pechet]; from Lat. [peccatum], [peco], Eng. [peccant]. , pea-hen: from the Eng. [pea]. See [peucag]. , skin, hide, E.Ir. [pell]; from Lat. [pellis], hide, allied to Eng. [fell]. , shaggy, matted in the hair, from , mat, hairy skin; see [peall] above. , sheepskin; from Scotch [pellet], a woolless sheepskin, Eng. [pelt], from Lat. [pellis] through Fr. , punishment, Ir. [pi/onu/s]; from Lat. [poena], with possibly a leaning on the English [punish]. , a pen, so Ir., E.Ir. [penn], W. [pin]; from Lat. [penna]. --page 274 , fine linen, muslin; from Sc. [pearlin], lace of silk or thread, Eng. [purl], edgin of lace, from Fr. [pourfiler], Lat. [filum], thread. , a person, Ir. [pearsa], g. [pearsan], O.Ir. [pearsa], g. [persine]; from Lat. [persona], Eng. [person]. , parsley, Ir. [pearsa/il]; from M.Eng. [persil], Eng. [parsley]. , pease, Ir. [pis], a pea, pl. [piseanna], W. [pys], Br. pl. [piz]; from Lat. [pisum], Eng. [pease]. , impudent fellow, varlet; from Eng. [peasant]. , gash in skin, chapped gashes of hands, cranny, W. [pisg], blisters; G. is possibly of Pictish origin. The Sc. [pisket] shrivelled has been compared. , a pet, Ir. [peata], E.Ir. [petta]; Eng. [pet]. Both Eng. and Gadelic are formed on some cognate of Fr. [petit], little, Eng. [petty] (Stokes). , a peck, Ir. [peic], W. [pec]; from Eng. [pec]. , a penny, Ir. [pighin], E.Ir. [pingin]; from Ag.S. [pennding], Norse [peningr], now Eng. [penny]. , a porpoise; from Sc. [pellack]. , frivolous; cf. Sc. [pell], a soft, lazy person. , cod, husk, bag: , a slap on the head, the skull or crown of the head; in the last sense, cf. Sc. [pallet], crown of the head, M.Eng. [palet], head-piece. In the sense of "slap", cf Eng. [pelt]. , a bullet, Ir. [peileur], L.M.Ir. [pele/r]: from some French descendant of Lat. [pila], ball, and allied to Eng. [pellet], O.Fr. [pelote], ball, Sp. [pelote], connon ball. , a quoit, flat stone; formed from the above stem?>> , a covering of skins or coarse clothe, Ir. [peillic], a booth whose roof is covered with skins, E.Ir. [pellec], basket of untanned hide; from Lat. [pelliceus], made of skins, from [pellis]. , a chip of stone for filling crevices in wall; from Sc. [pinning], [pinn] (do.), allied to Eng. [pin]. , a snare; another form of [paintear], q.v. , the jaw, lower part of the face, corer, Ir. [peircioll], cheekblade, corer: [*for-ciobhull], "on-jaw"? See [ciobhull]. , deger, Ir. [peiriacul]; from Lat. [periculum]. , the buttocks, Ir. [pe/ire] (O'R.); cf. Cor. [pedren], buttock, W. [pedrain]. The word , lente perdere (M`A.), is doubtless connected. , ferret (M`A.). , testiculi (H.S.D.); apparently from Fr. [pierre]. --page 275 , waistcoat, short jacket; from Sc. [petycot], a sleeveless tunic worn by men, Eng. [petticoat]. Manx has [pettie], flanel waistcoat, [peddee], waistcoat. , a forester (, M`D.), , a message boy (M`A.); cf. Sc. [peddir], a pedlar, Eng. [pedlar]. , , thunderbolt; a mythic and metaphoric use of [beithir], q.v. , a peach; Ir. [peitseo/g]; from the Eng. , pewtar, Ir. [pe/atar], W. [ffeutar]; from Eng. [pewter]. Also , q.v. , pea-hen, Ir. [pe^aco/g], peacock (Fol.); from Eng. [peacock]. , a pear, Ir. [piorra], [pe/ire] (O'R.), W. [peran]; from Eg. [pear]. , flake of wool off the cards in the first carding: , , a partridge, Ir. [pitrisg] (Fol.); G. is from Sc. [pertrik], a side form of Eng. [partridge], Lat. [perdic-em]. , perchman, shore herd (Carm.): , pain, Ir. [pi/an], poena, W. [poen], pain, Cor. [peyn], Br. [poan]; from Lat. [poena], Eng. [pain]. , lapwing; from Sc. [peeweip], Eng. [peewit]. The true G. is , "horned one" (from [adharc], because of the appearance of its head). , pitch, Ir. [pic], W. [pyg]; from M.Eng. [pik], now [pitch]. , a pike, Ir. [pice], W. [pig], from the Eng. , pike, Ir. [picill] (Fol.); from the Eng. , , earthen jar, Ir. [pigi/n], W. [picyn]; from Eng., Sc. [piggin], [pig], which is a metaphoric use of Eng. [pig], sow. , , a pie, Ir. [pi/ghe]; from the Eng. , robin redbreast (H.S.D.); a confused use of Eng. [pigeon]? , peel, peeling (Dial.); from the Eng. See [piol]. , a sheet, cloth, the cloth or skin on which corn is winnowed; a particular use of the oblique form of [peall], q.v. M.Ir. [pill] or [pell] means "rug". , turn, Ir. [pillim], better [fillim] (O'B.); see [till] for discussion of the root. , pack-saddle, pillion, Ir. [pilli/n], W. [pilyn]; Eng. [pillion] is allied, if not borrowed, according to Skeat. All are formed on Lat. [pellis] (see [peall]). Sc. has [pillions] for "rags"; Br. [pill] (do.). , a pin, peg, Ir. [pionn] (Lh.), W. [pin]; from M.Eng. [pinne], now [pin]. , a pint, Ir. [piu/nt] (Fol.); from the Eng. , a pipe, a musical instrument, Ir. [pi/ob], E.Ir. [pi/p], pl. [pipai] (Lib.Leinster), (music) pipe; from Med.Lat. [pi^pa], whence Ag.S. [pi^pe], Eng. [pipe], Ger. [pfeife], Norse [pi/pa]. W., Cor., and Br. have [pib], pipe, similarly borrowed. --page 276 , pepper; see [peabar]. , the bible (Dial.): see [bi\obull]. , pick, Ir. [piocaim]; from Eng. [pick]. Thur. thinks that W. [pigo] is ultimately from the Romance [picco] (point), Fr. [pique], or allied thereto. Skeat takes the Eng. from Celtic; but see Bradley's [Stratmann]. , a saith, coalfish (Wh.): , pickaxe, Ir. [pioco/id]; from [pioc], Eng. [pick], a pickaxe, from Fr. [pic] (do.). Whether the termination is Gadelic or the Fr. word [piquet], little pickaxe, Eng. [picket], was borrwed at once, it is hard to say. , a wheezing, Manx [piaghane], hoarseness, Ir. [spiochan]; Sc. [pech], [pechin], panting, [peught], asthmatic. Onomatopoetic Cf. Lat. [pipire], chirp, pipe. W. has [peuo], pant. , , a magpie, Ir. [pioghaid] (Fol.), [pighead] (O'R.); from Sc. [pyat], [pyet], diminutive of [pie], M.Eng. [pye], now usually [mag-pie]. , nibble, pluck; from Eng. [peel], earlier, [pill], [pyll], peel, pluck, ultimately from Lat. [pellis]. Also , q.v. W. has [pilio], peel, strip. , (1) neat, trim (M`F., H.S.D., Arm.), (2) hairy (= , of which it is a side form, H.S.D., etc.), fretful, curious-looking (M`A.). The second sense belongs to [peallach], the first to [piol]: "pilled". , trouble, vexation: "plucked" state, from [piol]? , hat, cap; see [biorraid]. , , periwig, Ir. [peireabhuic]; from the Eng. , scrape or dig (H.S.D.), stab, make a lunge at one (M`A.); the first sense seems from Sc., Eng. [pare]; for the second, see [purr]. , a squall, blast; from L.M.Eng. [pirry], whirlwind, blast, Sc. [pirr], gentle breeze, Norse [byrr], root [bir], [pir], of onomatopoetic origin (Skeat, sub [pirouette], for Eng.). , a piece, Ir. [pi/osa]; from Eng. [piece], Fr. [pie\ce], Low Lat. [pettium], from Gaulish [*pettium], allied to G. [cuit], Pictish [pet] (see [pit]). , a cup, Ir. [pi/osa]; from Lat. [pyxis], box (Stokes). , a pistol, so Ir.; from Eng. , giggling (M`D.): , prosperity, luck, Manx [bishagh], Ir. [biseach], M.Ir. [bisech]. Cf. Ir. [piseo/g], witchcraft, M.Ir. [piso/c], charm, Manx [pishag], charm, Cor. [pystry], witchcraft, M.Br. [pistri], veneficium, which Bugge refers to Lat. [pyxis], medicine box (see [pi\os]). , a kitten, Ir. [puisi/n]; from Eng. [puss]. Aran Ir. [piseo/g], see bream. --page 277 , hollow or pit (Dict. only), @G[ku/sqos], M.G. [pit] (D.of L.), Manx [pitt], Ir. [pit]; from Ag.S. [pyt], pit, well, now [pit], from Lat. [puteus], well. for force, cf. Br. [fetan], fountain, [fete], @G[ku/sqos]. The non-existent Dict. meaning is due to the supposed force of topographic [pit] discussed in the next article.>> , prefix in farm and townland names in Pictland, meaning "farm, portion"; O.G. [pet], [pett], g. [pette] (B.of Deer), a Pictish word allied to W. [peth], part, Gaelic [cuid]. See further under [cuid] and [pi\os]. , a plaintive note (H.S.D.); cf. W. [puch], sigh. Onomatopoetic? , sister, Ir. [siur], E.Ir. [siur], [fiur], g. [sethar], [fethar], O.Ir. [siur], W. [chwaer], Corn. [huir], Br. [hoar]: [*sveso^r], g. [svestros] (Stokes); Lat. [soror] (= [sosor]); Eng. [sister]; Lit. [sesu@o/]; Skr. [sva^sar]. , soft noise as of a body falling into water; from Sc. [plope], Dial. Eng. [plop]: onomatopoetic like [plump]. Skeat compares Eng. [blab]. See [plub]. , a wooden dish; through Sc. (?) from Fr. [plaquette], [plaque], a plate, whence Eng. [placard], Sc. [placad]. M`A. gives also the meaning "flat, broad, good-natured female", which is a metaphoric use. , a lump of raw flesh, a plump boy; founded on Sc. [plope], as in [plab] above. Cf. Eng. [plump]. , a blanket, Ir. [ploid]; Eng. [plaid], Sc. [plaiden], coarse woollen cloth, like flannel, but twilled: all are founded on Lat. [pellis], but whether invented by Gadelic or English is at present doubtful. Skeat says it is Celtic, a view which, as the case stands, has most to say for it; cf. G. , sheepskin. Dunbar's "Hieland [Pladdis]". , a plague, Ir. [pla/igh], E.Ir. [pla/g], W. [pla]; from Lat. [pla^ga], disaster, M.Eng. [pla/ge], Eg. [plague]. , a splash; from Sc. [plash], to strike water suddenly, Eng. [plash], [splash]. , anything curdled: cf. Br. [plommein], a clot, as of blood. See [slaman]. M`A. gives it the meaning of "fat blubber cheek". Arg. has "", curdled or soured mild. , a plack - a Scots coin; from Sc. [plack], a copper coin equal to four pennies Scots, which came with the Flemish, etc., and is allied to Fr. [plaque], used of coin, though really a "metal dish, etc.". See [placaid]. , a blanket; Ir. [plainceud] (Fol.); from the Eng. , a plant, Ir. [planda]; from Eng. [plant], Lat. [planta]. --page 278 , a husk, shell, Manx [pleayse], Ir. [plaosg], W. [plisg] (pl.), Br. [pluskenn]. This Ernault considers borrowed from Romance - Fr. [peluche], shag, plush, Eng. [plush], from Lat. [*pilucius], hairy, [pilus], hair: an unlikely derivation. Seemingly is another form (Manx [bleayst], M.Ir. [blaesc], W. [blisg]): [*bhloid-sko-], root [bhlo@-i], [bhle@-], [bhel], swell, etc.; Gr. @G[floio/s] (@G[*bhlovio-]?), bark, shell, @G[fle/dwn], bladder. , a plaster, Ir. [plasdruighim]; from the Eng. , a sort of cloth made of straw; from Sc. [plat], plait, Eng. [plait]. M`A. has the meaning "thrust, clap on", from Sc. [plat], a stroke to the ground, blow with the fist, M.Eng. [platten], strike, throw down, Ag.S. [plaettan]. , , a flash, glance, puff of wind; from [*svl@.-], root [svel] of [solus]? , a dibble, paddle; also , , q.v. , a buffet, blow; from [pailleart]? , a noise, crack, Ir. [ple/asg] ([pleasg] Lh.) - an Ir. word (M`A.), Ir. [pleasgan] or [ple/asca/n], noise: cf. Sc. [pleesk], [plesk], plash, [pleesh-plash], dabbling in water or mud. , a string of beads: , a plait; from Sc. [plett], Eng. [plait]. , quarrel, fight, Ir. [ple/idh], debate; Sc. [pley], quarrel, debate, all from M.Eng. [pleie], [plege], Ag.S. [plega], game, fight, Eng. [play]. , , a booby, simpleton; cf. W. [bloesg], a stammerer ([mlaisqo-]), Skr. [mlecchati], talk barbarously, [mleccha], foreigner, Lat. [blaesus], Gr. @G[blaiso/s]. , pewter; from Eng. [spelter], with leaning on [peo\dar]. (H.S.D., Dial.), a plot of ground; of Scandinavian origin - Swed [plaetti], a plot of ground, Eng. [plot], [plat] (Dr Cameron). , flat, as of foot (Carm.): , a splay foot; from Eng. [splay]. , babbling (H.S.D.); for [*bliaram]; see [blialum], from Sc. [blellum]. , a hypocritical smile (Wh.): (, M`A.), a fawner, cajoler; cf. Ir. [pleadail], pleading; from Eng. [plead]. , a clumsy foot; cf. Sc. [ploots], the feet when bare (Shet.), [plootsacks], feet. Hence , a seal. See [spliut]. , a roud mass, clod, block (rare), Ir. [bloc], a block, W. [ploc], block, plug, Br. [bloc'h], block, mass: Gadelic and W. are from Eng. [block], from Fr. [bloc], of German origin - Ger. [block], clod, lump, from the root of Eng. [balk]. --page 279 , a clod; from Sc. [plod], [ploud], a green sod (Aberdeen). , a fleet, Manx [plod]; from Norse [floti], Eng. [fleet], [float], etc. , a pool of standing water, Manx, Ir. [plod]; from M.Eng. [plodde], a puddle, Eng. [plod], originally "to wade through water", [ploude], wade through water (Grose), Sc. [plout], [plouter] (do.). , parboiling; from Sc. [plot], to scald or burn with boiling water, [plottie], a rich and pleasant hot dring made of cinnamon, cloves, etc. Also "floating" wood down river. , the mumps; see [pluic]. , palpitate, throb, Ir. [plosg] (O'R., Fol.), [blosgadh], sounding, E.Ir. [blosc] ("ro clos blosc-be/imnech a chride", the hitting sound of his heart). See [blosg]. , a plump, sudden fall into water; from Eng. [plump]. Cf. [plab]. Hence , gurgling, plunging; etc. , an unweildy mass or lump; from the Eng. [plump]. , a booby, one speaking indistinctly, blubberer; from Eng. [blubber]. , a lump, pimple, Manx [plucan], pimple; seemingly a side form of [ploc]. M.Ir. has [plucc], club or mace. Cf. Sc. [pluke], a pimple. , pluck, Manx [pluck]; from the Eng. , beat, thump; from M.Eng. [pluck], a stroke. , the flux; founded on Lat. [fluxus]? , squeeze, compress, Ir. [pluchaim], Manx [ploogh], suffocation: , cheek, blub cheek, Ir. [pluc]: "puffed cheek"; from [ploc]. , club-footed; see [pliut]. , a flower, Ir. [plu/r]; from M.Eng. [flour] (now [flower]), O.Fr. [flour] (now [fleur]). , plunge into water; see [plumb]. , one who sits stock still, dead calm: , , a plummet, Ir. [plumba]; from Eng. [plumb], Fr. [plomb], from Lat. [plumbum], lead. , noise of fallinng into water, plunge; from Eng. [plump]. , , a plum, Ir. [pluma]; from M.Eng. [ploume], now [plum]. , plunder, booty; from Eng. [plundering]. , flour, Ir. [flu/r]; from M.Eng. [flour]; same as Eng. [flower], [flour] being for "flower of wheat". , falling down, as of rain; from Sc. [plout], Belg. [plotsen], Ger. [plotzlich], sudden, from [*plotz], "quickly falling blow". , people, Ir. [pobal], O.Ir. [popul], W., Br. [pobl], Cor. [pobel]; from Lat. [populus], whence Eng. [people]. , a bag; from Sc. [pock], Ag.S. [poca], Norse, [poki], O.Fr. [poche]. --page 280 , , pocket, pouch, Ir. [po/ca], [po/cait] (F.M.), bag, pouch; from M.Eng. [po/ke], Ag.S. [poca], as above.>> Eng. [pocket], M.Eng. [poket], is a diminutive. K.Meyer takes the Ir. from the Norse [poki]. , , a kiss, Manx [paag], Ir. [po/g], O.Ir. [po/c], [po/cnat], osculum, W. [po/c], Br. [pok]; from Lat. [pa^cem], "the kiss of peace", which was part of the ritual for the Mass; hence in Church Lat. [dare pacem], means "to give the kiss". The old Celtic liturgies generally carry the rubric "Hic pax datur" immediately before the Communion. , rag, rags (M`D.): , a pot, Ir. [pota], W. [pot], Br. [pod]; from Eng. and Fr. [pot], from Lat. [potare] ultimately. See next.>> , drinking, tippling, Ir. [po/it]: from Lat. [po^tus], drunk (Eng. [potation], [poison], etc.). See [o\l]. , a small truss of hay or straw; see [boitean]. , a pool, a hole, mud, Ir., E.Ir. [poll], W. [pwll], Cor. [pol], Br. [poull]; from Late Lat. [padulus], pool, a metathesis of [palus], [paludis], marsh (Gaidoz), whece It. [padula], Sp. [pau/l]. Teutonic has Ag.S. [po/l], Eng. [pool], Du. [poel], O.H.G. [pfuol], Ger. [pfuhl]. Skeat considers that [poll] is from Low Lat. [padulis], and that the Ag.S. [po/l] was possibly borrowed from the British Latin or Latin remains seen in place-names having [port], [street], [-chester], etc. ([Principles @+[1] 437). , , nostril, Ir. [polla/ire], [poll-sro/na]; from [poll]. , the fish pollock or lythe - gadus pollachius, of the cod and whiting genus, Ir. [pullo/g]; from [poll]? Hence the Eng. name. The Irish Eng. [pollan], Sc. [powan], is a different fish - of the salmon genus. , the dunlin (Heb.), polidna alpina. Mr Swainson ([Folklore of British Birds]) translates its Gaelic name as "bird of the mud pits ([poll])", an exact description, he says. , boy, lad (Dial.), (W.Ross); cf. Manx [ponniar], a boy, a small fish basket? In ARg. (Wh.), from [boinne]. Cf. use of . The word is for [bonach]. , a pony; from the Sc. [pownie], from O.Fr. [poulenet] ([l] lost as usual), little colt, now [poulain], a colt, from Med.Lat. [pullanus], from Lat. [pullus], foal, Eng. [foal], [filly]. , bean or beans, Ir. [po/naire], M.Ir. [ponaire]; from Norse [baun], O.H.G. [po^na], Ger. [bohne], Eng. [bean], Du. [boon] (Stokes' [Celt. Dec.]). , a point, note, , punctual; see [punc]. , seed, spore, Ir. [po/r], seed, clan, W. [par], germ; from Gr. @G[spo/ros], seed, Eng. [spore]. --page 281 , harbour, port, Ir. [port], harbour, fort, O.Ir. [port], W., Corn. [porth], Br. [pors], [porz]; from Lat. [portus], Eng. [port]. , a tune, Ir. [port], M.Ir. [ceudport], rhyme, prelude: "carry = catch"; from Lat. [porto], carry. Sc. [port], catch, tune, is from Gaelic. Cf. Eng. [sport], from Lat. [dis-port]. , marry, O.G. [pu/sta], wedded (B.of Deer), M.Ir. [po/saim]; from Lat. [sponsus], [sponsa], betrothed, from [spondeo], I promise (Eng. [spouse], [respond], etc.). , post, beam, pillar, Ir. [posda], [posta], W. [post]; from the Eng. [post], from Lat. [postis]. Pl. [puist], slugs for shooting (Wh.). , discompose, ravel ([pra\b], H.S.D.), , dishevelled, ragged, blear-eyed, Ir. [pra/bach] (O'R.): "suddenly arrayed", from [prap]? , , a rabble; from [pra\b], [prab], discompose. See above word.>> , vicarage dues, small tithes, which were paid in kind (N.H. and Isles), , tithe collector; from Sc. [procutor], Eng. [proctor], [procurator]. , hotch-potch; cf. Sc., Eng. [fricasse]. , idle talk; from Eng. [fracas]? , press of business, flurry (M`A. for Islay), Ir. [praidhin], O.Ir. [brothad], a moment; see [priobadh]. , mince collops, haggis; from [prann], pound (M`A.), a side form of [pronn], q.v. , brass, pot-metal (Arm.), pot (M`A.), , brass (H.S.D., M`L., M`E.), Manx [prash], Ir. [pra/is], [pra/s], W. [pres]; from M.Eng. [bras], Ag.S. [br@aes]. Hence , bold woman, concubine, meretrix. , broth, pottage, etc., Ir. [praiseach], pottage, kale, M.Ir. [braissech], W. [bresych], cabbages; from Lat. [brassica], cabbage. , a slumber, slight sleep: , , heaviness; properly "blear-eyed-ness"; cf. Ir. [sra/m], eye-rheum. , an earthnut; see [braonan]. , quick, sudden, Ir. [prab], M.Ir. [prap]; see under [priobadh]. , a manger, crib, , (M`Rury): , , a group, flock; cf. Ir. [prosna/n], a troop, company (O'R.): , a trick (Wh.); , tricky; see protaig. , a crow, kite, moor-bittern, Ir. [preachan], crow, kite, osprey (accordinng to the adj. applied), M.Ir. [prechan], crow, raven: --page 282 , a mean orator (M`A.), Ir. [preachoine], crier, M.Ir. [prechoineadha], pr@aecones; from the Lat. [praeco(n)], crier, auctioneer. , a bush, brier, W. [prys], burshwood, covert: [*qr@.st-], root [qer] of [crann]? The G., which is borrowed, is doubtless of Pictish origin. , a press, cupboard, Manx, [prest]; from the Eng. [press]. , a wrinkle, fold; from the Eng. [press]. , confusion of mind, dizziness; see [breitheal]. , fry; from the Eng. [frying]. , a pin; from the Sc. [preen], M.Eng. [pre@-on], Ag.S. [pre/on], Norse [prjo/nn], Ger. [pfriem]. , winking, twinkling (of the eye), Ir. [prap] in [le prap na su/l], in the twinkling of the eyes (Keating), from [prap], sudden, [preaba] in [na bi preaba na sula muich] (B.of Moyra), M.Ir. [prapud], brief space (as twinkling of the eyes), [la brafad su/la], older [friha brathad sula], where we get the series [prapud], [brafad], [brathad] (g. [brotto]), O.Ir. [brothad], moment. Stokes compares the similar Gothic phrase - [in brahva augins], where [brahv] might = a British [*brap], borrowed into Irish. The form [frafad] could easily develop into [brap]; the difficulty is the passinng of [th] of [brothad] (which gives g. [brotto]) info [f] of [brafad] (but see [Rev.Celt.]@+[10] 57). The G. has its vowel influenced by , kicking, that is, [breabadh], q.v. Zim. (Zeit.@+[32] 223) cites [brofte], momentary, and says [brafad] is made from [bro], eyebrow, falsely. , a trifle, , a worthless fellow; from Sc. [bribour], low beggarly fellow, M.Eng. [bribour], rascal, thief; from O.Fr. [bribeur], beggar, vagabond, [briber], to beg, [bribe], morsel of bread, Eng. [bribe]. Hence is from an early Northern form of Eng. [bribe]. See [breaban] further. , prime, chief, Ir. [pri/omh], a principal, [primh], prime, O.Ir. [pri/m], W. [prif]; from Lat. [primus], first, Eng. [prime]. , a prince, so Ir., M.Ir. [prindsa]; from M.Eng. and Fr. [prince] (Stokes takes it from Fr. direct). , prison, Ir. [pri/osu/n], M.Ir. [pri/su/n]; from M.Eng. [prisoun], from O.Fr. [prison] (Stokes takes it from O.Fr. [prisun]). , price, W. [pris]; from M.Eng. [pri@-s], from O.Fr. [pri@-s], Lat. [pretium]. , profit; from the Eng. , a year-old stag (Rob Donn): , dregs, lees: , a dinner, O.G. [proinn] (B.of Deer), Ir. [proinn], O.Ir. [proind], [praind]; from Lat. [prandium]. --page 283 , pride, haughtiness; from Sc. [prossie], [prowsie], nice and particular, Dut. [prootsch], [preutsch], proud, Eng. [proud]. The Arran Dial. has [pro\tail] for [pro\iseil]. , a boy, stripling; cf. , , boy, from [brod]. The termination is [-seach], really a fem. one. In Arg. , a boy, from [prop], also . , foon; see [proinn]. , bran, Manx [pronn]; see next word. Hence Sc. [pron]. , pound, bray, mash, Manx [pronney], pouding; see, for root and form, [bronn], distribute, from the root [bhrud], break, which thus in G. means (1) distribute, (2) break or crush. Hence , a crumb, Sc. [pronacks]. , brimstone; formed on Sc. [brunstane], Norse [brenisteinn], Eng. [brimstone]. Dial. of Badenoch has the form . , muttering, murmering (Dial. ): , a prop, Ir. [propa]; from Eng. [prop]. , a boy (Wh.): , incite; see [brosnaich]. , a trick; from Sc. [prattick], trick, stratagem, Ag.S. [pr@oett], craft, [pr@oetig], tricky, Eng. [pretty], Norse [prettr], a trick. , a provost; from the Eng. , a tet, Ir. [pupal], g. [puible], O.Ir. [pupall], W. [pabell], [pebyll]; from Lat. [papilio], butterfly, tent, Eg. [pavilion]. See [pa\illiun]. , push, jostle; from the Sc. [powk], thrust, dig, M.Eng. [pukken], [pouken], [po/ken], to thrust, poke, Eng. [poke], Ger. [pochen], knock, Dial. . , a pimple; see [bucaid]. , harm, injury, Ir. [pu/dhar] (O'B.), M.Ir. [pudar], E.Ir. [pu/dar], [pudar]; from Lat. [pudor], shame. Usually taken as borrowed from Lat. [pu^tor], rottenness, Eng. [putrid]. , a bribe: , a veil, covering, Ir. [puici/n]: , a pouch; from the Eng. , sorrel: , beat, thump; from M.Eng. [pounen], now [pound], Ag.S. [punian]. , punch, toddy; from Eng. [punch]. , , poison; from the Eng. Manx has [pyshoon]. , a crest, tuft, Ir. [puirleo/gach], crested, tufted (O'B., Sh.), [puirleog] (O'R.) - an Irish word. See [pu\rlag]. , round stone, ball, pedestal, also ; from M.Eng. [boule], a ball or bowl, now [bowl], Fr. [boule]. , turkey cock: Fr. [poulet]. --page 284 , pot-hook (Dial.); see [bu\las]. , a point, note, Ir. [punc], O.Ir. [ponc], W. [pwnc]; from Lat. [punctum], Eng. [point]. , a sheaf, Manx [bunney], Ir. [punnann], E.Ir. [punann], [pundand] (Corm.); from Norse [bundin], a sheaf, bundle, Eng. [bundle], [bind]. , a pound, Ir. [punta], [punt], M.Ir. [punt]; from the Eng. , a place for securing stray cattle, a pound; from the Eng. [pound]. , , benumbment by cold or damp; cf. Eng. [swoon], M.Eng. [swoghne], [*swog-]. Cf. Sc. [fundy]. , a purge, Ir. [purgo/id]; from Lat. [purgatio], Eng. [purgation], [purge]. , purgatory, Ir. [purgado/ir], E.Ir. [purgatoir], Br. [purgator]; from Lat. [purgatorium], Eng. [purgatory]. , a rag, tatter, fragment: , , sense, mental faculty; from Eng. [purpose]. , , purple, Ir. [purpuir], M.Ir. [purpuir], W. [porphor]: from Lat. [purpura], Eng. [purple]. The old Gadelic form, borrowed through British, is [corcur]. , thrust, push; from Sc. [porr], thrust, stab, Du. [porren], poke, thrust, Low.Ger. [purren], poke about; further Eng. [pore]. , a cat, Ir. [pus]; from the Eng. , the cheek (Stew., H.S.D.); from Eng. [pout]. , thrust, push; from Sc. [put], push, thrust, M.Eng. [puten], push, now Eng. [put]. Also G. , . , young of moorfowl; from Sc. [pout] (do.), Eng. [poult], chicken, from Fr. [poulet], from Lat. [pulla], a hen, [pullus], young fowl. , a large buoy, usually of inflated sheepskin; seemingly of Scand. origin - Swedish Dial. [puta], be inflated; cf. Eng. [pudding], W. [pwtyn], a short round body, Cor. [pot], bag, pudding. , oarpin, also ; from Eng. [butt]. Cf. [Am Buta Leo\dhasach], the Butt of Lewis. , a pudding, Ir. [puto/g]; from the Eng. , a small rig of land (H.S.D.): , a button, W. [botwn]; from Eng. [button]. , puff, sound of a shot, syllable; onomatopoetic. Cf. Eng. [puff], etc. , power (M`A.); from the Eng. [power]. --page 285 , litigious, Ir. [ra/bach], litigious, bullying: , a warning, so Ir., E.Ir. [robuth], forewarning: [ro]+[buth], latter from [*buto-], root [@gu], cry, Gr. @G[boc/], shout, Skr. [gu], be heard. W. [rhybudd] is from the Root [qu] (Stokes, [Rev.Celt.]@+[12]). , , springtide, Manx [royart], Ir. [romhairt], [rabharta], M.Ir. [robarta], O.Ir. [robarti], malinas, (sing. [*robarte]), W. [fhyferth]: [ro]+[bertio-], "pro-fero", root [bher] of [beir]. , rhapsody, repetition, Ir. [rabha/n], repetition: from [ro] and [*ba], say, root [bha^], Lat. [fa^ri], speak, Eng. [fame], [fate]. , upbraiding, senseless talk; from [ro] and [ber] of [abair], say, q.v. , idle talk: [*ro-bant], root [ba], speak, as in [rabhan]. , the ring kepping the yard to the mast, the "traveller"; from Norse [rakki] (do.). , a rake, Ir. [ra/ca], W. [rhacan]; from M.Eng. [rake], Eng. [rake]. , a drake; from the Eng., earlier Eng. [endrake]. The loss of [d] is due to the article. , tearing; see [sracadh]. , horse-radish (Sh., H.S.D., Arm.), (M`E.), Ir. [ra/cadal]; see [rotacal]. , noise; cf. the Sc., Eng. [racket]. Skeat takes the Eng. from the Gaelic, referring the G. to [rac], to make a noise like geese or ducks. See next word.>> , noise of geese (H.S.D.); cf. Sc. [rackle]. See next word.>> , noise, riot, mischief, , croaking, Ir. [racan]; cf. Br. [rakat], [rakal], croak, [raklat], cry as a hen; Lat. [raccare], cry as a tiger, Lit. [re@?kti], cry, root [rak]. The words are greatly onomatopoetic. , a bandy or crooked stick; cf. [rac]. , sail hoop; see [rac]. , go, Ir. [rachad], I will go, E.Ir. [ragat], ibo, O.Ir. [doreg], veniam; root [reg], stretch. See [e/irich] for the root connections. , vexation, moan, Ir. [rachd], a fit as of crying or tears: cf. [racaid]. , strength (Carm.): , a tartan plaid worn mantle-wise: , rack, roasting apparatus, Ir. [raca]; from the Eng. [rack], M.Eng. [racke]. , a rat; from Sc. [ratton], M.Eng. [raton], now [rat]. , sayinng, Ir. [ra/dh], O.Ir. [ra/d], [ra/idiu], I speak: I.E. [ro^dh-e/jo^]; Got. [ro^dja], I speak; Skr. [ra^dhayati], brings about; root [re@-dh], [re@--dh], [re@-], of Lat. [reor], think, [ratio], reason. --page 286 , sight, Ir. [radharc], E.Ir. [radarc], [rodarc]: [ro]+[darc]; for [darc] see [dearc], behold. , a wrinkle, Ir. [rag] (O'B., etc.); see [roc]. , stiff, benumbed, unwilling, Manx, [rag], stiff, Ir. [rag] (Fol.); [*razgo-], root [reg], [rag], Lat. [rigeo], rigid, Eng. [rack], N. [rakr], straight, Lit. [rezgu\], knit. Hence (so Ir. in Lh., etc.), sneeze-wort (Cam.). , a rag; from the Eng. , extortioner, villain; from Eng. [rack], as in [rack-rent]. Dial. G. has , for and from "rogue". , , choice; see [roghainn]. , churchyard (Sutherland); cf. Ir. [ra/th], barrow, the same as G. [ra\th]. , , an arable but untilled field (H.S.D., Dial.): , impertinence, idle prating (M`F., etc.): , inventive, sly, Ir. [raideamhuil], cunning, sly: , rag, cast off clothes (Suth.); Lat. [reliquiae]. , a prating fellow; founded on [ra\dh]> , came, Ir. [ra/naig], O.Ir. [ra/nic], ve^nit; for [r-a/nic], [ro-a/nic]; see [tha/inig]. , filth, foul mouth, , foul mouth, , slovenly, foul-mouthed; M.Ir. [rap], annimals that draw food to them from earth, as the pig and its like (O'Cl.), E.Ir. [rap] (Corm., [rop] for cows, etc.): [rab-tho-], root [rab], [srab], Lat. [sorbeo]? Stokes gives the stem as [*rapno-], root [rap] of Lat. [rapio], I seize. The Ger. [raffen], seize, snatch, has also been suggested. , goat's tail: , a saying, dictum; for [ra\dhte], a participial formation. , covenanting, affiancing (Suth.); see [ra\th], [ra\than]. , a quarter of a year, Ir. [ra/ithe], M.Ir. [raithe]: [*ra^tio], from [r@-@.t-], Skr. [r@.tu], season of the year, appointed time for worship, Zend ([ratu]) do. , a threatening: , prating largely (M`D.): , , fern, Ir. [raithneach], [raith], W. [rhedyn], cor. [reden], O.Br. [raten], Br. [raden], Gaul. [ratis]: [*pratis]; Lit. [papartis], Russ. [paporoti@u]; Eng. [fern]. , a coarse fellow: , a blockhead, a romp; cf. [ramalair]. , sea tangle: , an oar, Ir. [ra/mha], O.Ir. [ra/me], W. [rhaw], spade, Corn. [re^v], oar, Br. [roenv]: [*ra^mo-]; root [ere] [re@-], [ro@-]; Lat. [re^mus], ([resmo-]); Gr. @G[e@'retmo/s]; Eng. [rudder]; Skr. [aritras]. , humorous, noisy fellow; from Eng. [rambler]. Also, Badenoch Dial., , rambler. --page 287 , roar, cry; Skr. [ra^], bark, [ran@.], sound, [ra^yan@.a], crying; Ch.Sl. [raru@u], sonitus, Lettic [ra/t], scold; and cf. Lat. [ra^nu], frog. , a wrangler; founded on the Eng. , a division, portion, Ir., O.Ir. [rann], W. [rhan], Cor. [ran], later [radn], O.Br. [rannou], partimonia: [*(p)ranna^], [*pratsna^], root [par], [per]; Lat. [pars], [partis], [portio]; Gr. @G[porei@nn], supply, @G[pe/pwtai] (perf.pass. of @G[porei@nn]). , a quatrain, stave, Ir. [rann], E.Ir. [rann], [rand]; from [rann] above ([rann], stave, is mas. in E.Ir., the other [rann] is fem.). , a murmuring, complaining (H.S.D., Dial.); cf. [ra\n]. , search, scrutinize, Ir. [rannsuighim]; from Norse [rannsaka], search a house, ransack, whence Eng. [ransack]. , a range, extent of territory: "division", from [rann]. , a rushing (H.S.D., Dial.); cf. [ruaig]. , , hoarse sound or cry, wild roaring, as of bull; (M`A.), pronounced [raoi'c], roar: [*ro-beuc]. , a young barren cow that had calf; cf. Sc. [rhind], as in [rhind mart], Ger. [rind], cattle, beeves. In Suth. [reithneach]. , , last night, Ir. [a raoir], [a re/ir], O.Ir. [are/ir], [*pre-ri], root as in [riamh] (Asc., St.). The Skr. [ra^tri], night, has been compared, but the phonetics do not suit, and also Lat. [retro]. Cf. also [earar], [uiridh]. , indecent mirth; from Sc. [riot] (do.), Eng. [riot]. , a field, plain, road, so Ir., E.Ir. [roen], road, O.Ir. [roe], [ro/i], plain: [*roves-no-], [*roves-ja^]? Lat. [rus], [ru^ris]; Eng. [room]. Norse [rein], a strip of land, suggests the possibility of a Gadelic [*roino-]. , dirty-mouthed; see [raip]. , noisy, , noise, Ir. [ra/pal], noise, bustle; founded on Eng. [rabble]. , a shrub (M`F., not M`A. or M`E.), Ir. [ras] (O'B., etc.): , harsh, grating noise, loquacity, , discordant, Ir. [ra/scach], clamorous, talkative; cf. [ra\n], for ultimate root. , a rake, harrow, E.Ir. [rastal]; from Lat. [rastellus], rake, hoe, [rastrum], from [ra^do], scrape, Eng. [raze], [rash], etc. , sound of frying meat; cf. [ro\sd]. , prosperity, so Ir., O.Ir. [rath], gratia, W. [rhad], grace, favour: [*rato-n], root [ra^], give; Skr. [ra^ti], gift, [ra^s], [rayis], property, Zend [ra^ta], gift; Lat. [re^s]. , a raft, Ir. [rathannaibh], (on) rafts (F.M.); Lat. [ratis]. The root is the same as that of [ra\mh] (= [ret], [ra^t] here). , , surety, vadimonium, Ir. [rath] (O'B., O'Cl.), O.Ir. [ra/th]; cf. O.Br. [rad], stipulationes, which Stokes equates with Ir. [rath], and says that it is from Lat. [ra@utum] ([ratum facere] = --page 288 "ratify"), a derivation to which Loth objects. Hibernian Lat. has [rata] for surety. The Lat. and G. are ultimately from the same root in any case (see [ra\dh]). ++, a fortress, residence, Ir. [ra/th], E.Ir. [ra/th], [ra/ith], g. [ra/tha], Gaul. [ratin], [Argento-ratum]: [*ra^ti-s], [*ra^to-n]; cf. Lat. [pra^tum], a mead. W. [rhath], cleared spot; borrowed from G.? (Rhys). , a road, Ir. [ra/thad], [ro/d]; from M.Eng. [roade], road, Ag.S. [ra/d]; cf. M.Ir. [ramhad] (O'Cl.), E.Ir. [ramut] (Corm.). , the moon, Ir., O.Ir. [re/], luna: [*revi], Skr. [ravi], sun. , time, space, Ir. [re/], O.Ir. [re/], g. [ree], space: [*revesi-], the [e] form of O.Ir. [ro/i], [*rovesja^], discussed under [raon], q.v. Hence the prep. , during, which governs the genitive. , wile, trick, , subtle fellow, , disporting, as boys (Badenoch), Ir. [reabh] (O'Cl.), [reabhach], mountebank, the devil, [reabhradh], E.Ir. [rebrad], boys playing, sporting; root [reb], play. Bez. compares M.H.G. [reben], move, stir, Swiss [ra@"beln], to brawl, be noisy, to which add Eng. [rabble]. Cf. Zim. [Stud.]@+[1] 83,84. , law, statute, so Ir., O.Ir. [recht], W. [rhaith], Br. [reiz], just: [*rektu-], from the root [reg]; Lat. [rectum], right, [rego], rule; Eng. [right]. , a loud sob, keen sorrow, Ir. [rachd] (also G. ), E.Ir. [recht]; cf. Eng. [reck]. , fat, Ir. [reamhar], [ramhar], E.Ir. [remor] ([remro-]), W. [rhef], thick; root [rem], to be thick; Norse [ramr], strong, stark. Stokes gives the alternatives of M.H.G. [fram], [vrom], sound, brave, O.Sax. [furm], or Gr. @G[pre/mnon], stem, thick end. , a wrinkle in the face: "a rib"; see [reang], boat-rib. , a rank, series; from early Sc. [renk], M.E. [reng], now [rank]; Ir. [ranc], W. [rheng], Br. [renk]; O.Fr. [renc]. , a boat-rib, (Sutherland), [reang], a bar, pole (Carm.); from Norse [ro@"ng], g. [rangar], a ship-rib. See [rong]. , kill, starve (M`F.), E.Ir. [ringim], I tear, [reangadh], to hang, [reng], piercing or tearing. See [tarruing]. , spotted, striped: "starred"; see [reannag]. , a star, Ir. [reanna/n], O.Ir. [rind], constellation, signum, sidus: [*rendi-], root [red], [r@.d], order; Lit. [rinda], row, order, Ch.Slav. [re@?du@u], ordo; Gr. @G[e@'rcre/detai], fixed; Lat. [ordo] (Fick, Prellwitz). , talkative, prattling (H.S.D., Dial.), Ir. [re/ascach], [ra/scach]; see [ra/san]. , stubborn, irascible, restive: , sell, Ir. [reic], a sale, O.Ir. [recc], a sale, [reccaim] (vb.), also [renim], I sell: root [per], through, over ("sell over sea"); Gr. --page 289 [peraw], sell, pass through, @G[pipra/skw], @G[perncmi], I sell; Lit. [pirkti], [perku\], buy. The Gadelic and Lit. how a secondary root [perk], [prek], Gadelic [*(p)rek-ka^], while O.Ir. [renim] and Gr. @G[perncmi] give a stem [perna@--], [prena@u-] (Ir.). , roar, howl (H.S.D.): , plain, smooth, Ir. [re/idh], O.Ir. [re/id], W. [rhwydd], O.W. [ruid], O.Br. [roed], M.Br. [roez], Br. [rouez]: [*reidi-]; Eng. [ready], Ger. [bereit], Got. [garaids], ordered. Also O.Ir. [riadaim], I drive, Gaul. [re^da], waggon, allied to Eng. [ride], Ger. [reiten], etc. , a burying ground, Manx [ruillick], Ir. [reilig], [roilig], E.Ir. [relic(c)], [relec(c)], O.Ir. [reilic], cemeterium; from Lat. [reliqui@ae], relics. , dominion, power, Ir. [re/im]: , course, order, Ir. [re/im], O.Ir. [re/imm], inf. to [rethim], I run: [*reid-s-men-], root [reid] of [re/idh], O.Ir. [riadaim], I drive. Strachan suggests as alternates root [rengh], spring, leap (cf. W. [rhamu], soar), Gr. @G[ri/mfa], quickly, Ger. [ge-ring], light, Lit. [rengtis], hurry; or root [ret], run (see [ruith]), [*retmen], or rather, [*ret-s-men], which would only give [re@umm]. , , according to, Ir. [a re/ir], [do re/ir]; dat. of [riar], q.v. , a race; from the Eng. (H.S.D.). Cf. [re/ise], span, of E.Ir. , a span, Ir. [re/ise]: [*prendsia^], from [sprend], Lit. [spre/sti^], to measure a span, root [sprend] (Strachan). , a regiment; from the Eng. , , concord, conciliation, Ir. [re/idhteach]; [re/idh], with terminal [-tio-]. , , a ram, Ir. [reithe], E.Ir. [rethe]: [*retio-]; cf. Lat. [aries] ([*erie/t-]), Umbrian [erietu] (from [eri-]), Gr. @G[e@'/riofos], etc., as in [earb]. , , frost, Ir. [reo/], [reodhadh], E.Ir. [reo], [reod], O.Ir. [reu/d], W. [rhew], Corn. [reu], gelu], Br. [reo], [rev]. Stokes gives the stem as [*regu-], even suggesting that the Gadelic forms are borrowed from the Cymric; O.Ir. [re/ud] he refers to [*presatu-]. I.E. [preus], whence Lat. [pruina], Eng. [freeze], has been suggested, but the vowels do not immediatley suit ([preus] would give [rua-], [ro/-] or [ro-], in G.); yet [*prevo-], a longer form (with or without [s]) of [preu-s], can account for the Celtic forms. , , tear, wound, Ir. [reubaim], [re/abaim], E.Ir. [re/baim], [re/p-gaeth], rending wind: [*reibbo-], root [reib], Eng. [reap], [ripe], and [rip](?). Stokes gives the stem as [*reip-no/-], root [reip] of Gr. @G[e@'rei/pw], dash down, Lat. [ri^pa], Eng. [rive], [rift], Norse [rifna], rumpi, [ri/fa], break. G. , rapine, leans for its form and force on Lat. [rapina]. W. [rheibio], seize, is from Lat. [rapio]. --page 290 , a rebel; from the Eng. , a timber moth; cf. O.Ir. [re/tan], recula, small thing, from [re/t], now [rud], q.v. , pl., , star, Ir. [reult], g. [re/ilte], E.Ir. [retla], g. [retland], [retglu], g. [retgland] ("[re/t gle/], bright thing", Corm.); perhaps [re/t], thing, and [*gland], shining, Ger. [glanz] (see [gleus]). , constant (Arms.); from [re/im], course. , reason, Ir. [reusun], M.Ir. [re/su/n], from M.Eng. [reisun], now [reason]. , a beggar's brat (Arran), a rascal: , to, against, Ir. [re], O.Ir. [ri], [fri], in composition [frith-], [fris-], [fre-], W. [gwrth], [wrth], versus, contra, re-, Cor. [orth], Br. [ouz]; [*vr@.ti], root [vert], turn; Lat. [versus], against, to, [verto], turn; Eng. [-wards], etc. , brindled, greyish, so Ir., M.Ir. [riab], a stripe: [*reiba^ko-], Lit. [rai/bas], mottled grey, Lett. [raibs], motley, O.Pruss. [roaban], striped. , a lark, Ir. [riabho/g], "grey one", from [riabhach]. , cut the surface, graze. Although there is I.E. [reiko-], notch, break (Gr. @G[e@'rei/kw], tear, Lit [raiky/ti], draw a furrow, etc., Ger. [reihe], row, Eng. [row]), yet it seems most probable that [riach] is a variant of [stri\och], q.v. , a distributing: , tattered garment (Suth.): , interest; from an older [ri/ad], running, course (see [re/idh] for root). Cf. for force M.Ir. [rith], interest: "running". , a drill (as of potatoes, Badenoch): "course, running", as in the case of [riadh] above. See [riamh]. , a snare: [*reigo-], root [rig] in [cuibhreach]? , a rule, Ir. [riaghail], O.Ir. [riagul], [riagol]; from Lat. [re^gula], Eng. [rule]. Hence also rule thou. , a swing, swinging; cf. Ir. [riagh], gallows, [riaghadh], hanging, gibbeting, O.Ir. [riag], gibbet. Cf. [riadh], snare. , a drill (of potatoes, turnips, etc, M`A. for Skye); see [riadh]. H.S.D. gives the meaning of "series, number", Ir. [ri/omh], O.Ir. [ri/m], number, W. [rhif], as in [a\ireamh], q.v. , ever, before, Ir. [riamh], O.Ir. [riam], antea: [*reimo-], [preimo-], I.E. [pri], [pri^], belonging as a case to [pro], before, and [per]; Lat. [pri-] (in [pris cus], [primus], etc.), Lith. [pri], Got. [fri-], See [roimh]. , order, mode, sobriety, Ir. [rian], way or path, E.Ir. [rian], way, manner: [*reino-], root [rei]; Lat. [ri^tus], Eng. [rite] (Strachan). , will, pleasure, Ir. [riar], O.Ir. [riar], voluntas: [*pri^jara^] (Stokes), root [pri^], love, please; Eng. [friend], Got. [frijon], to --page 291 love; Ch.Sl. [prijati], be favourable; Skr. [pri@-/yate], be gratified, [pri^n@.a^ti], enjoy. , tear asunder, , mangling, tearing asunder: [*reik-so-], root [reik], notch, break; Gr. @G[e@'rei/kw], tear? Cf. [riastradh] [riach]; and [riaghan], a swing. , dirk-grass, morass with sedge, land covered with sedge or dirk-grass, Manx [reeast], wilderness, Ir. [riasg], moor or fen, E.Ir. [riasc], morass; [*reisko-]; cf. Lat. [ru^scum] ([*roiscum]?), butcher's broom, Eng. [rush]. Sc. [reesk], coarse grass, marshy land, is from G. , a mangled carcase (H.S.D., Dial.); from stem of [riasail]. , , confused, disordered; see next word.>> , turbulance, confusion, wandering, E.Ir. [ri/astrad], distortion. For root, cf. [riasail]. W. [rhywstro], obstruct (Hend.). , wanton, illegitimate; cf. Eng. [riot]. , hair, snare, Ir. [ribe], [ruibe], hair, whisker. See next words. , rag, tassel, fringe, , riband, Ir. [ribeo/g], rag, tassel, [ribleach], a long line, anything tangled, [ribi/n], riband; from M.Eng. [riban], O.Fr. [riban] (Br. [ruban]). , a reed, bagpipe reed, musical note, Ir. [ribheid]; from M.Eng. [re@-od], now [reed]. , , a nymph, young lady, quean, Ir. [ri/oghan], queen, E.Ir. [ri/gan], a derivative of [ri\gh], king. Gaelic leans, by proper etymology, on [ri\gh-bhean]. , a riddle; from the Eng. , field, bottom of a valley (H.S.D.); better . See [ruighe]. , a knight, Ir. [ridire], E.Ir. [ritire], W. [rheidyr]; from Ag.S. [ridere], horseman, [ridda(n)], knight, Ger. [ritter], knight, Norse [riddari], rider, knight; from the verb [ride] (see [re/idh]). , a king, Ir. [ri/gh], O.Ir. [ri/], g. [ri/g], W. [rhi], Gaul. [-rix], pl. [-riges]: [*re^ks], g. [re^gos]; Lat. [rex], [re^gis]; Got. [reiks], ruler, Eng. [rich], [-ric]; Skr. [ra^j], king, our [rajah]. , stretch (on a death bed), Ir. [righim], stretch, reach, E.Ir. [rigim], Lat. [rego], etc., as under [righinn]. , a rell, dance; see [ruithil]. , tough, pliant, tenacious, Ir. [righin]: [*reg-eni-]; root [reg], stretch, Gr. @G[o@'re/gw], stretch, Lat. [porrigo], [rego], etc. See [e/irich]. , a point, promontory, Ir. [rind], O.Ir. [rinnd], [rind], W. [rhyn], [pehrhyn], cape. It has been analysed as [ro-ind], "fore-end", E.Ir. [ind], end, Eng. [end]. Cf. [reannag], however. , did, Ir. [rinn], O.Ir. [rigni], fecit; from [ro] and [gni] of [ni\], will do, q.v. See also [gni\omh]. --page 292 , appearance, form, Ir. [riochd], O.Ir. [richt], W. [rhith]: [*riktu-], [*r@.ktu-] (?); for root, see that of [dorch]. , kind of sea-gull (Lewis); N. [rytr], sea-gull. , the reef of a sail; from the Eng. , brimstone (Nunro's Gr.): , fine, costly, handsome, Ir. [ri/mheighe], finery, delicateness: [*ri^mo-], "measured"; root [ri^m] of [a\ireamh]? , , a mackerel: "streaked, spotted", from [reann], star, connstellation. See [reannag]. , mangle, tear (H.S.D.); founded on Eng. [rip]. , weakness in the back (Suth); Sc. [ripples]. , , really, in earnest, Ir. [ri/readh], [da ri/readh] or [ri/ribh], revera; from [*ro-fhi\r], very true? , a surface plough, used in the Hebrides, drawn by one horse and having a sickle-like coulter, Sc. [ristle]; from the Norse [ristill], ploughshare, from [ri/sta], cut. , , , etc., again, Ir. [ari/s], O.Ir. [arithissi], [afrithissi], rursus. Ascoli suggests [*frith-e/isse], from [e/is], vestigium (see [de/is]). Others have derived it from [*ar-fithis], O.Ir. [fithi/ssi], absidas, [fithis], a circle, orbit. The [a] at the beginning is for [ar-]: [*ar-frithissi], that is, [air], by, on, q.v. The root may well be [sta], stand, reduplicated to [*sistio-]: thus [*frith(sh)issi-], "resistere, backness". , very, Ir. [ro/], O.Ir. [ro-], W. [rhy-], Br. [re], O.Br. [ro-], [ru-], Gaul. [ro-] ([Ro-smerta], [Ro-danos], etc.): [*ro-], [*pro-], which is both a verbal and an intensive particle; Lat. [pro]; Gr. @G[pro/], before; Eng. [fore], [for]; Skr. [pra], before. , coarse hair; founded on Eng. [rope]. , a robber; from the Eng. The Ir. has [robail] for "rob". , notification, information about anything lost; cf. for root, the old form of [rabhadh], q.v. , a runt; Eng. [rout?] , a rock; from the Eng. [roc], a tempest covered rock (Heb.), so M`K., who derives from N. [rok]. , a wrinkle, crease, Ir. [roca/n], [rug]; from the Norse [hrukka], wrinkle, fold, Eng. [ruck], fold (Thurneysen). See [rug]. , a hoarse voice; founded on the Norse [hro/kr], rook, croaker, G. [ro\cas], crow, Norse [hro/kr], rook. W. has [rhoch], grunt, groan, Br. [roc'ha], which Stokes refers to [*rokka], Gr. @G[re/gkw], snore. , tear, corrugate; in the latter sense, it is from [roc], wrinkle, and, probably, the first meaning is of the same origin. See, however, [racadh]. --page 293 , a crow; from Norse [hro/kr], M.Eng. [rook], Ag.S. [hr/oc]. , a cough, retching (Dial.); see [ro\c]. , a way, road, Ir. [ro/d], E.Ir. [ro/d]; from Ag.S. [ra/d], M.Eng. [rode], now [road]. , a quantity of sea-weed cast on the shore; cf. Ir. [ro/d], a cast, shot (O'R.), E.Ir. [rout]. , a rood (of land or mason-work); from the Eng. , sea-weed growth on timber under water; cf. [ro\d], sea weed. , ruddy, darkish, M.Ir. [rotaide]: [*rud-do-], root [rud], [roud] of [ruadh], q.v. , , a rogue; from the Eng. , a choice, Ir. [rogha], g. [roghan], E.Ir. [rogain], n.pl., O.Ir. [rogy]: [*ro-gu], root [gu], [gus], of [taghadh], q.v. Stokes gives the stem as [*rogo^n] and the root as [rog], which ([Bez.Beit.]@+[18]) he correlates with Lat. [rogo], ask. Bez. suggests Lit. [roga/uti], to cost. , filth, sqalid beard, filth about the mouth; cf. [ro\pach] for root. , a sumptuous but unrefined feast; seemingly founded on the Sc. [rouch] as applied to a feast - "plentiful but rough and ready". , tear (H.S.D.; Sh. and Arm. have [roic]); see [rocail]. , bog myrtle, Ir. [rideog] (O'R.), M.Ir. [raidleog], darnel, [raideog], bogmyrtle (St.): [*raddi]. Cf. [ras]. , a race before a leap, a bounce or spring: [*raddi-], [*raz-di-], root [ras], as in Eng. [race]? , snout of a sow; really the "rolled" up part of the snout, and so possibly from Eng. [roll]. , a confused joy, , a fawning or too cordial reception; cf. Ir. [ro/thoil], exceeding pleasure, from [toil], will. Also G. . , before, Ir. [roimh], O.Ir. [rem-]: [*(p)r@.mo-] (Stokes), root [per], as in [ro] (= [pro]); in form, nearest allied to Eng. [from], Got. [fruma], Lit. [pirm], before. In the pronominal compounds, where [s] begins the pronoun, the [m] and [s] develop an intermediate [p] coincident with the eclipse of the [s]: [rompa] = [*rom-p-shu], where [su] = [so^s] (see [sa]). , (also , ), Ir. [ro/ine], [ro/inne], a hair, especially a horse hair, W. [rhawn], coarse long hair, Cor. [ruen], Br. [reun], a hair, bristle, Skr. [roman], hair, etc: [*ra^ni-]; cf. Ir. [ruain], hair of tail of cow or horse, [ruainne], a hair. , division, share, Ir. [roinn], M.Ir. [roinded], divided: [*ranni-], an [i] stem from [rann], q.v. --page 294 , rosin; from the Sc. [roset], Eng. [rosin]. , a small potato (M`D.): , surge of a wave, the impetus of a boat, an assault, boasting; from the Sc. [roust], strong tide or current, Norse [ro@"st], a stream or current in the sea. In the sense of "boast", it is from Sc. [rouse], [roose], Norse [rausan], boasting. , a romance, rhodomontade; from [ro], very, and [sgeul], a tale, q.v. , roast, Ir. [ro/sdaim], W. [rhostio]; from the Eng. [roast], O.Fr. [rostir], from O.H.G. [ro^st], craticula. , a wheel, pulley, Ir. [roithlea/n]; from [roth], q.v. , , a roll, volume, Ir. [rolla]; from M.Eng. [rolle], O.Fr. [rolle], Lat. [rotula]; now Eng. [roll]. , a romance, exaggeration; cf. Sc., Eng. [rigmarole]. , hairy, rough: , meal and whisky (Sutherland): , wild talk, raving, rigmarole (Dial.); from Eng. [row]? from [Roman]? Cf. W. [rhamant], romance, Ir. [rama\s], romance. ---KPD: Ir. [rame/is]? , the seal, Ir. [ro/n], O.Ir. [ro/n] (before 900), W. [moelron]: [*ra^no-]; Lettic [rohns], seal (W.Meyer, [Zeit.]@+[28] 119). Stokes holds [ro/n] as an old borrow from Ag.S. [hron] or [hro/n], [hra/n], whale, while the Lit. [ru\inis], Lettic [ro@~nis], seal, must be from Teutonic. Zimmer suggests Norse [hreinn], reindeer, Ag.S. [hra/n]. Cf. names [Ro/na/n], [Ro/no/c], [Mac Ronchon]. , a joining spar, rung, boat-rib, , (Dial.), Ir. [runga]; from M.Eng. [ronge], rung of a ladder, [runge], Ag.S. [hrung]; now Eng. [rung]; N. [ro@"ng], main rafter, pole. The words [reang] and [rang] or [rangan], "boat-rib", are from the Norse. , the vital spark, life: , a lounger; cf. next word.>> , , a lean person; from [rong], rung: "like a ladder". The Sc. has [rung] in this sense: "an ugly, big-boned animal or person". , a slaver, a spittle, E.Ir. [ronna], running of the nose: [*runno-]; cf. Eng. [run]. , slovenly, squalid, Ir. [ru/pach], a young slut: [*roub-tho-]; cf. Eng. [rub]. , dealing extensively with a family in provisions, etc.; liberality (M`A.): , seed, , flax seed (Armstrong's only use for it), Ir. [ros], flax seed, M.Ir. [ros], genealogy, E.Ir. [ross li/n], flax seed --page 295 (Corm.), [ros], genealogy, to which Strachan compares Got. [frasts], for [fra-s@?t-s], from [pro-sto] (Stokes), a child. A usual word for seed is , which also means a "shower", but both are ultimately from [*verso], flow, whence Gr. @G[e@'/rsc], @G[e@`rsc], dew, and @G[a@'rscn], male. Dr. Cameron compared Gr. @G[pra/son], leek ([*pr@.so]), Eng. [furze]. , a promontory, Ir. [ros], promontory (North Ireland), wood (South Ireland; its usual Ir. meaning), E.Ir. [ross], promontory, wood; in the former sense from [*pro-sto-s], "standing out before", root [sta], stand, Lat. [sto], Eng. [stand], etc.; especially Skr. [prastha], plateau. In the sense of "wood", [ros] is generally regarded as the same word as [ros], promontory, explained as "promontorium nemorosum", with which is compared W. [rhos], a moor, waste, coarse highland, Br. [ros], a knoll. , rose, Ir. [ro/sa], M.Ir. [ro/s], W. [rhosyn]; from the M.Eng. [rose], Ag.S. [ro/se], from Lat. [ro@usa]. The word [ro\s] has also the metaphoric meaning of "erysipelas". , knowledge (Carm.): , mischance, evil spell: [*pro-stanto-], "standing before, obstruction", root [sta]. Cf. [faosaid]. , an eye, eyelid, Ir. [rosg], O.Ir. [rosc], oculus: [*rog-sko-], root [reg], [rog], see, Ir. [re/il], clear ([*regli-]); Lit. [regiu\], I see (Bez. apud Stokes). See [dorch]. , aincitement (to battle), war ode, Ir. [rosg], E.Ir. [rosc]: [*ro-sqo-], root [seq], say, as in [sgeul], [cosg], q.v. , a belch, bursting as of waves (H.S.D., Dial.); from Fr. [rot]. , horse radish; from Sc. [rotcoll]. , a rush at starting, a running: , rough weather, [ro/tach]? (Lewis); N. [ro/ta], storm. , a hand rattle to frighten cattle: , a circle of flith on one's clothes (M`A. for Islay), , a sloven: , cutting, dividing; from Sc. [rot], lines drawn on the ground to show the work to be done, to furrow, rut; cf. Eng. [rut]. , a ship's wake; cf. Eng. [rut], [route], Lat. [rupta^]. , a wheel, Ir., O.Ir. [roth], W. [rhod] (f.), Br. [rod]: [*roto-], root [ret], [rot]; Lat. [rota], wheel; Ger. [rad]; Lat. [ra/tas], Lett. [rats]; Skr. [ra/thas], waggon. Same root as [ruith], q.v. Hence , a roll (of tobacco), , roll thou, swathe. , a screw or vice: , red, ruddy, Ir. [ruadh], E.Ir. [ru/ad], W. [rhudd], Corn. [rud], Br. [ruz]: [*roudo-]; Lat. [ru^fus], [ru^ber]; Gr. @G[e@'ruqro/s]; Got. [rau@ths]. Ag.S. [re/ad], Eng. [red] (Sc. [reid], [Reid]); Lit. [rauda\], red colour. --page 296 , pursue, , flight, Ir. [ruaig] (n.), E.Ir. [ruaic]: [*rounko-], [rouk], root [rou], Lat. [ruo], rush, fall. , a flush of anger on the face, Ir. [ruaim], [ruamnadh], reddening: <*roud-s-men], from [*roud] of [ruadh]. , hale and jolly though old (M`A. for Islay): , rumble (M`A.); from the Eng. , a dry pool, muddy water (Sh.), Ir. [ruaimle]. In G. the word means also the same as [ruaim] above, whence indeed [ruaimle] as "muddy pool" may also be. Cf. Sc. [drumblie]. , strong, active, M.Ir. [ruamach], E.Ir. [ru/amna] (?): [*rous-men-]; Lat. [ruo], rush. , a rhapsody (M`A.): , dig, delve, Ir. [ro/mhairim], [ro/ghmhar], digging, E.Ir. [ruamor]; root [rou], [reu], [ru^], dig; Lat. [ruo], dig, [ra^ta], minerals; Lit. [ra/uti], dig up. , rigmarole (M`A.): , violent onset, skirmish, spell, so Ir., E.Ir. [ru/athar], W. [rhuthr], impetus, insultus: [*routro-], root [rou], to rush on; Lat. [ruo], rush. , rub; from the Eng. , a tumult, rumbling (M`A.); formed on Eng. [rumble]. , (H.S.D., M`A.), , (M`E., etc.), a rick of hay; from Sc. [ruck], Eng. [rick], [ruck], Norse [hraukr], heap. , jostling kind of fondness: , , the throat, wheezing; cf. Sc. [roulk] (= [rouk]), hoarse, Fr. [rauque], hoarse, from Lat. [raucus]. , a grunt, belch, rumbling noise; from Lat. [ructo], belch, [eru^gere], epit out, Lit. [ru/giu], belch. Cf. Sc. [ruck], belch. , a thing, Dial. (Arg., Arran), (Arran ), hospitable, Ir. [rud] (g. [roda]), [raod], O.Ir. [re/t], g. [re/to]: [*rentu-s]; Skr. [ra/tna], property, goods; also root [ra^] of [rath], q.v. , a knuckle, a tendon: [*runto-]: , a promontory, Ir. [rubha], E.Ir. [rube]: [*pro-bio-], "being before"; from root [bu] of the verb "to be"; see [bi]. , a blush, E.Ir. [ruidiud]; from root [rud], a short form of [roud] in [ruadh], q.v. , (Suth.), a crab, partan: , thrift (M`A.): , a small stack of corn (H.S.D., M`E.); see [ru\than], peat heap, with which and with [ru\can] this form and meaning are made up. , searching, groping, Ir. [ru/dhrach], a darkening: , wrinkle, Ir. [rug]; from Norse [hrukka], a wrinkle, fold, Eng. [ruck], a crease. --page 297 , caught, Ir. [rug], E.Ir. [ruc], [rucc], tulit, O.Ir. [rouic]: [*ro+ucc-], where [ucc] = [*ud-gos-a], root [ges], carry, Lat. [gero], [gestum]. See [thug]. , rough cloth (M`A.); from Eng. [rug], M.Eng. [ruggi], hairy, Swed. [ruggig]. , a greedy grasping of anything; from Sc. [rook], deprive of, [rookit], cleared out. , a long neck (H.S.D.): , a drunkard (H.S.D. says Dial., M`A. says N.); from the Eng. For phonetics, cf. [ra\c], drake. , a blush; see rather [rudha], but [rucce] (Corm.) shame, reddening (O'Cl.). , undesirable fondness (M`D.): , a pimple: [*rud-ki-], from [rud], [roud], red, as in [ruadh]. , (Arg.), a dance; see [ruithil]. , a yarn reel; from M.Eng. [reel], [hre/ol], Ag.S. [hre/ol]. , rolling; from [ruith], [roth]. , a glutton, riotous liver; from Eng. [rioter]. , merry, frisky, Ir. [ruide/iseach], from [ruide/is], a sporting mood. Cf. [ruidhtear]. , half castrated ram; from Eng. [rig], [ridgeling]. , reach, arrive at, O.Ir. [riccim], [riccu]; from [ro] and [iccim], for which see [thig]. Hence , as far as, O.G. [gonice] (B.of Deer), E.Ir. [corrici]. , an arm, forearm, Ir. [righ], E.Ir. [rig], forearm: [*regit-], root [reg], stretch, Lat. [rego], etc. See [ruigheachd]. , the outstretched part or base of a mountain, shealing ground, E.Ir. [rige], [rigid], a reach, reaches; from the root [reg], stretch, as in the case of the foregoing words. , , reaching, arriving, Ir. [righim], I reach, inf. [riachdain], [rochdain], E.Ir. [rigim], porrigo: [*rego^]; Lat. [rego], [erigo], [porrigo], I stretch; Gr. @G[o@'re/gw], stretch; further is Eng. [right], etc. See [e/irich]. , wool-roll ready to spin; from the same rroot as [ruighe]. , a point; see [rinn]. , a long stick or stake, an animal's tail, rump: , a rinsing, rinser; from Eng. [rinse]. , a rash; formed from the Eng. Cf. Lit. [russus], root [rud]. , ruddy, E.Ir. [rutech]: [*rud-tiko-], from [rud], [roud] of [ruadh]. Stokes ([Rev.Celt.]@+[8] 366) explained it as [*rudidech], but this would give G. [ruideach]. , run, Ir. [riothaim], O.Ir. [rethim], perf. [ra/ith], inf. [rith] (d. [riuth], W. [rhedu], to run, [rhed], race, Br. [redek], Gaul. --page 298 [petor-ritum], four wheeler: [*reto^]; Lit., Lett. [ritu\], I roll; Lat. [rota], wheel, [rotula], Eng. [roll], Lat. [rotundus], Eng. [round]. See [roth]. , a reel, dance, also , : [*retoli-], root [ret], run, wheel, as in [ruith]; Lat. [rotula], little wheel, [rotulare], revolve, Eng. [roll]. Hence Eng. [reel] (Skeat). The borrowing may be, however,, the other way, and Eng. [reel], dance, be the same as [reel], a spindle or bobbin. [*roteli]? , a room, Ir. [ru/m], M.Ir. [ru/m], floor (O'Cl.); from the Eng. , a marsh: , the tail, rump; from the Sc. [rumple], Eng. [rump]. , intention, love, secret, Ir., O.Ir. [ru/n], W. [rhin]: [*ru^nes-]; Got., O.H.G., Norse [ru/nar], Eng. [runes]; Gr. @G[e@'reuna/w], seek out; root [revo], search. , search, turn over things, scrape, , , rusling, moving things about (Perth); from Eng. [rustle]; for ultimate root, see above word.>> , a fleece, skin, husk, bark, Ir. [rusg], O.Ir. [ru/sc], cortex, W. [rhisg], cortex, Cor. [rusc], cortex, Br. [rusgenn], [rusk], bark: [*ru^sko-]; whence Fr. [ruche], beehive (of bark), O.Fr. [rusche], [rusque], Pied. [rusca], bark. Stokes thinks the Celtic is probably an old borrwo from the Teutonic - M.H.G. [rusche], rush, Eng. [rush], rushes; but unlikely. The Cor. and Br. vowel [u] does not tally with Gadelic [u^]; this seems to imply borrowing among the Celts themseles. , a ram, ridglinng; from Norse [hru/tr], ram. , rutting: from the Eng. , surly (Carm.): [rut], ram (Carm.). , the hor of a roebuck: , desire (Carm.): (better ), a peat heap (= [dais]); from the Norse [hru/gi], heap. , quarrelsome, fighting (H.S.D. marks it obsolete; Arms.), Ir. [ru/tharach] (O'R.); from [ruathar]. <-sa> <-se>, <-san>, emphatic pronominal particle attached to personal pronouns and to nouns preceded by the possessive pronouns: , I myself, , , (she), , ; , , his head. So also modern Ir., save that [esan] is [e/sean]: O.Ir. [-sa], [-se] (1st pers.), [su], [-so], pl. [-si] (2nd pers.), [-som], [-sem] (3rd pers. [m.] and [n.], sing., and pl.), [-si] (3rd pers. [f.]). All are cases of the pronominal root [so-], [-se]; Gr. @G[o@`], the (= @G[so]); Ag.S. [se], the (m.), Eng. [she]. See [so], [sin]. --page 299 , a brawl, fight; see [tabaid]: , Sabbath, Ir. [Sabo/id], M.Ir. [sapoit]; from Lat. [sabbatum], whence Eng. [sabbath]; from Hebrew [shabba/th]. , sorrel, Ir. [samh]; better [samh], q.v. , ointment, salve; from Sc. [saw], Eng. [salve]. , a saw, Ir. [sa/bh]; from the Eng. , save, Manx [sauail], Ir. [sabhailim] ([sa/bha/laim], O'B.); from Lat. [salvare], to save. Kuno Meyer says from Eng. [save]. , a barn, so Ir., M.Ir. [saball], Ir.Lat. [zabulum]; through Brittonic from Lat. [stabulum], a stall, Eng. [stable]. Cf. M.Ir. [ste/ferus] = zephyr. , a lie, fable (H.S.D., Dial.), straying, lounging; cf. [saobh]. , sauce, Ir. [sabhsa]; from the Eng. , a sausage; founded on the English word. , a sack, Ir. [sac], E.Ir. [sacc], W. [sach]; from Ag.S. [sacc], Eng. [sack], Got. [sakkus], Lat. [saccus]. , a load, burden, Ir. [sacadh], pressing into a sack or bag, Low Lat. [saccare] (do.); from Fr. [sac], pillage, the same as Eng. [sack], plunder, all borrowed from [saccus], a sack or bag. , sand-eel: , dust shaken from anything by beating, a smart blow, , dusting, beating. , aught (M`D.: Cha 'n' eil sad agam, I have naught): , a priest, Ir. [sagart], O.Ir. [sacart], [sacardd]; from Lat. [sacerdos], whence Eng. [sacerdotal]. , , shy, bashful, Ir. [soidialta], rude, ignorant; from [sodal], q.v. , an upright beam, prow of a ship, a handle or the part of a blade in the handle: , bitch; see [saigh]: , , the saith fish (Arg.); from N. [sei@dhr], the gadus virens, now [sei]. , hay; formed from the Eng. [hay] by the influence of the article ([an t-hay] becoming a supposed de-eclipsed [say]). , sound of a falling body, a crash, noise (Badenoch Dial. , a dint): , a corpulent little man: , a bitch, Ir. [saith] (Con., Lane, etc.), [sagh], [saighi/n] (O'Br.), M.Ir. [sogh], [sodh], E.Ir. [sod], bitch, she-wolf: , soldier, archer, Ir. [sa/ighdiur] (do.), M.Ir. [saigdeoir], sagittarius, W. [sawdwr], soldier; from M.Eng. [soudiour], [sougeour], Sc. [sodger], now [soldier], confused in Gadelic with an early borrow from Lat. [sagittarius], archer. , an arrow, so Ir., O.Ir. [saiget], W. [saeth], Cor. [seth], Br. [saez]; from Lat. [sagitta]. For root see [ionnsuidh]. --page 300 , a beam, Ir. [sail]: [*spali-], allied to Ger. [spalten], split, Eng. [spill], [split]. , a heel, Ir., O.Ir. [sa/l], W. [sawdl], Br. [seuzl]: [*sa^tla^]. Ascoli has lately revived the old derivatino from [*sta^-tlo^-], root [sta], stand; but [st] initial does not in native words become [s] in Gadelic. , fat or fatness, Ir. [saill], fat, bacon, pickle: [*saldi-]; Eng. [salt], etc.; Lit. [saldu\s], sweet. See [salann] further. , salt thou, Ir., O.Ir. [saillim], condio, [*saldio], salt: [*salni-]; see [salann]. , a decoction, oak-bark decoction to staunch blood, a consumption pectoral; founded on M.Eng. [salfe], now [salve]? , luxury, sensuality, Ir. [sa/imhe], peace, luxury, E.Ir. [sa/im], pleasant: [*svadmi-]; Eng. [sweet], Gr. @G[e@`du/s], etc. But cf. [sa\mhach]. , the trefoil clover (A.M`D.), Ir. [seamar]; see [seamrag]. , a handsel, New Year's gift; from Sc. [handsel], M.Eng. [hansell], i.e. [hand-sellan], deliver. , the back bone, joint of the neck or backbone, Ir. [saith], joint of neck or backbone (Lh., O'B., etc.): , also , , sea, Ir. [sa/ile], E.Ir. [sa/l], [sa/ile]: [*sva^los], root [sval], [svel]; Lat. [salum], sea; Eng. [swell] (Stokes, who also refers Br. [c'hoalen], salt). Shra@"der equates Gadelic with Gr. @G[a@`/ls], salt, the sea, and Lat. [salum], root [sal]. , dirty, Ir., so O.Ir. [salach], W. [halawg], [halog], Cor. [halou], stercora, O.Br. [haloc], lugubri: [*sala^ko-s] (adj.), root [sal], to dirty; Eng. [sallom], O.H.G. [salo], dusky, dirty. [sal], filth, is used. , salt, Ir., O.Ir. [salann], W. [halen], Cor. [haloin], Br. [halenn] (*[sale^n]): [*salanno-s], salt; Lat. [sal]; Gr. @G[a@`ls], salt, sea; Eng. [salt], Ger. [salz]; Ch.Sl. [soli@u]. , a chalder; from Sc. [chalder], Eng. [chalder], [chaldron], from O.Fr. [chaldron], a caldron. , a psalm, Ir., O.Ir. [salm], W. and Br. [salm]; from Lat. [psalmus], Eng. [psalm]. , trample, Ir. [saltairim]; from Lat. [saltare], dance. , the smell of the air in a close room, ill odour: , sorrel, Ir. [samh]: , a god, giant (Carm.): , a clownish person; cf. Sc. [sow], one who makes a dirty appearance, "a pig". , wooden haft, handle, Ir. [samhthach], O.Ir. [samthach]; cf. O.Ir. [samaigim], pono (which Ascoli refers to [*stam], root [sta], stand). Cf. [sam], together, of [samhuinn]. --page 301 , quiet, Ir. [sa/mhach] (Coneys has [samhach]), still, pleasant, from [sa/mh], ([samh]), pleasant, still, E.Ir. [sa/m], [sa/me], rest, quiet, [sa/im], mild, quiet: [*sa^mo-]. Possibly allied to Eng. [soft], O.H.G. [samfto], softly, Got. [samjan], please; and the root [sam] of [samhradh]. Stokes suggests connectino with Zend [ha^ma], like, Ch.Sl. [samu@u], ipse, Norse, [so@"mr], [samr], Eng. [same]; or Gr. @G[c@`meros], tame. Cf. [sa\imhe]. , , likeness, like, Ir. [samhail], like, [samhuil], likeness, simile, W. [hafal], similis, O.W. [amal], Corn. [haval], [avel], Br. [haual]: [*samali-]; Gr. @G[o@`omalo/s], like; Lat. [similis]; Eng. [same]. , savin-bush, Ir. [samha/n]; from Eng. [savin], M.Eng. [saveine], Ag.S. [savine], Lat. [sabina]. , , a large river trout (H.S.D., Dial.): , summer, Ir. [samhradh], [sa/mhradh], E.Ir. [samrad], [sam], W., Corn. [haf], M.Br. [haff], Br. [hanv]: [*samo-]; Skr. [sa/ma^], year, Zend [hama], summer, Arm. [am], year; further Eng. [summer], Gr. @G[c@`me/ra], day. The termination [rad] = [rado-n] (n.). , Hallow-tide, Ir. [samhain], E.Ir. [samuin], [samain], [samfhuin]: usually regarded as for [*sam-fuin], "summer-end", from [sam], summer, and [fuin], end, sunset, [fuinim], I end, [*vo-neso^], root [nes], as in [co\mhnuidh], q.v. (Stokes). For [fuin], Kluge suggests [*wen], suffer (Got. [winnan], suffer); Zimmer favours Skr. [van], hurt (Eng. [wound]); and Ascoli analyses it into [fo-in-]. Dr Stokes, however, takes [samain] from the root [som], same (Eng. [same], Gr. @G[o@`mo/s], like, Lat. [simul], whence Eng. [assemble]; see [samhuil]), and makes [*samani-] mean "assembly" - the gathering at Tara on 1st November, while [Ce/t-shamain], our [Ce/itein], was the "first feast", held on 1st May. , a copy, pattern, Ir. [samplair], [sampla]; from Eng. [sampler], [sample]. <-san>, as in , ipse, ; see [-sa]. , whisper, secret, Manx [sannish], whisper, Ir., E.Ir. [sanas]; [*sanastu-], root [sven]; Lat. [sonare], Eng. [sound]; Skr. [sva/nati], to sound. , desire, inclination, Ir., O.Ir. [sant], W. [chwant], Cor. [whans], Br. [c'hoant]: [*svand@?ta^], desire, root [svand], [svad], desire, please: Gr. @G[a@`nda/nw], please, @G[c@`du/s], sweet; Skr. [svad], relish; further Eng. [sweet], etc. , erroneous, apt to err, dissimulation, Ir. [saobh] (adj.), O.Ir. [sa/ib], [soib], later [saeb], falsus, pseudo-: [*svoibo-s], turning aside, wavering, W. [chwifio], turn, whirl; Eng. [sweep], [swoop]. , den of a wild beast, fox's den: --page 302 , journey, intention, condition, good humour (Arg.), Ir. [saod], [seud], journey, O.Ir. [se/t], way, journey, W. [hynt], Br. [hent], O.Br. [hint]: [*sento-s]; Got. [sin@ths], journey, way, O.H.G. [sind], Eng. [send]. Hence , drive cattle to pasture: Cf. [saod], drive animals slowly (Shet.), N. [saeta], waylay, [sa/t], ambush. , the world, an age, life, Ir. [saoghal], O.Ir. [saigul], [saegul]; from Lat. [saeculum], race, age, from [*sai-tlom], allied to W. [hoedl], life. , , a good, generous man, a warrior, a scholar, Ir. [saoi], a worthy man, a scholar, pl. [saoithe], E.Ir. [sa/i], [sui], a sage, g. [suad]: [*su-vid-s], root [vid] of [fios] (Thurneysen). Stokes ([Mart.Gorm.]) prefers [su-vet-], root [va^t], say (see [fa\ith]). Rhys agrees. , foolish, perverse, Ir. [saobh] (do.); see [saobh]. , rich, Ir. [saidhbhir], E.Ir. [saidber], opposed to [daidber]: [*su-adber], from [*ad-beri-] (Lat. [adfero]), root [bher] of [beir], bring, q.v. , peevishness, dulness; from [saoibh], [saobh]. Ir. has [saobhno/s], bad manners; but G. seems a pure derivative of [saobh]. , young saith (Lewis); cf. N. [sei@dhr]. , a mark, seal; see [seul]. , think, deem, Ir. [saoilim], E.Ir. [sa/ilim]; cf. Got. [saiwala], Eng. [soul], which Kluge suggests may be allied to Lat. [saeculum], root [sai]. , oversman, tutor (Suth.); see [taoitear]. , free, Ir. [saor]. E.Ir. [sa/er], O.Ir. [so/ir], [so/er]: [*su-viro-s], "good man", free; from [su] (= [so-]) and [viro-s], [fear], q.v. , a carpenter, Ir. [saor], W. [saer], Cor. [sair]: [*sairo-s], from [*sapiro-s], root [sap], skill, Lat. [sapio], [sapientia], wisdom, Ag.S. [sefa], understanding, sense (Stokes, who thinks the Brittonic may be borrowed). , labour, toil, Ir. [sothar], E.Ir. [sa/thar], O.Ir. [sa/ithar], g. [sa/ithir]: [*sai-tro-n]; also E.Ir. [sa/eth], [so/eth]: [*sai-tu-]; root [sai], trouble, pain; Got. [sair], Ag.S. [sa/r], Eng. [sore], Ger. [sehr], [*sai-ra-]; Lat. [saevus], wild; Lit. [si/ws], sharp, rough. , , sapphire, Ir. [saphi/r]; from Lat. [sapphirus], whence Eng. also. , oppression, , oppress, Ir. [sa/ruighim], O.Ir. [sa/raigim], violo, contemno [sa/r],, outrage, contempt W. [sarha@"ed] contumelia: [*sa^ro-n], [*spa^ro-n], root [sper], kick, spurn; Lat. [sperno]; Eng. [spurn]; Lit. [spi\rti], kick; Skr. [sphur], jerk (Stokes). The W. has the [a] pretonic short; is it borrowed from Ir. (Stokes)? --page 303 , excellent, Ir., E.Ir., O.Ir. [sa/r-], W. [hoer], positive, stubborn, assertion, Ogmic [Netta-sagru], [Sgerettos], [Sagrammi]: [*sagro-s], strong, root [seg]; Gr. @G[o@'huro/s], strong, fast, @G[e@'/hw], have; Ger. [sieg], victory; Skr. [sa/has], might. , a sprat; from the Eng. [sardel] (Bailey), now [sardine]. , straits, restraint, hold, E.Ir. [sa/s], a trap, fixing; from [sa\th], transfix, q.v. , satisfy, Ir. [sa/saighim], O.Ir. [sa/saim]; from [sa\th], q.v. , plenty, satiety, Ir. [sa/th], [sa/ith], E.Ir. [sa/ith]: [*sa^ti-]; Got. [so/@th], satiety, Ger. [satt] (adj.); Lit. [so/tis]; Lat. [sat], enough, [satur], full, whence Eng. [satisfy], etc. , thrust, transfix, Ir. [sa/thadh], a thrust, push, M.Ir. [sa/thud], driving, thrusting, E.Ir. [sa/dim] (L.U.), O.Ir. [im-sadaim], jacio, W. [hodi], shoot; possibly from [so^], [se^], hurl, as in [si\ol]: , , bad (Dial. [maith na saith, math na sath]), M.Ir. [sath] (Lecan Glossary), [saith], O.Ir. [saich] ([cid saich no maith]): [*saki-s], root [svak], [svag], weak, Ger. [schwach]. , , Saturday; see under [di-]. , , , six, Ir. [se/], O.Ir. [se/], W. [chwech], Cor. [wheh], Br. [c'houec'h]: [sveks]; Lat. [sex]; Gr. @G[e@`/x]; Got. [sai/hs], Eng. [six]; Skr. [shash]. , stray (M`A.): see [seabhaid]. , a hawk, Ir. [seabhac], E.Ir. [sebac], O.Ir. [sebocc], W. [hebog], E.W. [hebauc]; from Ag.S. [heafoc], now [hawk], Ger. [habicht], Norse [haukr], root [haf], I.E. [qap], Lat. [capus], hawk, allied to [capio]. , an error, wandering, Ir. [seabho/id], error, folly, wandering: [*sibo-], a short form of the root of [saobh]? , wither, Ir. [seacaim], E.Ir. [seccaim], [secc], siccus], W. [sychu] to dry, [sych], dry, Cron. [seygh], Br. [sec'h], dry; from Lat. [siccus]. See further under [seasg]. , by, past, Ir. [seach], O.Ir. [sech], ultra, praeter, W. [heb], without, Corn. [heb], Br. [hep], without: [*seqos]; Lat. [secus], otherwise, by, [sequor], I follow (Eng. [prosecute], etc.); Gr. @G[e@`pomai], I follow, Skr has [sa/ca^], with, together, Zend [haca], out, for. Hence G. and Ir. , past, G. and Ir. , avoid. , seven, Ir. [seachd], O.ir. [secht n-], W. [saith], Corn. [seyth], Br. [seiz]: [*septn@.]; Lat. [septem]; Gr. @G[e@`pta/]; Got., O.H.G. [siban], Eng. [seven]; Lit. [septyni]; Skr. [sapta/]. , a week, Ir. [seachdmhain], O.Ir. [sechtman], Corn. [seithum], Br. [sizun]; from Lat. [septimana], from [septem]. , a heifer barren though of age to bear a calf; cf. O.Ir. [sechmal], pr@aeteritio (= [sechm], past, and [ell], go, as in [tadhal]). Ir. [seachluighim], lay aside. H.S.D. suggests [seach-laogh], "past calf". [seach-la], surviving, still spared (Suth.). --page 304 , wandering, error, Ir. [seachra/n], E.Ir. [sechra/n]: [*sech-reth-an], from [seach] and [ruith], run? , yes, it is, Ir. ['seadh], for [is eadh], it is; see [is] and [eadh], it. , sense; usual spelling of [seagh], q.v. , rye, so Ir., M.Ir. [secul]; from Lat. [secale], whence also Br. [segal]. , sense, esteem, Ir. [seagh], regard, esteem, strength, [seaghdha], learned (O'Cl.), M.Ir. [seg], strength, Gaul. [sego-]: [*sego-], strength, pith; Norse [sigr], victory, Ger. [sieg]; Skr. [sa/has], might; further Gr. @G[e@'hw], have; I.E. [segh], hold. , a while, space, Ir. [seal], O.Ir. [sel], W. [chwyl], versio, turning, Br. [hoel], "du moins", root [svel], turn. Bez. (apud Stokes) compares Lettic [swalstit], move hither and thither; to which cf. Gr. @G[saleu/w], I toss. , possession, cattle, luck, Ir. [sealbh], E.Ir. [selb], O.Ir. [selbad], W. [helw], possession, ownership: [*selva^], possession, root [sel], take, E.Ir. [selaim], I take, Gr. @G[e@`lei@nn], take; Got. [saljan], offer, Eng. [sell]. Windisch has compared Got. [silba], Eng. [self] (pronominal root [sve]). , sorrel, Ir. [sealbho/g]; usually regarded as for [searbhag], "bitter herb" (cf. Eng. [sorrel] from [sour]). The change of [r] to [l] is a difficulty, but it may be due to the analogy of [mealbhag]. , the throat, throttle: [*svel-vo-], Eng. [swallo] ([*svel-ko-])? , a hunt, Ir. [sealg], O.Ir. [selg], W. [hela], [hel], to hunt, O.W. [helghati], venare, Cor. [helhia], British [Selgovae], now Solway: [*selga^], a hunt, root [sel], capture (see [sealbh]). , milt, spleen, Ir. [sealg], M.Ir. [selg], Br. [felc'h]: [*selga^], [*spelga^]; Gr. @G[spla/ghna], the higher viscera, @G[splc/n], spleen ([*splghe@-n]); Lat. [lie@-n]; Skr. [pli^ha/n], spleen; Ch.Sl. [sle@-zena], Lit. [bluz@?nis]; also Eng. [lung]. , look, E.Ir. [sellaim], [sell], eye, W. [syllu], to gaze, view, Br. [sellet]; cf. [solus]. Stokes gives the Celtic as [*stilnao^], I see, comparing the Gr. @G[stilpno/s]. , , forbid, enjoin: , (, H.S.D.), a nail, small riveted nail, a small stout person, Ir. [seaman], small riveted nail, E.Ir. [semmen], W., M.W. [hemin], rivet: [*seg-s-men], root [seg], [segh], hold, as in [seagh]. , chamberlain, M.Ir. [seomuirli\n]; from the Eng. , mild, peasceful ([seamh], Arms.), Ir. [se/amh]; see [se/imh], M`A. gives its meaning as an "enchantment to make one's friends prosper". See [seamhas]. , good luck, also , good chance, , , lucky; from Eng. [chance]. --page 305 , a cow that gives milk without her calf, an impudent or silly person; Sc. [shamloch], a cow that has not calved for two years (West Lothian): , shamrock, (M`A.), Ir. [seamro/g], M.Ir. [semrach] (adj.), E.Ir. [semmor] (B.L.): , hesitation, quibbling, delay, sham; from the Eng. [sham], Northern Eng. [sham], a shame, trick? , old, Ir. [sean], O.Ir. [sen], W., Corn., and O.Br. [hen], Gaul. [Seno-]: [*seno-s], old; Lat. [senex], g. [senis], old man; Gr. @G[e@`nos], old; Got. [sinista], oldest, Eng. [seneschal]; Lit. [se/nas]; Skr. [sa/nas]. , conversation, story, Ir. [seanachas], [seanchus], tale, history, genealogy, O.Ir. [senchas], vetus historia, lex, O.W. [hencass], monimenta. Stokes refers this to [*seno-kastu-], "old story", from [*kastu-], root [kans], speak (see [cainnt] and Stokes' derivation of it). Regarded by others as a pure derivative of [*seno-] or its longer stem [*seneko-] (Lat. [senex], Got. [sineigo], old, Skr. [sanaka/s], old), that is [*senekastu-]. Hence , a reciter of ancient lore, a historian, Ir. [seanchuidh], a form which favours the second derivation. , a senate, synod, Ir. [seanadh], [seanaidh], E.Ir. [senod], W. [senedd], Corn. [sened], Br. [senez]; from the Lat. [synodus], now Eng. [synod]. , old-fashioned, knowing; cf. Ir. [senfha], W. [henwr]: , a grandfather, Ir. [seanathair], M.Ir. [senathair], literally "old father". , slender, lean, Ir. [seang], E.Ir. [seng]: [*svengo-s]; Norse [svangr], slender, thin, Sc. [swank], [swack], supple, Ger. [schwank], supple, allied to Eng. [swing]. , an ant (S.Inverness and Perthshire ), Manx [sniengan], Ir. [sanga/n], M.Ir. [senga/n], E.Ir. [segon] (Corm.); cf. Gr. @G[skni/y] ([i] long), g. [skniofo/s] or @G[sknipo/s], @G[ski/y], root [skene], [kene], scratch (see [cna\mh]), Lit. [skanu\s], savoury (kittling), Stokes ([Bez]@+[18] 65) refers it to [*stingagno-], Eng. [sting], Gr. @G[sti/zw], prick; K.Meyer derives it from [seang], slender. , luck; see [seamhas]. , slink, sneak off, flinch, Ir. [seapaim]: "turn tail"; see next word.>> , a tail, an animal's tail hangin down (as a dog's when cowed): , eastern; see [ear]. , a towel (Sh. [searbhadair]); from Sc. [serviter], [servet], napkin, from Fr. [servietta], from [servir], serve, Lat. [servio]. , bitter, Ir. [searbh], O.Ir. [serv], W. [chwerw], Corn. [wherow], Br. [c'houero]: [*svervo-s]; O.H.G. [sweran], dolere, Ger. [sauer], Eng. [sour]; Lit. [swaru\s], salty. --page 306 , a servant maid: from the Eng. [servant]. , wither, Ir. [seargaim], O.Ir. [sercim], [serg], illness: [*sego-]; Lit. [sergu\], I am ill; O.H.G. [swe@"rcan], O.Sax. [swercan], become gloomy. , a sermon, Ir. [searmo/in], M.Ir. [sermon]; from Lat. [sermo], [sermonis], Eng. [sermon]. , a sickle, saw, E.Ir. [serr], O.W. [serr]; from Lat. [serra]. , a foal, colt, so Ir., E.Ir. [serrach]: [*serso-]; Gr. @G[e@`\rsai], young lambs? , a bottle; founded on the Eng. [jar]? , charge or load (as a gun); from Eng. [charge]. , a sheriff officer, estate overseer, , auxiliary (Arm., Sh., O'B.); Gaelic is from the Sc. [sergean], [sergeand], an inferior officer in a court of justice, Eng. [serjeant], from Fr. [serjant], Lat. [serviens], etc. M.Ir. has [serse/nach], foot soldier [se\arsaigeadh], charging, citation (Suth.). , stand, Ir. [seasaim], E.Ir. [sessim], O.Ir. [tair(sh)issim], E.Ir inf. [sessom], G. : [*sistami], I stand, [*sistamo-] (n.), root [sta]; Lat. [sisto], stop, [sto]; Gr. @G[i@`stcmi], set; Eng. [stand]; Skr. [stha^]. The W. [sefyll], stare, Cor., Br. [sevell], Br. [saff], come from [*stam] (Stokes). , barren, dry, Ir. [seasg], E.Ir. [sesc], W. [hysp], Br. [hesk], [hesp]: [*sisqo-s], from [sit-s-qo-], root [sit], dry; Lat. [siccus] (= [sit-cus]), dry, [sitis], thirst; Zend [hisku], dry. , one in comfortable circumstances, comfortable, Ir. [seasgair], cosy, dry and warm, quiet; from [seasg]. , a shock or truss of corn, gleaned land: , a fenny country, marsh, Ir. [seisgeann], E.Ir. [sescenn]; from [*sesc], sedge, Ir. [seisg], sedge, W. [hesg] (pl.), Cor. [hescen], Br. [hesk], whence Romance [sescha], reed; cf. Eng. [sedge], I.E. root [seq], cut. Zimmer refers [seasgann] to [seasg], dry, though it denotes [wet] or marsh land. , satiety of food (Dial.): see [seid]. , a skin or hide, peritoneum, brain pellicle; see [seich]. , meal-bag made of rushes (Lewis); N. [sekk], sack. , a rack, manger; from Sc. [heck], also [hack]. See next.>> , a heckle (for flax); from Sc. and Eng. [heckle]. The W. is [heislan], from Eng. [hatchel]. , , a hide, skin, Ir. [seithe], E.Ir. [seche], g. [seched]: [*seket-]; Norse [sigg], callus, hard skin. The root is I.E. [seq], cut, Lat. [seco], etc.; cf. for force Gr. @G[de/rma], skin, from @G[de/irw], flay, Eng. [tear], Lat. [scortum] and [corium], from [sker], Eng. [shear], etc. , a belly-full, flatulent swelling, seideach>, swollen by tympany, corpulent: --page 307 , a truss of hay, a bed spread on the floor (especially in the latter sense): [*seddi-]: , blow, Ir. [se/idim], E.Ir. [se/tim], W. [chwyth], a blast, M.Br. [hue/z], Br. [c'houeza], blow, Cor. [whythe], to blow: [*sveiddo-], [*sviddo-] from [*sveizdho-], [*svizdho-]; Ch.Slav. [svistati], sibilare; Lat. [si^bilus], whistling (= [si^dhilus]), Eng. [sibilant]. , a chair, from Eng. [chair]. , a snail, Ir. [seilide], [seilchide], [seilmide], [slimide], O.Ir. [selige], testudo; cf. Gr. @G[se/silos] ([i] long), @G[se/sclos], @G[sesili/tcs], a snail. Stokes gives the root as [sel], allied to Lit [sale/ti], creep, [sle/kas], earthworm, O.Pruss. [slayx] (do.). Stokes now, Lit. [seleti], creep. , placenta (Carm.): , willow, Ir. [saileo/g], E.Ir. [sail], g. [sailech], W. [helyg], willows, Corn. [heligen], salix, Br. [halek] (pl.): [*saliks]; Lat. [salix]; Gr. @G[e@`li/kc] (Arcadian); Eng. [sallow]. , sheep-louse, tick: , a cellar, Ir. [seile/ir], M.W. [seler]; from Eng. [cellar]. , yellow iris or yellow water-flag, Ir. [soileastar], [feleastar] (O'B.), [elestrom] (O'B.), M.Ir. [soilestar], W. [elestr], fleur de lys, iris, O.Br. [elestr]. Cf. L.Lat. [alestrare], humectare (Ernault, Stokes in [R.C.]@+[4] 329). , a bee, (Perth), (Suth), W. [chwil], beetle; root [svel], turn, as in [seal]? W. [telyn], harp? , a squint: , mild, placid, Ir. [se/imh] (O'R., Fol.), [seimh] (Con.): , sing, Ir. [seinnim], M.Ir. [sendim], O.Ir. [sennim], play an instrument, psallo, perf. [sephainn] ([*sesvanva], Stokes); root [sven], sound, as in Lat. [sonare], [sonus], Eng. [sound], Skr. [sva^nati], sound. , a chapel, so Ir., M.Ir. [se/pe/l]; from M.Eng. and O.Fr. [chapele], now Eng. [chapel]. , a quart, choppin; from the Eng. [choppin], from Fr. [chopine], [chope], a beer glass, from Ger. [schoppen]. , service, Ir. [seirbhi/s]; from the Eng. , love, Ir. [searc], [seirc], O.Ir. [serc], W. [serch], Br. [serc'h], concubine, M.Br. [serch]: [*serka^], [*serko-]; Got. [sau/rga], care, Ger. [sorge], sorrow, Eng. [sorrow]; Skr. [su^rkshati], respect, reverence, take thought about something. The favourite derivation is to ally it to Gr. @G[ste/rgw], I love, which would give a G. [teirg]. , burdoch (Carm.): , a shank, leg, spindle-shanked person; for connections see [speir]. , sound, musical noise, ring as a bell, O.Ir. [sibrase], modulabor; Celtic root [sver], sing, I.E. [sver], sound; Skr. [svara], --page 308 sound, musik; Eng. [swear], [answer], Got. [svaran], swear; Lat. [sermo], speech, Eng. [sermon]. The W. [chwyrnu], hum, snort, is also allied. , robust (, H.S.D.), Ir. [se/irsean], a strong person (O'R.); cf. [searsanach] for origin. , one's match, a friend, sufficiency, Ir. [seas], ship's seat, Lewis [sis], bench, seat; cf. Norse [sessi], bench-mate, oar-mate, from [sessa], a ship's seat (I.E. root [sed], sit). , anything grateful to the senses, Ir. [seis], pleasure, delight: [*sved-ti-], root [sveda], [sva^d], sweet; Gr. @G[e@'dano/s], sweet, @G[c@'du/s] (do.); Lat. [suavis], sweet; Eng. [sweet]. , anuas, the seat (Suth.): , a siege; formed from the Eng. [siege]. , session, assize, Ir. [seisiu/n]; from Lat. [sessio], [sessio^nis], a sitting, session. , a plough, six-horse plough, the six horses of a plough, Ir. [seisreach], a plough of six horses, E.Ir. [sesrech], plough team; from [seiseir], six persons, a derivative of [se\], six. , the melody of a song, a ditty, M.Ir. [se/is], a musical strain: [*sven-s-ti-], root [sven], [seinn]. , , a helmet plume, a helmet; cf. Eng. [shock]. , a feeble person; from the Sc. [shochlin], waddling, infirm, [shachlin], verb [shachle], shuffle in walking, allied to Eng. [shackle], [shake]. , , a hero, a jewel, Ir. [seo/d], a jewel; see [sud], jewel. , swing to and fro, dandle; from Sc. [shog], M.Eng. [shoggin], M.Du. [shocken]. , method, way, Ir. [seo/l] a method of doing a thing, [seo/laim], I direct, steer; E.Ir. [seo/l], course; W. [hwyl], course, condition. From [seo/l], sail. , a sail Ir. [seo/l], O.Ir. [se/ol], [seo/l], [seol], g. [siu/il], W. [hwyl], O.W. [huil]: usually referred to [*seghlo-] (root of [seagh]) or to Teutonic [seglo-], sail (also from [*seghlo-]), borrowed into Celtic. In either case we should expect Ir. [*se/l], W. [*hail], but we have neither. Strachan suggests that [seo/l] is formed from g. [siu/il] on the analogy of [ceo/l], etc.; while W. [hwyl] may have been effected by a borrow from Lat. [ve^lum] (Cor. [guil], Br. [goel]). , a chamber, Ir. [seo/mra], M.Ir. [seomra]; from M.Eng. and Fr. [chambre], Lat. [camera]. , a sort, kind, Ir. [so/rt]; from the Eng. a short tail or stump, the worst beast, a sprout; from Sc. [shot], rejected sheep ("shot" from [shoot]), shoot, stern of a boat, from the root of Eng. [shoot]. Cf. Norse [skott], fox's tail,, [skotta], dangle. --page 309 , shuttle of trunk (M`D.): in , severally, neither (after negative); cf. Lat. [se-cum]; "by one-self". , a tunic or [le/ine] (Oss.Ballad of [Ionmhuin]): , a jewel, treasure, hero, Ir. [seud], O.Ir. [se/t], pl. [se/uti], pretiosa, Med.Ir., Lat. [sentis]; from [*sent-], real, "being", I.E. [sents], being, participle from root [es], be; Lat. [-sens], [praesens], etc.; Gr. @G[ei@'s]. , , , a seal, Ir. [seula], M.Ir. [se/la], W. [sel], O.Br. [siel]; from Lat. [sigillum], M.Eng. and Fr. [seel], Ag.S. [sigle]. , earnest entreaty; see [se\am]. , a charm, defend by charms, Ir. [seun], good luck, E.Ir. [se/n], blessing, sign, luck, O.Ir. [se/n], benedic], W. [swyn], a charm, magic preservative; from Lat. [signum], a sign, "sign of the cross". , refus, shun, Ir. [seunaim], [se/anaim], M.Ir. [se/naim]; probably from the above. , , in , freckles: , acme or perfection (M`A. for Islay); from [seizure], crisis? , scab, , scabbed; from the Eng. , cow killed for winter provision (M`F.): , anything pounded or bashed (H.S.D.), Ir. [sgabaiste], robbery: , a hood, helmet, M.G. [sgaball], a hood or cape (M`V.); Ir. [scabal], a hood, shoulder guard, helmet, a scapular; from Lat. [scapulae], shoulder-blades, whence Eng. [scapular]. , scabbard; from the Eng. , sawdust, Ir. [sgabh] (Lh.); Lat. [scobis], sawdust, powder. , a loss, mischance; from the Sc. [skaith], Eng. [scathe], [scath] (Shakespeare), Norse [ska@dhi], scathe, Ger. [schaden], hur. , a herring, Ir. [sgada/n], E.Ir. [scatan] (Corm.), W. [ysgadan] (pl.); cf. Eng. [shad], "king of herrings", Ag.S. [sceadda], Prov. Ger. [schade]. , a set of ragamuffins (H.S.D.), anything scattered (M`A.); from Eng. [scatter]. , a bold, heary man (H.S.D., Arm., O'B.), a handsome man (H.S.D.), a scolding man (M`A.), Ir. [sgafaire], a bold, hearty man, spruce fellow, a gaffer; from the Eng. [gaffer]? , split, crack, winnow, filter, Ir. [sgagaim], filter, purge; cf., for root [ga\g]. , a ninny, dwarf: , a shade, shadow, Ir. [sga/ile], [sca/il], M.Ir. [sca/il], O.Br. [esceilenn], cortina, curtain: [*ska^li-], root [ska^], of [sga\th], q.v. , a smart blow, a slap, skelp, Ir. [sgailleo/g]; root [skal], make a noise by hitting; Norse [skella], slap, clatter ([skjalla]), Ger. --page 310 [schallen], resound; Lit. [skaliu], give tongue (as a hunting dog). Cf. Sc. and M.Eng. [skelp]. Also . , a bald pate, baldness, , baldness, Ir. [sgallta], bald, bare, [scallach], bald; from Norse [skalli], a bald head, Swed. [skallig], bald, [skala], peel, [skal], husk, Eng. [scale]. The G. [sgailc] is possibly from M.Eng. [scalc], scalp; but is clearly Norse. , burst, rend, Ir. [sga/inim]: [*skad-no-], root [skhad], [sked], [skha], split, rend, cut; Gr. @G[skeda/nnumi], scatter; Skr. [skha/date], split, , a scandal, Ir. [scannail], M.Ir. [scandal]; from the Lat. [scandalum]. , scatter, (n.), Ir. [scanruighim], scatter, scare; cf. Eng. [squander], allied to [scatter]. , a corroding pain, pain of fatique; from [sga\in]. , flux, diarrh@oea, Ir. [sga/rdaim], I squirt, pour out: [*skardo-]; I.E. [skerdo-]; Lat. [sucerda], swine-dung, [muscerda], mouse-dung = [mus-scerda-]; Skr. [chard], vomit; Ch.Sl. [skare@?du@u], nauseating; Eng. [sharn]. Another form is [*skart], W. [ysgarth], excrement, Br. [skoarz], [skarz], void, cleanse, Gr. @G[skw@nr], g. @G[skato/s], Skr. [c@,a/kr@.t], dung. , prodigal (Sh., etc.); from the root [skar] of [sgar]. , one year old gull, young scart; from Norse [ska/ri], a young sea-mew. , howling of dogs, loud murmur; see [sgairt]. , a continuous heap of loose stones on a hill side, the sound of such stones falling (, M`A.); cf. Sc. [scarnoch], crowd, gumult, noise (Ayr). See [sgairn]. Badenoch Dial. . , a loud cry, Ir. [sgairt]: [*s-gar-ti-], root [gar]? , activity, Ir. [sgairteamhuil], active: root [skar], skip, spring; Gr. @G[skai/rw], skip, @G[ska/ros], a leap, run; Zend [c@,har], spring. , midriff, intesting caul, Ir. [scairt]: "separater", from [skar] of [sgar]? , a skate; from the Eng. [skate], Norse [skata]. , sharp, edged, cutting, , a prickle, a little chip of wood in one's flesh (Dial.); from [sgath], lop. , howl, shriek, yell, Ir. [sgal], M.Ir. [scal], root [skal], sound, cry; Norse [skjalla], clash, clatter, [skvala], squall, squeal, Ger. [schallen]; Lit. [skaliu], give tongue (as a dog); Gr. @G[sku/lax], whelp: I.E. root [sqel], make a sound, allied to [sqel], split, hit? Cf. W. [chwalu], prate, babble, spread, root [sqvel], [sqval]. , a servant, Ir. [sgolo/g] (fem.), husbandman, rustic, M.Ir. [scolo/c] (= [gille]), E.Ir. [scoloca]; from Norse [ska/lkr], servant, slave, Got. [skalks], servant, Ger. [schalk], knave, Eng. [marshal], --page 311 [seneschal]. It could hardly be from Lat. [scholasticus], as Skene ([Celt.Scot.]@+[1] 448) thinks. , scales for weighing, Ir. [sca/la], a balance, [scali] (B.of Deer); from the early Eng. [scale], Ag.S. [sca/le], Norse [ska/l], a balance. , hut, scaffold, Ir., M.Ir. [sca/la/n]; from the Norse [ska/li], hut, shed. Stkes (Bez.Beit.@+[18] 65) refers it to a stem [*sca^nlo-], cognate with Gr. @G[skcnc] (Dor. @G[sk[a@-]na/]), a tent, roof, [skha^], cover, shade. , burn, scald, Ir. [sgall], scald, singe; from the Eng. [scald]. , baldness, Ir. [sgallta], bald, bare; see under [sgailc]. , an old hat (M`A.): , a large wooden dish cut out of a tree (M`A.): , insult, contempt; from the Norse [sko@"ll], mockery, loud laughter, [skjal], empty talk, [skjall], flattering (H.S.D. gives "flatter" as a meaning): allied to [sgal], q.v. , a scale, squama, Ir. [sgamal]; from Lat. [squa^mula], [squa^ma]. In G. and Ir. Bibles, [Acts]@+[8] 18, "Scales fell from his eyes" - [sgamail]. , effluvia, phlegn, Ir. [sgamal]: same as above.>> , dross, dust; see [sgabh]. , the lungs, liver, Ir. [sgamha/n], lungs, M.Ir. [scaman], W. [ysgyfaint], lights, Cor. [skefans], Br. [skeven@~t]; from Ir. [scaman], levis, W. [ysgafn], light, Cor. [scaff], Br. [skanv], light (cf. for force Eng. [lights], Russ. [legkoe], lungs, from [legkii], light): [*skamno-]; cf. Norse [skammr], short, O.H.G. [scam], short. , a multitude, drove: , a membrane, Ir. [sgann]; cf. Norse [ska/n], a thin membrane, film, [skaeni], film, membrane; [*skad-no]? , dispersing, terror; see [sgainnir]. , a foolish, giddy girl; cf. Sc. [skeich], [skeigh], skittish, Eng. [shy]. , spread, scatter, let go, Ir. [sgaoilim], M.Ir., E.Ir. [sca/ilim]; cf. W. [chwalu], disperse, strew, root [sqval], [sqvo^l], allied to root [sqel], split (as in [sgoilt], q.v.). Rhys says W. is borrowed. , a fright, a start from fear, skittishness: for [sgeum]? If so, for [sceng-men], E.Ir. [scingim], I start; Gr. @G[ska/zw], I limp, @G[skimba/zw], limp; Ger. [hinken] (do.); Skr. [khanj] (do.). See [sgeun]. , a swarm (as of bees), Ir. [scaoth], [scaoith]: [*skoiti-], from [skheit], separate; Ger. [scheiden], Eng. [shed]; further Lat. [scindo] (from root [skjeid], split), split. , scatter, Ir. [scapaim]: [*skad-bo-] (from [skad], divide, Gr. @G[skeda/nnumi], scatter), developing into [skabb], which, as [skabb-th], becomes [sgap]? But consider Eng. [scape, escape. , sever, separate, Ir. [sgaraim], O.Ir. [scaraim], W. [ysgar], separate, O.Br. [scarat], dijudicari: [*skarao^], root [sker], separate, --page 312 sunder; Lit. [skiriu/], separate; O.H.G. [sce@"ran], Ger. [scheren], shear, cut, Eng. [shear]; further Gr. @G[kei/rw], cut, etc. , cormorant; from the Norse [skarfr], N.Sc. [scarf] (Shet., etc.). , scarlet, Ir. [sga/rlo/id], M.Ir. [scarloit]; from M.Eng. [scarlat], [scarlet], Med.Lat. [scarlatum]. Stokes and K.Meyer take it direct from Lat. , a skate (Dial.); see [sgait]. , lop off, Ir. [sgathaim], E.Ir. [scothaim]; I.E., root [skath], cut; Gr. @G[a@'skcqc/s], unscathed, @G[sja/zw], cut; Eng. [scathe], Ger. [schaden], hurt; Skr. [cha/], lop. The root appears variously as [skhe^], [ska], [ske^i], [ske] (Gr. @G[skeda/nnumi]). It is possible to refer [sgath] to the root [seq], cut, Lat. [seco], Eng. [section]. See [sgian]. , a shade, shadow, Ir. [sga/th], [sga/th], O.Ir. [sca/th], W. [ysgod], Cor. [scod], umbra, Br. [skeud]: [*ska^to-s]; Gr. @G[sko/tos], darkness; Eng. [shade], Got. [skadus], shade, shadow, Ger. [schatten]; Skr. [cha/ya], shadow. (sh., Arm., , H.S.D.), a wattled door: , , hawthorn berry, Ir. [sgeach], sweet-briar, haw, E.Ir. [sce/], g. [sciach], also g.pl. [sciad], W. [ysbyddad], hawthorn, Cor. [spedhes], Br. [spezad], fruit, currant: [*skvijat-]: , dress, adorn, Ir. [sgeaduighim], adorn, mark with a white spot, [sgead], speck, white spot, [sgeadach], speckled, sky-coloured; also , spot: , a splinter, Ir. [sgealpo/g], splinter, fragment, [sgealpaim], smash, split, make splinters of; see [sgolb]. Cf. Sc. [skelb], [skelf], a splinter, [skelve] (vb.). , wild mustard, Ir. [sgeallagach], M.Ir. [scell], a grain, kernel; root [sqel], separate, Eng. [shell], etc. Stkes equates Ir. [scella/n], kernel, with Lat. [scilla], squill, sea-onion, Gr. @G[ski/lla]. , a slap; from Sc. [skelp], M.Eng. [skelp]. , yelp, Ir. [sceamh], E.Ir. [scem], [scemdacht]; cf. next word.>> Also G. , , to which Ernault compares M.Br. [hueual], cry like a fox. , severe or cutting language, Ir. [sgeamhaim], I scold, reproach: [*skemo-]; Norse [skamma], to shame, to scold, Eng. [shame], [sham]? The word also means "a disgust" in Gaelic; also, according to M`A., "a speck on the eye", "membrane". Also Ir. (and G.?) , polypody. , cleanliness, polish; cf. for ofigin Norse [ski/na], Eng. [shine]. , sudden fright or start, a wild look of the face; see [sgeun]. , a kind of sea weed, so called from resembling a knife blade (Arg.). , a stare, gazing upon a thing: --page 313 , a beehive; from the Sc. [skep], M.Eng. [skeppe], a skep, carrying basket, Norse [skeppa], a measure. , mockery, Ir. [sgige], M.Ir. [scige]: [*skeggio-]: , having a prominent chin or a beard of strong, straight hair (Sutherland); from Norse [skegg], a beard, from [sgaga], jut out, Eng. [shaggy]. , supple, active; cf. [sgiolcarra]. , a skillet, Ir. [sgile/ad]; from the Eng. , a beak, thin face, talkativeness (H.S.D.); see [sgeilm]. , boasting, prattling (H.S.D., Arms.), a thin-lipped mouth, a prater's mouth (M`A.); also , . Root [skel], as in [sgal]. , , neatness, decency; cf. [sgean]. , a surprise, sudden attack: , a shelf; from Sc. [skelf], Ag.S. [scylfe], now [shelf]. , beauty, Ir. [sgeimh]; see [sgiamh]. , a skirmish, bickering, Ir. [sgeimhle]: , twine, flax or hep thread; cf. Ir. [sgainne], a skein or clue of thread. The Sc. [skiny], pack thread (pronounced [skeenyie]), is apparently from G.; Eng. [skein] is from M.Eng. [skeine], O.Fr. [escaigne]. Skeat derives the Eng. from Gaelic. The G. alone might be referred to [*skein], from [s@?hein], [s@ghoin], rope, string, Lit. [geinis], string, Lat. [fu^nis], Gr. @G[shoi@nnos]. a rock in the sea, skerry; from Norse [sker], a rock in the sea, whence Eng. [skerry], [scaur]: "cut off", from root of Eng. [shear], G. [sgar]. , vomit, Ir. [sceithim], E.Ir. [sce/im], [sceithim], W. [chwydu], Br. [c'houeda]: [*sqveti-]; cf. Gr. @G[spati/gc], thin excrement as in diarrh@oea (Bez.). [sgeith-fe/ith], varicose vein. , g. , haze, dimness (Heb.): see [ceo\]. , a long neck; cf. [geo\c]. , a torrent of foolish words, also : , , a tale, Ir. [sgeul], O.Ir. [sce/l], W. [chwedl], Cor. [whethl], Br. [quehezl] ([que-hezl], [que] = [ko-]): [*sqetlo-n] ([sqedlo-n], Rhys), root [seq], say: Lat. [inseque], dic, [inquam] (= [in-squam]?), say I; Gr. [e@'nne/pw], I tell, @G[e@'/ni-spe], dixit; Ger. [sagen] Eng. [say]; Lit. [saky/ti], say. , dread, disgust, look of fear, Ir. [sge/an], fright, wild look, M.Ir. [sce/n], affright: [*skeng-no-], from [skeng], start, spring, E.Ir. [scingim], start, spring (for root see [sgaoim]). Strachan refers it to [*skakno-], root [skak], spring, Lit. [szo/kti], spring, Ch.Sl. [skakati], Norse [skaga], jut out. --page 314 , a snatch, sudden movement, Ir. [sgiob]; see [sgiobag]. , beauty, Ir. [sgiamh], O.Ir. [sci/am]: [*skeima^]; cf. Got. [skeima], a light, Ag.S. [sci/ma], Norse [ski/mi], a gleam of light, further Eng. [shine], [shimmer]. , a squeal, yell, mew; see [sgeamh]. , a knife, Ir. [sgian], E.Ir. [sci/an], W. [ysgi/en] slicer, scimitar, [ysgi], citting off Br. [skeja], cut: [*sce^ena^], vb. [ske^o^], cut; Skr. [cha^], cut off, Gr. @G[sha/zw], cut, @g[sha/w]; I.E. root [skje^], [skha], split, cut. Lindsay refers Gadelic to [*sce^na^], allied to Lat. [sce^na], a priest's knife, whose side-form is [sacena], from [seco], cut, Eng. [section], [saw]. Others have compared Lat. [scio], know, Gr. @G[kei/w], cut. , a shield, Ir. [sgiath], O.Ir. [sciath], W. [ysgwyd], O.W. [scuit], O.Br. [scoit] Br. [skoued]: [*skeito-]; Ch.Sl. [stitu@u], shield; O.Pruss. [scaytan], Norse [ski/@dh], firewood, billet of wood, tablet (Schra@"der); to which Bez. queries if Lat. [scu^tum] ([*skoito-]?) be allied. , a wing, Ir. [sgiatha/n], [sgiath], E.Ir. [sciath] ([sciath n-ete], shoulder of the wing), O.I. [sci/ath], ala, pinaa, W. [ysgwydd], shoulder, Cor. [scuid], scapula, Br. [skoaz]: [*skeito-], [*skeida^], shoulder-blade; I.E. root [sqid], Lat. [scindo]; Gr. @G[shi/zw], split; Skr. [chid], cut; further Ger. [scheiden], divide (I.E. [shheit]), which agrees with the Gadelic form. , , neat; see [sgiobalta]. , a little excrement (M`A.); from the Eng. , a plash of water; see [sgiodar]. , skill; from the Eng. , unhusk, shell, Ir. [sgiollaim], [sgilc], shellings of corn, , the operation of the mill in shelling corn: [*skeli-], I.E. [sqel], separate; Norse [skilja], separate, Eng. [skill], shell], etc. See [scoilt]. Cf. Sc. [shillin], shelled or unhusked grain. , a chip of slate (Arg.); from Sc. [skelve] a thin slice, Eng. [shelf]. , shelled grain (Dial.), fom Norse, whence Sc. [shillin], which see under [sgil]. Ir. [sgilige], [sgileadh], [sgiolladh], shelling grain. , a penny, Ir. [sgillin], shilling, M.Ir. [scilling], [scillic], from Ag.S. [scilling], Norse [skillingr], Ger. [schilling]. , a mouth expressive of scolding aptitude (M`A.); see [sgiolam]. , a vagrant parasite, intruder; from Sc. [skemmel]. Cf. [sgiomalair]. , squeeze out, gush out, Ir. [scinn], gush, start, E.Ir. [scendim], spring; Skr. [skand], leap; Lat. [scando]; Gr. @G[ska/ndalon], Eng. [scandal]. Arm. has , squeezing; Badenoch Dial. has --page 315 , a squeeze, hardship. there is an E.Ir. [scingim], I spring, from [skeng], discussed under [sgaoim]. , ship's crew; from the Norse [skip], a ship. , a slap given in play, a hasty touch or snatch, , , snatch, Ir. [sgiobaim], I snatch, W. [ysgip], [ysgipiol]; cf. Manx [skibbag], skip, hop, from Eng. [skip]. , a skipper; from the Sc. [skippare], Eng. [skipper], Norse [skipari], a mariner. , (Suth.), a barn, Ir. [sgioba/l]: , loose folds or skirts of a garment: , clever, neat, Manx [skibbylt], active, a skipping, Ir. [sgiobalta], active, spruce; also G. , adjust the dress, etc., tidy up. Cf. Norse [skipulag], order, arrangement, [skipa], put in order, Eng. [ship shape]. The Gadelic is borrowed. , a plashing through bog and mire, diarrh@oea; from Sc. [scutter], [skitter]. , a jackanapes, Ir. [sgigire], a buffoon, mocker; see [sgeig]. , forward talk, also ; also . See [sgeilm]. [sgiol] (Lewis), empty talk; N. [skjal]. , slip in or out unperceived; cf. Eng. [skulk]. , fibs (Wh.): , an instrument to take the suet off a pot (M`A.); from Eng. [skim]? , "smithereens" (Arg.); from [sgian]? , starting, eyes starting with fear; see [sginn]. , a squint eye; from Eng. [squint], with a leaning on G. [sgionn], [sginn], start, protrude. , squirt, purge, Ir. [sgi/ordadh] (n.), sgiurdaim (O'R.); either cognate with or borrowed from Eng. [squirt] (Stokes' [Lis.]). , slip, stumble, Ir. [sciorraim]: , a skirt, edge of a garment, Ir. [sgiorta]; from Eng. [skirt]. O'Cl. has Ir. [sguird] for tunic or shirt. , scatter; from Norse [skjo/ta], shoot, [skyti], shooter. M`A. says the word belongs to the North Highlands; Arm. does not have it. Ir. has [sgiot], a dart, arrow: "something shot". , a parish; from Ag.S. [sci/r], county, now [shire], O.H.G. [sci^ra], charge. , a disease in cattle - black spauld or quarter-ill (H.S.D.): "stumbling disease", from [sgiorradh]? , tired, Ir. [sgi/th], weariness, O.Ir. [sci/th], Corn. [sqwyth], [ski^th], Br. [skoui^z], [skui^z]: [*ski^to-], [*ski^tto-] (Brittonic [*skvi^tto-], according to Stokes); rrot [skhei] beside [khsei], decay, destroy, Gr. @G[fqi/w], @G[fqi/sis], phthisis, Skr. [kshi], destroy, [kshita/s], exhausted (Strachan, [Bez.Beit.]@+[17] 300). --page 316 , a shealing hut (Carmichael); from Norse [sky/li], a shed, [skjo/l], a shelter, Dan. and Swed. [skjul], shed, Eng. [sheal]. , , the cackling or plaint of a moorhen: , a whimper; cf. the above word.>> , a charm for getting all the fish about a boat or headland into one's own boat amidst the amazement of the neighbours (M`A.): , a bold, shameless woman (H.S.D.): , a squirt; from the Eng. , scourge, Ir. [sgiu/rsaim], W. [ysgors]; from M.Eng. [scourge], Lat. [excoriare]. , a lash, stroke with a whip (H.S.D. says Dial.; M`A. says North): , a blow on the side of the head; from Sc. [sclaffert] (do.), [sclaff], a blow, Prov.Fr. [esclaffa], to beat (Ducange), Med.Lat. [eclaffa]. , ostentation (Hend.): , questionably acquired wealth, , usurper (M`A.); see [glam]. , a seizing greedily upon anything, Ir. [sclamhaim], I seize greedily, scold; also G. (M`E.); see [glam]. , a scolding, abusive words; cf. Sc. [sclourie], vilify, abuse, bedaub. Ir. [sglamhadh] means also "scold:, and G. , scold of a sudden (M`A.). Sc. has [sklave], to calumniate. , clawing one's skin for itch (M`A.); see [clamhradh]. , meanness, sordidness, , a stupid or mean fellow. , plaster (vb.), daub filthily (M`A.), , snotters (M`A.): , ostentation, Ir. [sgle/ip]; M`A. gives the force of "to flatter, stare open-mouthed at one". , dimness of the eyes, vapour: , boasting, romancing, Ir. [scleo], boasting, high language: , misery, Ir. [scleo] (O'Cl.): , sluttish: , a chunk (M`D.): , a snot, phlegm, a knock: , a troublesome prattler, liar: , a silly person, slattern, Ir. [scleo/id]; also : , slippery-faced (M`L.): , slate, Ir. [scla/ta]; from M.Eng. [sclat], now [slate]. , troublesome, as an unwelcome guest: , a slap (Dial.); cf. Sc. [sclaff], [sclaffert]. --page 317 (, H.S.D.), a slut, gossip, Ir. [sgliurach]. The G. also means "young of the sea-gull till one year old", when they become . , a snot, spit; see [glong]. , snatch, bite, sting, Ir. [sgoballach], a morsel, peice; also G. , a small wound, a small dram. Seemingly formed from , a bill, mout (cf. O.Fr. [gobet], morsel, [gober], devour, Eng. [gobble]). , gash, make an incision; for [scoth]; see [sgath]. , the corner of a sheet, the sheet of a sail, a sheet-rope, M.Ir. [sco/ti], sheets; from Norse [skaut], the sheet or corner of square cloth, the sheet rope, a hood, Got. [skauts], hem, Eng. [sheet]. , a fool, idler, , foolish, Ir. [sgogaire] (O'R.), W. [ysgogyn], fop, flatterer: , pride, conceit, Ir. [sgo/id]; G. , pageantry, ostentation: , drift-wood (Lewis); N. [ski@dha]. , school, Ir. [sgoil], E.Ir. [scol], W. [ysgol], Br. [skol]; from Lat. [schola], whence Eng. [school]. , loquacity; see [sgiolam]. , split, , splitting, Ir., M.Ir. [scoiltim], inf. [scoltad], O.Ir. [siuscoilt], scinde ([St.Gal.Incant.]), Cor. [felja], Br. [faouto], split: [*sgolto^], split, root [sqvel]; Lit. [ske/lto], split, [skiliu\], split; Norse [skiljan], separate, Ger. [schale], shell, Eng. [shale], [skill]; Gr. @G[ska/llw], hoe, @G[sku/llw], tear. , wandering about, skittishness (Hend.); cf. [sgaoim]. , care, efficacy, neatness: , throat, lower parts of a hill (M`P. [Ossian]); for latter force, see under [sgairneach]. , a quack, mountebank: , rinse, wash; from Norse [skola], wash, Swed. [sko@"lja], rinse, wash, Dan. [skylle]. , a splinter, Ir. [sgolb], M.Ir. [scolb], a wattle, W. [ysgolp], splinter, Br. [skolp]: [*skolb-], root [skel], [skol], split (see [sgoilt]), fuller root [skel-@g]; Gr. @G[kolobo/s], stunted, @G[sko/loy] (@G[sko/lopos]), stake; Swed. [skalks], a piece, also Got. [halks], halt, Eng. [shelf], [spelk] (Perrson [Zeit.]@+[ee] 290 for Gr. and Teut.). , a block of wood, blockhead; [sgonn-balaich], lump of a boy: [*skotsno-], "section"; from the root of [sgath]. , an avaricious rascal (M`D.): , foam, froth (M`D.): , a mark, notch, Ir. [sgo/r]; from Eng. [score], Norse [skor], mark, notch, tally (G. is possibly direct from Norse). --page 318 , , a sharp rock; from Sc. [scaur], Eng. [scar], cliff, of Scandinavian origin, Norse [sker], skerry; O.H.G. [scorra], rock; further Eng. [shore], Ag.S. [score]. See [sgeir] further. , a throat, Ir. [scorna/n]: , a spot, blemish, small farm; cf. Sc. [shot], a spot or plot of ground. , a boat, skiff, a Norway skiff; from Scandinavian - Dan. [skude], Norse [sku/ta], a cutter, small craft. ++, a flower, Ir. [sgoth]; Lat. [scateo], gush (St. [Zeit.]@+[33]. , rough, ragged, Ir. [sgra/bach], [sgrabach] (Lh.); from Eng. [scrap], [sgrappy], Norse [skrap], scraps. , the Greenland dove; hence Sc. [scraber]. , gold-foil, spangle (Sh., Lh., etc.; not M`A. or M`E.), Ir. [sgragall]: , small morsel, diminutive woman, Ir. [sgraideo/g]. M`A. gives , a hag, old cow or mare, and H.S.D. (do.). Cf. Sc. [scradyn], a puny, sickly child, [scrat], a puny person, Norse [skratti], wizard, goblin. , hit one a blow: (, a scowling look, niggardliness; I.E. [sqren@go-], shrink; Eng. [shrink]; Gr. @G[kra/mbos], blight. , a sluggard, Ir. [scraiste] (Lh., etc.): , a shred, rag: , a host, a large number of minute things (Heb.); cf. [sgriothail]. , outer skin or rind, turf (for roofing, etc.), Ir. [sgraith], green sward, sod, [sgraithim], I pare off the surface, W. [ysgraf], what pares off, [ysgrawen], hard crust; cf. Norse [skra/], dry skin, scroll ([*skrava]), Sc. [scra], a divot (Dumfries). , destructive, Ir., [sgraiteamhuil] (O'R.): , a scab, blotch, crust, Ir. [sgreabo/g], a crust; from Eng. [scrape]? , a screech, cry, Ir. [sgread], M.Ir. [scret]: [*skriddo-], W. [ysgri], root [skri], [skrei]; O.H.G. [scri@-an], cry, Ger. [schrei], Eng. [scream], [screech]; Lat. [screo^] (= [screjo^]), a hawk. , dry, parch; from the Scandinavian - Norwegian [skrekka], shrink, parch, Swed. [skraka], a great dry tree, Eng. [shrink], [scraggy] (from Scandinavian). , abhorence, disgust, Ir. [screamh]: [*skrimo-], root [skri], [skrei]; Norse [skr@oema], scare away, Swed. [skra@"ma], Dan. [skr@oemme]. , thin scum or rind, ugly skin (M`A.); root [skr@.] of [sgar]. , a wrinkle: [*skrengo-], I.E. [sqren@g], shrink; Eng. [shrink] (Dr Cameron). See [sgraing]. --page 319 , disgusting, horrible: [*skritto-], root [skri] of [sgreamh], q.v. Cf. N. [skrati], a monster, "Old Scratch". , dry up, crack by drought, (M`A., who has , parch as cloth); cf. Eng. [shrivel], from a Scandinavian source - base [skriv-], O.Northumbrian [screpa], pine, Norwegian [skrypa], waste; or Sc. [scrae], dry, withered person, old withered shoe, Norwegian [skrae]. , , a scream, screech, Ir. [sgre/ach], E.Ir. [screch]: [*skreika^], root [skrei], as in [sgread], q.v. Eng. [screech], [shriek] are from the same root (not stem). W. [ysqre^ch], seems borrowed from the Eng. , shivering (Arran), boisterous (of weather, Arg.): [*sqreng-no-]; see [sgraing]. , a score, scratch (Dial.); cf. [stri/och]. , rocky side of a hill or shore (Arm., M`A.); for [sgridhinn], from the Norse [skri@dha], pl. [skri@dhna], a lnadslip on a hill-side. See [sgri\odan]. , breath, last breath of life: [*skriddi-], root [skri] of [sgread]. , a scratch, furrow, line, Ir. [scri/ob], E.Ir. [scri/b], mark, [scri/pad], scratching; from Lat. [scribo], write, draw lines, whence also Norse [skrifa], scratch, write, W. [ysgrif], a notch. , write, Ir. [sgri/obhaim], O.Ir. [scri/baim], W. [ysgrifo], Br. [skriva], [skrifa]; from Lat. [scribo], write. , a stony ravine on a mountain side, track of a mountain torrent, a continuous run of stones on a mountain side; from Norse [skri@dha], pl. [skri@dhna], a landslip on a hill-side, [skri/@dha], to glide, Ger. [shreiten], stride; Prov.English [screes], sliding stones, Sc. [scriddan (from the Gaelic). , destroy, Ir. [scriosaim], M.Ir. [scrisaim]: [*skrissi-] for [*skr@.-sti], root [skar] of [sgar], q.v. , a squalling infant; from [scread]. , gravel (Islay), , a lot of small items (Badenoch) (do.) as of children (Wh.): [*skritu-], root [sker]; cf. Eng. [short], I.E. [skr@.dh], little, short. , scratch, Ir. [scrobaim]: [*skrobbo-], from [skrob], scratch; Lat. [scrobis], a ditch, [scro@-fa], a pig ("scratcher up"); Eng. [scrape]; Lettic [skrabt], scrape, Ch.Sl. [skreb], scrape. , a bird's crop, Ir. [scroba/n]; cf. Eng. [crop], Ger. [kropf]. , a screw, so Ir.; from the Eng. , the head or side of the head (in ridicule), a hat or bonnet; vb. , put on the bonnet firmly, scrog; from the Sc. [scrog], [scrug], Eng. [shrug]. In the sense of "head" compare [sgruigean]. --page 320 , , anything shrivelled, a shrivelled old woman, old cow or ewe, , shrivel; from the Sc. [scrog], a stunted bush, [sgroggy], stunted, Eng. [scraggy], Dan. [skrog], Swed. [skrokk], anything shrunken, Norse [skrokkr]. , a peeling or paring, anything torn off; from Scandinavian - Dan. [skrael], peelings or parings of apples, potatoes, Norse [skri/ll], a mob. , hesitate, , a hesitating, Ir. [scrub], hesitate, [sgrubalach], scrupulous; from Eng. [scruple]. , examine, search, Ir. [scru/daim], O.Ir. [scru/taim]; from Lat. [scru^tor], Eng. [scrutiny]. , neck of a bottle, the neck (in ridicule), Ir. [sgruigi/n], neck of a bottle, short-necked person; cf. [sgrog]. , an old shrivelled person, a thin person, Ir. [sgruta], an old man, [sgrutach], lean, [sgrut], a contemptible person; cf. Norse [skrudda], a shrivelled skin, old scroll. (), a shock of corn (Assynt); from Norse [skru/f], hay-cock. , a broom or besom, Ir. [sguab], E.I. [scu/ap, O.Ir. [sco/ptha], scopata, W. [ysgub], Br. [skuba]; from Lat. [sco^pa]. , coquetry; cf. [guag]. , hussy, hoyden (Arg.); possibly from Sc. [quean]: [*-quean-seach]; cf. [siu\rsach]. , slur, scandal (Carm.): , sprain, strain a joint: "spring"; cf. E.Ir. [scuchim], I depart, root [skak], Lit. [szo/kti], jump, spring (see [sgeun]). , lop, snatch; cf. W. [ysgu^th], scud, whisk, Eng. [scud], Sc. [scoot], [squirt], etc. G. is borrowed. , a cluster: , a scout; from the Eng. , fish-guts, offal; cf. [cut]. , coarse clumsy person, , a soft boorish fellow; see [guga]. , a scullion; from the Sc. [scudler], [scudle], cleanse. , thrash, dress flax, Ir. [sguitsim]; from Eng. [scutch]. , rakish person (Glenmoriston): , cease, stop, Ir. [sguirim], O.Ir. [scorim], desist, unyoke: [*skorio^], root [sker], [skor], separate; see [sgar]. , , the lap, a smock, apron, Ir. [sguird]; from Eng. [skirt], Norse [skirta], a shirt. , the foot board in a boat: , a wanderer (, Shaw): Macpherson's [scuta], whence he derives [Scotti] - an invention of his own? --page 321 , a large wicker basket; from Scandinavian - Norse [skjo/la], a bucket, Sc. [skeil], tub, [skull], shallow basket of oval form. In Sutherland, means "a basket for holding the linen". , flippant, evil tongued (Carm.): , scum, foam; from Norse [sku/m], foam, M.Eng. [scu@-m], now [scum], Ger. [schaum], foam. , a skirt, tawdry head-dress, corn rick; from [sgu\m], "skimmer"? [sguman] (Arran). , a fire-shovel, a Cinderella: , scour, Ir. [sgu/raim]; from the English. , sharp hill; Heb. for [sgorr]. , she, Ir., O.Ir. [si/]; see [i]. , six, Ir. [se/]; see [se\]. , wipe, sweep along, puff away, Ir. [si\obadh], blowing into drifts; [*sveibbo-], root [wveib], Eng. [sweep]; Norse [sveipr], sweep, Eng. [sweep]. Also , Hence , sand drift, sea-spray. , a dish of stewed periwinkles (Heb.): , idle ceremony: , a fairy, (Arran), (Shaw), (M`A.), Ir. [siabhra], E.Ir. [siabrae], [siabur], fairy, ghost, W. [hwyfar] in [Gwenhwyfar], [Guinevere] (?): [*seibro-]: , , soap, Ir. [siabhainn] (fol.), W. [sebon]; from Lat. [sapo(n)], from Teut. [saipo^], whence Eng. [soap], Ger. [seife], Norse [sa/pa]. , sprain, strain a joint: , a pithless wretch; another form of [si\ochair]. , a stink: [*seiddo-], blow; see [se/id]. Cf. Eng. [shite]. , sloth, Ir. [siadhail], sloth: , a scream, soft music (Carm.), Ir. [sian], voice, shout, sound, E.Ir. [sian]: [*sve^no-], which Stokes ([Zeit.]@+[28] 59) explains as [*sesveno-], root [sven], sound (see [seinn]). , a pile of grass, beard of barley, Ir., E.Ir. [sion], foxglove, W. [ffion], digitalis, [ffuon], foxglove, O.W. [fionou], roses, Br. [foeonnenn], privet. Stokes gives the Celtic as [*(p)e^a^no-]. Gadelic might be allied to Lat. [spi^na], thorn. , a charm; see [seun]. , storm, rain, Ir. [si/on], weather, season, storm, O.Ir. [si/n], tempestas, W. [hin], weather, M.Br. [hynon], fair weather: [*se^na^]; root [se^] ([se^i]) as in [si\n], [si\or]; Norse [seinn], slow, late, M.H.G. [seine], slowly, Eng. [sith], [since]. , , freckles; from [sian], foxglove? See [seunan]. --page 322 , westward, aside, Ir. [siar], O.Ir. [si/ar]; from [s-iar], see [iar], west, and [s-] under [suas]. , languishing, , melancholy (Dial.); from [siar], "going backwards"? , wasting, dwining (Suth.): , rheumatism; from Lat. [sciatica]. , you, ye, Ir. [sibh], O.Ir. [sib], [si], W. [chwi], O.W. [hui], Cor. [why], Br. [c'houi]: [*sves], for [s-ves] (Brug.; Stokes has [*sve^s]); Gr. @G[sfw@ni@"], you two, Got. [izvis] ([iz-vis]); the [ves] is allied to Lat. [vos]. The form [sibh] is for [*svi-svi]. , the prominence of the belly (H.S.D.), peritoneum (M`A.): , particle, grain (Carm.): , wise, steady; from Sc. [sicker], M.Eng. [siker], from Lat. [securus], now Eng. [sure]. W. [sicr] is from M.Eng. , weather, peasceful weather after storm, tide: [*sizdi-], "settling", root [sed], sit? Ir. has [si/de] in the sense of "blast", from [se/id]. Also [ti\d], which suggests borrowing from N. [ti/@dh], tide, time, Eng. [tide]. , drop, distil, Ir. [silim], perf. [siblais], stillavit, Br. [sila], passez: [*svilio^]. Stokes gives the root as [stil], Lat. [stillo], drop, Gr. @G[sti/lc] (do.). Hence , a drop. Cf. Eng. [spill]; [*spild], destroy, spoil. , spittle, saliva, Ir. [seile], O.Ir. [saile], W. [haliw], Br. [hal], [halo]: [*saliva^] (Stokes); Lat. [saliva]. Stokes says that they appear to be borrowed from Lat., while Wharton thinks the Lat. is borrowed from Gaulish. , a lean, pithless creature: "seedy", from [si\ol]? , a mallet, beetle, Ir. [siomaide]: , a chimney, Ir. [seimileur], [simnear], [simne]; from Eng., Sc. [chimley], Eng. [chimney]. , a silly woman; from the next word.>> , simple, Ir. [simplidhe], silly, simple; from Lat. [simplex], whence Eng. [simple], W. [syml]. , that, Ir., O.Ir. [sin], O.W. [hinn], W. [hyn], [hwn], [hon], Corn. [hen], [hon] (fem.), Br. [hen], Gaul. [sosin] (= [so-sin]); from root [so] ([sjo]), as in [-sa], [so], q.v. , stretch, Ir., O.Ir. [si/nim]: [*se^no-], root [se^], mittere, let go; Lat. [sino], [situs]; Gr. @G[i@`cmi], send. Cf. [si\r] (from [*se^ro-], long). Allied is root [se^i], [sei], [si], mittere, Norse [si/@dhr], long, [seinn], slow, Lit. [seinyti], reach. , a teat, Ir., E.Ir. [sine], [triphne], tree-teated: [*svenio-] for [*spenio-], root [spen] of Lit. [spe@?ny/s], udder teat, O.Pruss. [spenis], teat, Norse [speni], teat, Du. [speen], udder, Sc. [spain], wean. , gin, juniper tree (Suth.); Fr. [genie^vre]. --page 323 , we, us, Ir. [sinn], E.Ir. [sinn], [sinne], O.Ir. [ni], [sni], [snisni], [sninni], W. [ni], [nyni], Cor. [ny], [nyni], Br. [ni]: [*nes] (Brug.; Stokes gives [ne^s]), accusative form, allied to Lat. [no^s], Skr. [nas], Gr. @G[nw/]. The [s] of [sni] is due to analogy with the [s] of [sibh], or else prothetic (cf. [is-se/], he is). , ancestors, Ir. [sinnsear], ancestors, an elder person, E.Ir. [sinser], elder, ancestor: [*senistero-], a double comparative form (like Lat. [minister], [magister]) from [sean], old, q.v. , plough traces, from [si\n]. , a skip, pace; from [si\n]. , drift as snow (M`A.); see [siab]. , a blast of the mouth, puff, Ir. [siobo/g]; cf. [siab]. , foam on crest of waves; see [siaban]. , fish, angle (M`A.), , fishing: , a straw, candle wick: , a long streamer, long person (M`A.); from [siab]? , civil, peaceful, Ir. [sibhealta], from Ir. [si/othamhuil], peaceable, E.Ir. [si/damail]. Borrowing from Eng. [civil] has been suggested ([Celt.Mag.]@+[12] 169). , peace, Ir. [si/ocha/in], peace, [si/othcha/nta], peaceful, [si/odhchan], atonement, M.Ir. [si/dchanta], peaceful; from [si/th]. , a dwarf, fairy, M.Ir. [sidhcaire], fairy host, [si/thcuiraibh] (dat.pl.), E.Ir. [si/thchaire]; from [si/th], fairy, and [cuire], host (Ger. [heer], army, Eng. [herald]). , silk, Ir. [si/oda], E.Ir. [si/ta], W. [sidan]; from L.Lat. [se^ta], silk from Lat. [se^ta], a bristle, hair; whence Ag.S. [si/de], silk, Eng. [satin]. , pale, ill-coloured, Ir. [si/ogach], streaked, ill-coloured, [si/og], a streak, a shock of corn: , greasy (M`A.), lazy (M`F.): , a starveling, lean person; from Lat. [siccus]? , seed, Ir. [si/ol], O.Ir. [si/l], semen, W. [hil]: [*se^lo-n], root [se^], sow; Lat. [se^men]; Eng. [seed], Ger. [saat]; Lit. [pa-se@?ly/s], a sowing. , a gill; from the Eng. , a gill; from the Eng. , a wooden collar for a plough horse; from Scandinavian - Swed. [sela], a wooden collar, Norse [seli], harness, [sili], a strap, Sc. [sele], a wooden collar to tie cattle to the stalls. , a syllable, Ir. [siolla], E.Ir. [sillab]; from Lat. [syllaba], whence Eng. [syllable]. , straining, filtering, Ir. [si/olthughadh], E.Ir. [sithlad], W. [hidlo], [hidl], a filter; also O.Ir. [si/thal] = Lat. [situla], a bucket; from Lat. [situla] (Stokes [Lismre]). G. , also means "sibsiding", and leans for its meaning, if not its origin, upon [si\th], peace. --page 324 , a sand-eel: , snatch, pilfer: , lazy, swarfish: , a tun, rotation (M`A.), W. [chwyl]; see [seal]. Cf. Ir. [siolla], whiff, glint, syllable; root of [seal]. , a teal, small wild duck; from Eng. [teal]? , a rop of straw or hay; from the Norse [sima], g.pl. [si/mna], a rope, cord, Sc. [simmonds], heather ropes (Orkneyu), Teut. [*si^mon-], Ag.S. [si/ma], fetter, Shet. [simmen]; Gr. @G[i@`moni/a] ([i] long), well rope; I.E. [si^mon-], a bond, band, [seio-], bind. , something, anything; also "weather", for [sian], whence possibly this meaning of "anything" comes. , lord (M`Pherson's [Fingal]@+[1], 341): if genuine, the root may be [sen], old; cf. Lat. [senior], now Eng. [sir]. , phosphorescent, solus , phosphorus, also . For root see next.>> , valve of bellows, pipe-reed, , Irish bagpipe. From root [spend], swing, play, Skr. [spand], move quickly. Gr. @G[sfedo/nc], sling, Lat. [pendeo], hang, Eng. [pendulum]. , a fox, so Ir., E.Ir. [sinnach], [sindach], O.Ir. [sinnchenae], vulpecula: , bagpip chanter, Ir. [siunsoir]; from the Eng. [chanter]. , despise; [cuir an siop], turn tail on (Hend.); see [se\ap]. , soap; see [siabunn]. , long, continual, Ir. [si/or], O.Ir. [si/r], comparative [si/a], W. [hir], compar. [hwy], Cor., Br. [hir]: [*se^ro-s]; Lat. [se^rus], late, Fr. [soir], evening, Eng. [soiree]; Skr. [sa^ya/], evening. See [sian], [si\n]. (M`A., M`E.), , (H.S.D.), a sheriff, , , county, Ir. [sirriamh], M.Ir. [sirriam]; from M.Eng. [shirreve], now [sheriff], "shire-reeve". The Sc. is [shirra] usually. , a deviation, onset: [*sith-rad], from [sith]? , eternal, Ir. [si/orruidhe]; from [*si/r-rad], eternity, [si\or]. , down, Ir. [si/os], O.Ir. [si/s]: [*s-i/s], from [s-] (see [suas]) and [i/s], or [i\os], q.v. , a scissors, Ir. [siosur]; from the Eng. , a blackguard, a pet; from Sc. [shit]. , search, Ir. [sirim] ([si/rim], Con.), E.Ir. [sirim]: [*s(p)eri-], root [sper], foot it; Norse [spyrja], ask, track, Sc. [spere], ask after, Ger. [spu@"ren], trace, track, also further Eng. [spur]; Lat. [sperno] (Eng. [spurn] allied), etc. The vowel of [sir] is short (otherwise --page 325 Stokes' [Dict.], Rhys [Manx Pray.]@+[2] 71, who compares W. [chwilio]. , , a cherry, Ir. [siris], W. [ceirios]; from M.Eng. [*cheris], from O.Fr. [cerise], Lat. [cerasus], Gr. @G[ke/rasos]. , a dunghill; from the Eng. Cf. N. [saeti]. , a stride, onset, a dart to, Ir. [sidhe], gust, M.Ir. [sith], onset; cf. Ir. [sith-], intensive prefix (O'Don. [Gr.] 277), [*setu-], [seti-], may be root [es], @G[etumo/s] (Bez.@+[21] 123), E.Ir. [sith], long, W. [hyd], to, as far as, O.W. [hit], longitudo, usque ad, Br. [hed], length, during: [*seti], root [se^], as in [si\or], long (Stokes). Cf. N. [si/@dhr], long, Eng. [sith]; root [sit]. , peace, Ir. [si/th], [si/oth], E.Ir. [si/th], O.Ir. [si/d]: [*se^dos] (neut. [s] stem), root [sed] ([se^d]) of , q.v.; Lat. [se^do], settle; Lit. [se@?da/ti], sit. W. [hedd], peace, is from [se@ud]. , a fairy, (do.), Ir. [si/dh], a fairy hill, [si/gh], a fairy, [si/gheo/g] (do.), O.Ir. [si/de], dei terreni, whose dwelling is called [si/d]; in fact, [si/de], the fairy powers, is the pl. (ge. s. ?) of [si/d], fairy dwelling or mound, while its gen. sing. appears in [mna/ si/de], [fir si/de]: [*se^dos], g. [se^desos], as in the case of [si\th], peace, which is its homonym (Stokes); root [se], [se^d], Gr. @G[e@`dos], a temple or statue, literally an "abode" or "seat"; Lat. [noven-sides], [noven-siles], the new gods imported to Rome. Thurneysen has compared Lat. [si^dus], a constellation, "dwelling of the gods". Hence , a green knoll, fairy knoll. , venison, Ir. [si/dh], and [si/dheann] (O'R.), M.Ir. [sieng], [sideng], deer, W. [hyddgig] (= "stag's flesh"), from [hydd], stag, red deer: [*sedi-], deer; to which is to be referred M.Ir. [segh] (= agh allaidh, O'Cl.), E.Ir. [se/g] (= oss allaidh, Corm.). , the rafter of a kiln laid across, on which the corn is dried: , roller for a boat: , , neighing, Ir. [sitreach]: cf. [se/id], blow ([*svid-tri-]). , walking, so Ir., M.Ir. [siubal], for [*siumal], W. [chwyf], motus, [chwyfu], move, stir, M.Br. [fifual], now [finval], stir; root [svem], move; O.H.G., Ag.S. [swimman], Eng. [swim]. Cf. W. [syflyd], move, stir. ; see [luighe-siubhla]. , a word by which horses are called: (, H.S.D.), sugar, Ir. [siu/cra], W. [sugr]; from M.Eng. [sugre], Fr. [sucre]. , swinging; from Sc. [showd], swing, waddle, O.Sax. [skuddian], shake, O.Du. [schudden] (do.), Eng. [shudder]. , call to drive away hens; cf. Eng. [shoo]! , lovage plant; see [sunais]. , a tail, appendage; cf. [se\ap]. --page 326 , a whore; from the Eng., with the G. fem. termination [-seach] (see [o\innseach]). , say away, begin, go on: [*seo-tu], "here you", from [so] and [tu]? Cf. [trobhad], [thugad]. , pith of a horn: Sc. [sluch]? , a kind of reddish sea-weed, sloke, Ir. [slabhaca/n]; from Eng. [sloke], Sc. [sloke], [slake]. , a slouching fellow (Suth.), a taunter; from Norse [slo/kr], slouching fellow, whence Eng. [slouch]. , a chain, Ir. [slabhra], O.Ir. [slabrad]: [*slab-rad], from [slab], root [la@g], of Gr. @G[lamba/nw], I take, catch, Eng. [latch]. , thrash, beat, Ir. [slacairim]; root [slag], [sleg], or [sl@.g], E.Ir. [sligim], beat, strike, [slacc], sword: [*slego^], beside I.E. [slak] as in Got. [slaha], strike, Ger. [schlagen] (do.), Eng. [slay] (Stokes for [sligim]); further Lat. [lacerare], lacerate, Gr. @G[laki/zw], tear (Kluge). Hence , beetle, rod. , theft, Ir. [slad], M.Ir. [slat]: [*sladdo-]. Stokes gives the Celtic as [*stlatt-], allied to Lat. [stla^ta] ([stlatta]), pirate ship, and Eng. [steal]. The modern forms point to Gadelic [*sladdo-], for [*stl@.-ddo-], allied to Eng. [steal]? , a sheaf of corn ready to be thrashed (H.S.D.): , a kind of custard spread over bread (M`D.): , a hollow (Lewis); N. [slakki], slope, North Eng. [hollow]. , mire; see [la\ban]. Skeat refers Eng. [slab], slime, but it is likely native (cf. [slop], etc.). , a minificent gift: , , a rogue, Ir. [sloitire], rogue, [sloitireachd], roguery, M.Ir. [sleteoracht], theft (O'Cl.); from [slad] (Ir. [sloit]), rob. , great booty, a heap: from the Sc. [slam], a share or possession acquired not rightly, [slammach], to seize anything not entirely by fair means, Swed. [slama], heap together. , lash; from the Eng. , a lock of hair or wool, Ir. [sla/m], E.Ir. [slamm]: [*slags-men], Gr. @G[la/hos], wool, @G[la/hnc], down (otherwise Prellwitz, who refers Gr. to [*vl@.k-sna^], root [vel] of [ollann], q.v. , curdled milk, Ir. [slamanna], clots, flakes (O'Cl.), E.Ir. [slaimred] (na fola). Cf. [lommen], gulp. , healthy, whole, Ir., O.Ir. [sla/n}: [*sl@-@.-no-] (Brug.), [*s@?la^no-s] (Stokes); Lat. [salvus] (= [sl@-@.-vo-], Brug.), safe, solidus, firm Eng. [solid]; Gr. @G[o@`los], whole (= @G[so/l[F]os]); Eng. [silly], originally meaning "blessed", Ger. [selig], blessed; Skr. [sa/rvas], whole, all. W., Br. [holl] is referred here by Stokes, etc., more immediately allied to Lat. [sollus], whole, all. --page 327 , drag, trail, Ir. [slaodaim], draw after, slide, [slaod], a raft, float, E.Ir. [sla/et], a slide: [*sloiddo-], Celtic root [sleid], [slid]; W. [litthro], Eng. [slide], Ag.S. [sli/dan], Ger. [schlitten], slide, sledge (n.); Lit. [slidu\s], smooth, Gr. @G[o@'liscanw], [*slid-d-]. Stokes explains the [d] of [slaod] as for [dd], from [-dno/-]: [*slaidh-no/-]. , parboil, , parboiled, slovenly, Ir. [slaopach], lukewarm (O'R.); also [slaopair], a sloven, for which see next.>> , , slovenly, Ir. [slapach], slovenly, [slapar], a trail or train; from Scandinavian - Norse [sla/pr], a good-for-nothing, [slaepa], vestis promissa et laxa (Jamieson), [sloppr], Eng. [slop], Sc. [slaupie], slovenly, Dutch [slap], slack], remiss, Ger. [schlaff]. , din, noise; from Eng. [slap]. , a rod, twig, Ir. [slat], M.Ir. [slat], [slatt], W. [llath], [yslath], Br. [laz]: [*slatta^]; Eng. [lath] is from W. M.Eng. [latte], Ag.S. [laetta], O.H.G. [latta], Ger. [latte] are also Celtic borrows, Fr. [latte] (Thurneysen), but Kluge regards them as cognate. , mattock for digging up carrots, etc. (Carm.); [sleidheag], kind of ladle (Lewis); cf. N. [sleif]. , a spear, so Ir., E.Ir. [sleg]: [*sl@-@.ga^]; Skr. [sr@.j], hurl, sling. , sly person (Lewis); cf. N. [slaemr], bad. , stye (Carm.): , slippery, smooth, Ir. [sleamhuin], O.Ir. [slemon], W. [llyfn], smooth, O.Br. [limn] (in compounds): [*slib-no-s], root [slib], [sleib]; Norse [sleipr], slippery, Eng. [slip], slippery; Gr. @G[o@'libro/s], @G[libro/s], slippery. See [sliabh] also. , dilatory, , drawling, slow, sly; also , laziness; from the Sc. [sleek]? , back-sliding (Heb.): [*slei@dh-s-], root of [slaod] and Eng. [slide]? , kneel, Ir. [sle/achdain], O.Ir. [sle/chtaim]; frpom Lat. [flecto]. , a moor, mountain, Ir. [sliabh], mountain, O.Ir. [sli/ab]: [*sleibos], root [sleib], [slib], glide, down, I.E. [slei@go-]; Eng. [slope], from [slip], Norse [sleipr], slippery; see [sleamhuinn]. W. [llwyf], platform, loft, seems allied to G. [sliabh]. , spread any soft substance by trampling, daub: [*sleikto-], [sleig], Norse [sli/kr], smooth, Eng. [sleek], Ger. [schlick], grease, the original idea being "greasy", like soft mud. Cf. E.Ir. [sliachtad], smoothing, preening. , (, Dial.), thigh, Ir. [sliasad], O.Ir. [sliassit], poples: a diphthongal form of the root of [slis], q.v. , a sloven; cf. Ir. [sliobair], drag along; from Eng. [slip], [sloven]. , a scale of a balance, a shell, Ir. [slige], a grisset, shell, O.Ir. [slice], lanx, ostrea: [*sleggio-], root [sleg], for which cf. [slachd]. --page 328 , a way, Ir. [slighe], E.Ir. [slige], g. [sliged]: [*sleget-], root [sleg] of Ir. [sligim], I. strike ([ro sligsetar], [ro selgatar rotu], they hewed out ways). See [slachd] further. , a weaver's sley or reed, Ir. [slinn], a sley, M.Ir. [slind], pecten, also [slige], pecten, which suggests for [slinn] a stem: [*sleg-s-ni-], [sleg] being the same root as that of [slighe] and [slachd]. Cf. Eng. [sley] allied to [slay], smite. Stokes refers both O.Ir. [slind], tile and weaver's sley, to the root [splid], [splind], Eng. [split], [splint]. See [slinnean] and [sliseag] further. , shoulder blade, shoulder, Ir. [slinnea/n], M.Ir. [slinde/n]: cf. O.Ir. [slind], imbrex, tile, Ir. [slinn], slate, tile, also E.Ir. [slind-ge/r], smooth-sharp, slate-polished (?), [slinnd-glanait], whetstone-cleaned: [*slindi-], root [slid], [sleid], smooth, glide, Eng. [slide], Lit. [slidu\s], smooth. Stokes refers [slind], imbrex, to the root [splid], [splind], split, Eng. [split], [splint]; see [sliseag]. , stroke, rub, lick, Ir. [sliobhaim], polish, M.Ir. [slipthe], whettened, [slibad], whetting, W. [yslipan], burnish; from Norse or Ag.S. - Norse [sli/pa], whet, make sleek, Ag.S. [sli/pan], slip, glide, M.L.Ger. [sli/pen], sharpen, M.Du. [slijpen], polish, sharpen. , posterity, tribe, Ir. [sliochd], M.Ir. [slicht], trace, track, O.Ir. [slict], vestigium: [*slektu-], root [sleg] of [slighe] and [slachd]. For similar origin, cf. Ger. [geschlecht], race, lineage. , sly, Ir. [sli/ogach], sleek, fawning, [sli/gthech], sly; from Eng., Sc. [sleek], Norse [sli/kr], smooth; I.E. [slei@g], glide (see [sliabh]). , sleek, slippery, slim, the buttercup (Carm.), Ir. [sli/omaim] flatter, smooth, gloss over; from Eng. [slim], sly, crafty, slender, now "slim", Sc. [slim], naughty, [slim o'er], gloss over, O.Du. [slim], awry, crafty, Ger. [schlimm], bad, cunning. Hence G. , weakling, craven. , a lip, blubber lip; from Eng. [lip]. , the side of a man or beast, flank, Ir. [slios], O.Ir. [sliss], pl. [slessa], W. [ystlis]: [*stlisti-], root [stel], extend, Lat. [stla^tus], [la^tus], wide, Ch.Sl. [stelja], spread. , , a chip, Ir. [slis], [sliseo/g], E.Ir. [sliss]: [*slissi-], from [*splid-s-ti], root [splid]. Eng. [split], [splice], [splint], Ger. [spleissen], etc. Eng. [slice] has been compared, Eng. [slit], root [slid], which could also produce the Gadelic forms. , a plant like the [slan-lus] (Carm.): , a pit, slough, Ir. [sloc]: [*slukko-], for [*slug-ko-], root [slug], swallow, as in [slug], q.v. Skeat derives hence Ag.S. [slo/h], Eng. [slough]. Ger. [schlucht], hollow, ravine, is referred by Kluge to the root [slup], lubricus. --page 329 , a puddle, Ir. [slod]; see [lod]. , sloke; from the Sc. or Eng. [sloke]. , surname, Ir. [sloinnim], I. name, O.Ir. [slondim], name, significo, [slond], significatio, O.W. [islinnit], profatur, M.W. [cy-stlwn], family and clan name, W. [ystlyned], kindred, [ystlen], sex: [*stlondo-], [*stlondio^], I speak, name. , dash, beat against sea-like, daub; from Sc. [slaister], bedaub, a wet liquid mass, to move clumsily through a miry road, also [slestir] (Badenoch Dial. , bedaub). , people, Ir. [sluagh], O.Ir. [sluag], [slo/g], W. [llu], Corn. [lu], Gaul. [slo^gi], in [Catu-slogi]: [*slougo-s], cf. Slav. [sluga], a servant, Lit. [slauginti]. , act of mixing (lime, etc.) with a shovel; see next word.>> Cf. Eng. [slubber]. , a shovel, Ir. [sluasad], a paddle, a shovel: , swallow, (inf.), Ir. [slugaim], E.Ir. [slucim], [slocim]: [*sluggo^], root [slug], [lug], swallow; Ger. [schlucken], to swallow, M.H.G. [slucken]: Gr. @G[lu/zw], @G[luggai/nw], have the hiccup. W. [llwnc], gullet, a gulp, [llyncu], to swallow, O.Br. [ro-luncas], guturicavit, m.Br. [lloncaff] are allied to E.Ir. [longad], now [longadh], eating, which is a nasalised form of the root [slug], [lug]. , authority, correction, Ir. [smachd], O.Ir. [smacht], M.Ir. [smachtaigim], I enjoin, [smacht], fine for breaking the law: [*smaktu-], from [s-mag], root [mag], I.E. [magh], be strong; Eng. [may], Got. [magan], be able; Gr. @G[mc@nhos], means (see [mac]). , a particle, jot: "spot, stain" (see [smod]). From Sc. [smad], [smot], a stain, Eng. [smut]. Ir. has [smada/n], soot, smut. Cf. also M.Ir. [smot], a scrap, Ir. [smota/n], a block, W. [ysmot], patch, spot. , threaten, intimidate, boast: , , a paw; see [smo\g]. , dust, spot, blemish, Ir. [sma/l], [smo/l]; root [smal], [mal] ([smel], [mel]), Lit. [sma/lkas], dust, [sme@?lynas], sand field, [smelalis], sand, Lettic [smelis], water sand, Got. [ma/lma], sand, Norse [melr], sand hill, Eng. [mole]. , snuff a candle, Ir. [sma/l], embers, snuff of candle; cf. the above word.>> , the young saith or cuddie: , think; see [smuain]. , a lad, a growing youth (Badenoch); root [smar], from [mar], [mer], Gr. @G[mei@nraz], boy, Skr. [maryaka/s], a mannie, [ma/ryas], young man, Lit. [marti], bride; also W. [morwyn], girl, [merch], --page 330 daughter, Br. [merc'h]. Cf. Aran Ir. [marlach], child of two to five years, either sex. , an emerald, Ir. [smaragaid]; from Lat. [smaragdus], whence through Fr. comes Eng. [emerald]. , the chin, Ir. [smeach], [smeachan], E.Ir. [smech]: [*smeka^]; Lit. [smakra\], Lettic [smakrs], chin, palate; Skr. [c@.mac@,ru], moustache. , a slumber, slight sleep: , , remains, offals, dainties: , beckon, nod, Ir. [sme/idim], beckon, nod, hiss: [*smeiddi-], root [smeid], smile, Gr. @G[meida/w], smile, Pruss. [smaida], a smile, Eng. [smile]. W. [amneidio], beckon, nod, O.W. [enmeituou], nutus, O.Br. [enmetiam], innuo, do not agree in vowel with Gadelic. , pale, ghastly, , a pale, puny person; cf. [meileach]. , the end of an arrow next the bowstring, , back end of arrow head (Wh.), Ir. [smeirne], a spit, broach (Sh., O'R.): , a thrush, Ir. [smo/lach], [smo/l], M.Ir. [smolach]; W. [mwyalch], blackbird, Corn. [moelh], Br. [moualch]: [*smugal-], [*smugl-], from [mug] (see [mu\ch])? Stokes derives W. [mwyalch], blackbird, from [*meisalko-], Ger. [meise], Eng. [tit-mouse]. , , anoint, smear, Ir. [sme/araim], grease, smear; from the Eng. For root see [smior]. , , a bramble berry, Ir. [smeur], E.Ir. [sme/r], W. [mwyaren], Br. [mouar] (pl.): ---KPD: Ir. [sme/ara dubha], "black smears"? smeuraich>, grope; from [meur]. , a syllable, opening of the mouth, a word, Ir. [smid]: [*smiddi-], root [smid], [smeid], smile, laugh, as in [sme/id]? , the chin, Ir. [smig], M.Ir. [smeice] (O'C.): [*smeggi-], for [*smek-gi], root [smek], as in [smeachan]? , a smile, smiling, Ir. [smig], [smigeadh]: [*smi@uggi], root [smi], smile, for which see [sme\id]. Also [mi\og], q.v. , spirit; from Sc. [smeddum]. , refuse of a feast (M'A.); see [smolamas]. , , marrow, Ir. [smior], E.Ir. [smir], g. [smera], W. [mer]: [*smeru-]; O.H.G. [smero], grease, Ag.S. [smeoru], lard, Eng. [smear], Norse [smjo@urr], butter. , throw in the air with one hand and strike with the other; formed on Eng. [smite]. , crop-eared, short-chinned (R.D.), Ir. [smiot], ear: , smear; from the Sc. [smear], Eng. [smear]. See [smeur]. , dirt, dust, also (according to M`A.) drizzling raid; from Sc. [smot], Eng. [smut]. See [smad]. --page 331 , sweepings, crumbs, fragments, smattering, M.Ir. [smot], a scrap; cf. above word.>> , , a paw; cf. Norse [smju\ga], creep through a hole, Ag.S. [smu/gan], creep, Eng. [smuggle]. For , see also [ma\g]. , trash, fragments of victuals; cf. [strolamas], [brolamas]. , a thought, Ir. [smuaineadh], M.Ir. [smuained]: [*smoudn-], root [smoud], [moud]; Got. [gamaudjan], remind, cause to remember; Ch.Sl. [mysli@u-], thought (Strachan). Cf. M.Ir. [muaidnig], thought. , grief, dejection: [*smoudro-], root [smoud] of above? , marrow, juice of the bones, Ir. [smuais], marrow, E.Ir. [smuas]: , smash, Ir. [smuais], in shivers, in pieces; from Eng. [smash]. , a snivel, a nasal sound (, M`A.); for root, see [smug] ([s-mu^c-c]). , smoke, drizzle; from Eng. [smoke]. , a particle of dust; see [smod]. , a small block of wood, Ir. [smotan], stock, block, log: , smoke; see [smu\id]. , snot, spittle, , spittle, Ir. [smug], [smugaid]: [*smuggo-], root [smug], [mug], mucus; Lat. [emungo], wipe the nose. The root [mu@g] is a by-form of [muq], mucus, seen in Lat. [mucus], etc.; for which see [muc]. , smoke, Ir. [smu/id], E.Ir. [smu/it], [smu/tgur], [smu/tcheo]: [*smu/ddi-], root [smud]. Cf. Eng. [smut], Ger. [schmutz], dirt; which Zem. thinks the Gadelic borrowed from, though the meaning makes this unlikely. There are three allied roots on European ground denoting "smoke" -- [smu^gh] (Gr. @G[smu@-/hw], smoulder), [smu/g], or [smaug] (Eng. [smoke]) and [smu^d] (G. [smu\id]). , a snout, the face (in ridicule): from the Eng. [mug], ugly face. , glumness, dejection; M.Ir. [smuilci/n], a small snout: "snoutyness". , dross, peat dross, , dust, a particle of dust, , a mote; cf. Sc. [smurach], peat dross, [smore], [smurr], a drizzling rain, M.Eng. [smo/re], dense smoke, Eng. [smother] (= [smorther]), O.Du. [smoor]. O'R. has [smur] from Sh., and K.Meyer translates M.Ir. [smur-chimilt] as "grind to dust". , extracting the juice from (Suth.): , a bill, snout, Ir. [smut], a large flat nose, snout: , a little audible knock, a wood pecker (), Ir. [snag], hiccup; cf. Eng. [snock], a knock, and the next word.>> Ir. [snag], [snagardarach], [snaghairdara], a wood pecker, seems from [snaidh]. --page 332 , cutting or hacking wood with a knife; from Dial.Eng. [snagger], a tool for [snagging] or cutting off [snags], that is branches, knots, etc., Sc. [snagger-snee], a large knife, snicker-snee, [sneg], [snag], cut off branches. , active; from the above roots; cf. [snasmhor]. , hew, chip, shape, Ir. [snoighim], [snaidhim] (O'D.), E.Ir. [snaidim], [snaisi], peeled, W. [naddu], hew, chip, cut. O.Cor. [nedim], ascia (W. [neddyf], [neddai], adze, Br. [eze], [neze]), M.Br. [ezeff]: [*snado^]; Ger. [schnat], border, [schnate], a young twig, Swiss [schna@"tzen], cut, Swab. [schnatte], an incision in wood or flesh (Bez. apud Stokes). Strachan suggests the root [sknad], Gr. @G[knada/llw], scratch, @G[knwdw/nn], tooth (see [cna\mh]). Hence , regularity. , creep; from Sc. [snaik], sneak in walking, etc., [snaikin], sneaking, Eng. [sneak], [snake]. Cf. Ir. [snaighim], I creep. , a knot, Ir. [snaidhm], E.Ir. [snaidm], d. [snaidmaimm], [naidm], bond, nexus: [*nadesmen], root [ned], bind, I.E. [nedh]; Skr. [nah], tie, [naddha-s], tied; Ger. [nestel], lace, O.H.G. [nestila], a band; Lat. [no^dus], for [noz-dos], a knot. See [nasg]. , swim, Ir. [sna/mhaim], E.Ir. [sna/m] (inf.), [ro sno/], swam, W. [nawf], natatio, [nofio] (vb.), M.Br. [neuff], Br. [neunv]: [*sna^mu], (n.), [sna^o^], I swim; Lat. [no], [na^re]; Gr. @[na/w], flow; Skr. [sna^ti], bathe, float. , head, chief; [ceann-snaodh], head chief (Carm.): , a slice, piece; cf. E.Ir. [snaisse], cut, caesus, from [snaidh]. , snuff, Ir. [snaoisi/n], [sni/si/n]; from Eng. [sneezing] in [sneesing powder], the old name for snuff, Sc. [sneeshin], [sneezin]. , a strong, robust fellow, Ir. [snaoma/nach], stout, jolly fellow, hearty: "knotty", from [*snadm-] of [snaim]? , a bier, Ir. [snaoi]: , the trigger of a gun; from the English [snap]. , regularity, elegance, Ir. [snas]: "goot cut", from [snad] of [snaidh]; E.Ir. [snass], a cut. , thread, Ir. [sna/th], O.Ir. [sna/the], W. [ysnoden], lace, fillet, [noden], thread, Corn. [noden], [snod], vitta, Br. [neudenn]: [*sna^tio-], [*sna^to-n], root [sna^], [sne^], wind, spin; Skr. [sna^yu], sinew, bow-string; Gr. @G[eu@'/nnctos], well-spun; Ger. [schnur], lace, tie. See the allied and the next word below.>> , a needle, Ir. [sna/thad], O.Ir. [sna/that], W. [nodwydd], O.Corn. [notuid], Br. [nadoz], [nadoez]: [*snatanta^], [sna^teija^], from [sna^t] of [sna\th] above; cf. Eng. [needle], Got. [ne^@thla], O.H.G. [na^dala], Ger. [nadel]. , snow, so Ir., O.Ir. [snechta], pl. [snechti], nives, W. [nyf]: [*sniqtaio-], [*snibi-] (Welsh), I.E. [sni@gh], [snei@gh]; Got. [snaiws], --page 333 Eng. [snow], Ger. [schnee]; Lat. [nix], [nivis]; Gr. @G[ni/fa] (acc.), @G[ni/fei], it snows; Lit. [snin@~ga] (vb.), [sne@"/gas], snow; Zend. [c@,nizh]. , a nit, Ir. [sneagh], O.Ir. [sned], W. [nedd], nits, Corn., [nedhan], Br. [nezenn]: [*sknida^]; Ag.S. [hnitu], Eng. [nit], Ger. [niss]; Gr. @G[ko/nides], nits. , a stitch of clothing (Arg.): , drop, fall in drops, ooze through in drops, Ir. [snidhim], E.Ir. [snigim], W. [di-ne@"u], effundere, Br. [di-nou], melt, thaw, I.E. [snei@gho-], wet; Skr. [snih], [sne/hati], to be humid. Allied to [sneachd]. , spin, wind, twist, Ir. [sni/omhaim], M.Ir. [sni/maire], a spindle. [sni/m], spinning: [*sne^mu-], root, [sne^], [ne^]; Gr. @G[nc@nma], yarn. See [sna\th] further. W. has [nyddu], nere, Corn. [nethe], Br. [nezaff]. In the sense of "sadness", there is E.Ir. [sni/m], distress, Br. [niff], chagrin. , affix a fishing hook to the line, Manx [snooid]; from Sc. [snood], the hair line to which the hook is attached, a fillet, Ag.S. [sno/d], fillet, Eng. [snood]. , rapid motion of a boat. , , a smile; see [snuadh]. , sap of a tree; root [snu], flow, Ir. [snuadh], a stream, Gr. @G[ne/w], swim, Eng. [snot], Norse [snu/a], turn, Got. [sniwan], go. , testiness; from Sc. [snog], [snag], snarl, flout. , smell, snuff the wind, turn up the nose in smelling; founded on Eng. [snout]. , hue, appearance, beauty, Ir. [snuadh], M.Ir. [snu/ad]; root [snu], flow, as in E.Ir. [snuad], hair, head of hair, Ir. [snuadh], stream (see [snodhach]). , here, this, Ir. [so], E.Ir., P.Ir. [seo], [so]: [*sjo-] (beside [*so], as in [-sa], [-se]), Skr. [sya/], [sa/], the, this, Ger. [sie], she, they, O.H.G. [siu], she (= Skr. [sya@-/], G. ). , a prefix denoting good quality, Ir. [so/-], O.Ir. [so-], [su-], W. [hy], Br. [he-]; Skr. [su-], good, Zend. [hu-]. , , turn, prevent, O.Ir. [so/im], inf. [sood], root [sov], discussed under [iompaidh]. , , (M`L.), primrose, Ir. [sobhro/g] (Fol.), [somharcin] (O'B.), [so/bhrach] (O'R.), E.Ir. [sobrach], g. [sobarche]: , forepart of anything, ploughshare, snout, Ir. [soc], E.Ir. [socc], W. [swch] (f.), Cor. [soch], Br. [soc'h], [souc'h] (m.): [*succo-], snout, pig's snout, [*sukku-], a pig, W. [hwch], Cor. [hoch], Br. [houc'h] (Ag.S. [sugu], Eng. [sow], Lat. [su^s], etc.). So Thurneysen ([Rom.], 112), who clinches his argument by E.Ir. [corr] being both "crane" and "beak". Fr. [soc], ploughshare, Eng. [sock] are from Celtic. Stokes suggests the possibility of Celtic being --page 334 from Med.Lat. [soccus], vomer, or allied to O.H.G. [seh], vomer, Lat. [secare]. , ease, easy, Ir. [socair], easy, secure, M.Ir. [soccair]; opposite is , O.Ir. [seccair]: [*di-acair], [*so-acair], from [*acar], convenience, root [cor], place, as in [cuir]. Hence [acarach]. , a benefit, emolument, Ir. [sochar], emolument, wealth, ease, M.Ir. [sochor], good contract ([Sench. Mo/r]); from [so-] and [cor], q.v. , silliness, a yielding disposition, , simple, compliant, Ir. [socharach], obliging, easy, W. [hygar], amiable, Br. [hegar], benignus; from [so-] and [ca\r], dear. The Ir. is also from [sochar], ease. , silence, Ir. [sochd] (O'R., Sh.), M.Ir. [socht]: [*sop-tu-], root [svop] of [suain] (Dr Cameron). , noise of boiling water, steam of water in which meat is boiled, boiled meat, Ir. [sod], boiled meat (O'B.); from Norse [so@dh], broth or water in which meat has been boiled, Eng. [sodden], [seethe], sod], Sc. [sotter], boil slowly, [sottle], noise of boiling porridge, etc. , an awkward person, a stout person; from Sc. [sod], a heavy person, [sodick], [soudie], a clumsy heavy woman. , a pillion, clout; from Sc. [sodds], a saddle made of cloth. , pride, flattery, Ir. [sodal], [sotal], [sutal], O.Ir. [sotla], pride, insolence, [sotli], animositates; this has been adduced as the source of Eng. [sot], Fr. [sot]. According to Stokes [*sput-tlo-], W. [ffothyll], pustula, Lat. [pustula], Skr. [phutkar], puff (Stokes). , caressing, joy, joyous reception: , trotting, a trotting horse (Sh., Lh., etc.), Ir. [sodar], trotting: , , mirth, good humour, tipsiness; from [*sugg], a short form of the root of [su\gradh]. , luxury, riot, Ir. [so/gh], M.Ir. [sodh], E.Ir. [suaig], prosperous: [*su-ag-], root [ag] of [aghaidh], [a\gh]. , bashful, ignorant; see [saidealta]. , a jolly-looking or stout person; see [sod]. , , pleasure, delight, Ir. [so/ighneas]: [so-gne-], root [gen]. , officiousness, flattery, Ir. [soili/os]; from Lat. [sollicitus]? , wind, a fair wind: , clear, visible, Ir. [soille/ir]: from [so-] and [le/ir]. The [ll] is due to the analogy of [soillse]. , brightness, so Ir., O.ir. [soillse], [soilse]: [*svelnestio-]; see [solus] for connections. , prosperous, easy, easy circumstanced, good-natured, seems to combine O.Ir. [somme], dives, and O.Ir. [soinmech], --page 335 lucky, good, Ir. [soinmheach], fortunate, happy. The former Stokes derives from [so-imbi-s], for which see [iomadh]; the latter is [so-nem-ech], root [nem], under [ne\amh]. M.Ir. [somenmnach], good-spirited, is from [meanmna]. , esteem (n.), , handsome; cf. [so\nraich] for the root. , , fair weather, Ir. [soinean], M.Ir. [soinend], E.Ir. [sonend]; the opposite of [soinionn] is [doinionn], for [su-si^n-enn], [du-si^n-enn], from [si/n], now [sian], weather, rain (Stokes). , the east, Ir. [soir], E.Ir. [sair]; from [s-] (see [suas]) and [air] (= [*are]), on, q.v. , sack, vessel, bottle; cf. [searrag]. , easy, gentle, , success, wind, flatulence (Arg.), Ir. [soirbh], O.Ir. [soirb], facilis, opposed to [doirb], difficilis, root [reb], or [rib], manare (Ascoli). But compare Gaelic [reabh]. , snug, fond of ease (M`A.); from Sc. [sosh], snug, social. , a ball of fire in the sky, a portent (M`A.): , gospel, Ir. [soisge/al], [soisgeul], O.Ir. [sosce/le]; from [so-] and [sgeul]. , taste, decency, rest, stillness; from Sc. [sonsy]? , a vessel, Ir. [soitheach], M.Ir. [soithech], [saithech]: [*satiko-]: , tame, docile, gentle: [*so-seimh], from [se\imh]? So Munro, who writes [soisheamh]. , ere, before, Ir., E.Ir. [sul]; root [svel] of [seal]. , highly delighted (M`A.; , jolly, Arms.); founded on [so\las]. Arm.'s word seems from Eng. [jolly]. , a provision, purveying, preparing, Ir. [sola/thar]; from [so-] and [la\thair]. , joy, comfort, solace, Ir. [so/las]; from Lat. [so^latium], Eng. [solace]. , a welcome, rejoicing, Ir. [sollamhuin], a solemnity, feast, rejoicing, E.Ir. [sollamain]; from Lat. [sollemne], Eng. [solemnity]. , light, Ir., M.Ir. [solus], E.Ir. [solus], bright: [*svl@.nestu-], root [svel]; Ag.S. [svelan], glow, Eng. [sultry]; Gr. @G[se/las], light, @G[selc/nc], moon, @G[e@`la/nc], torch; Skr. [svar], sheen, sun. , bulky, large, placid; from M.Ir. [soma], abundance, with adj. terminations [-ail] and [ta]. See [soimeach] further. , convert, upset (Carm.); cf. Ir. [so/m]. , sake, cause, , on account of, Ir. [son], [ar son], M.Ir. [son], [er son]; from E.Ir. [son], word (root [sven] of [seinn])? , happy, ir., E.Ir. [sona], opposite of [dona]: [*so-gna/-vo-s], "well-doing"; root [gna] of [gni\omh]. , a stout man, hero; from [sonn], club, staff, M.Ir. [suinn catha], captains, "staves of battle". Cf. N. [stafn-buar], the [stem] men, or picked marines on the forecastle. Cf. [Ta\illear dubh na tuaighe] was "ursainn chatha nan Camshronach". See [sonn]. --page 336 , a staff, cudgel, beam, Ir., E.Ir. [sonn], W. [ffon], O.W. [fonn]: [*spondo-], Gr. @G[sfendo/nc], a sling, @G[sfedano/s], vehement; Skr. [spand], draw, move; Lat. [pendo], hang (Rhys). Stokes gives the stem [*spundo], allied to Norse [spjo/t], a lance, O.H.G. [spioz], spit, spear. Cf. M.Lat. [spnda], trabecula, repagulum. , appoint, ordain, Ir. [sonraighim], [sonrach], special, E.Ir. [sunnraid], O.Ir. [sainriud], especially, [sainred], proprietas, [sain], singularis, proprius, O.W. [han], alium: [*sani-], especially; Got. [sundro^], privately, Eng. [sunder]; Lat. [sine], without; Skr. [sanuta/r], without. , a wisp, Ir. [sop], E.Ir. [sopp], W. [sob], [sopen]; from Eng. [sop], Norse [soppa]. Zimmer takes the Ir. from Norse [svo@"ppr], sponge, ball; Stokes derives it from Norse [so/pr], besom. the W. [sob], [sopen] favours and Eng. [source]. , hesitate, grudge, shun: , a farewell, blessing, Ir. [soraidh], happy, successful, M.Ir. [soraid], E.Ir. [soreid]; from [so-] and [re/idh]. ++, light, bright, Ir., E.Ir. [sorcha]; opposite of [dorch], q.v , rest or support, foot-stool, light stand, peer-man; from [sorcha]. , a flue, vent, Ir. [so/rn], E.Ir. [sornn], W. [ffwrn], Corn. [forn]; from Lat. [furnus], oven, whence Eng. [furnace]. , a coarse mess or mixture; from Sc. [soss]. , kill, fell, Ir. [spaidim], benumb, [spaid], [spad], a clod (cf. [spairt]), a sluggard, eunuch; cf. W. [ysbaddu], exhaust, geld, from Lat. [spado], eunuch. Hence , benumbed. , flat, Ir. [spad-]; from [*spad] of [spaid], spade? , a quarter or limb of an animal cut off; from L.Lat. [spatula], a shoulder blade, [spatula prcina], leg of pork, also [spadula], a shoulder, [spadlaris], a quarter of a beast. Cf. W. [yspaud], shoulder. , fop, braggart; cf. Norse [spja/tra], behave as a fop. See [spaideil]. , a paddle, plough-staff, so Ir.; from M.Eng. [spaddle], paddle, dim. of [spade]. , a strong and quick pull, the utmost extent of the outstretched arms, the grass cut by one scythe-stroke, [spadh], a scyth's stroke (Bad.); from Lat. [spatium]. Meyer objects. If Stokes' theory were right [spadh] could be from root [spa], pull, span. Cf. Eng. [swath]. , a claw or paw, limb of an animal, club-foot, , club-footed or awkward in the legs, Ir. [spa/g], claw, club-foot, clumsy leg, W. [ysbach], a claw; [spa\ga-da-ghlid], a buffoon, tomfool (Wh.): --page 337 , uttering words indistinctly, , obliquity of the mouth, , a wry mouth: , ostentation, conceit: , a spade, Ir. [spa/d]; from the Eng. , foppish, well-dressed: "strutting", from Lat. [spatior], as in [spaisdear] below? Cf., however, [spadair]. , pride, conceit, , fop, Ir. [spailp], [spailpi/n], rascal, mean fellow, "spalpeen": , a spoon, Manx [spain]; from norse [spa/nn], [spo/nn], spoon, chip, M.Eng. [sp@-n], Ag.S. [spo/n], chip. Ir. [spu/no/g], spoon, is from the Eng. , an effort, struggle, Ir. [spa/irn], [sba/irn], wrestling, struggling; from the Norse [sporna], kick with the feet, struggle, [sperna], kick, spurn, Eng. [spurn]. Hennessey derived it from Eng. [sparring] ([Athen@oeum], 15/8/71). , foppish, , having the hands in the trousers' pockets (M`A.); founded on Sc. [spare], opening of the fore part of the breeches. , a turf, clod, a splash, Ir. [spairt]; verb , daub, plaster, splash, brain, Ir. [spairtim]: cf. N. [spar@dha], pole-axe, whence M.Eng. [spert] or [spart]. , , a saunterer, , sauntering, Ir. [spaisdeo/ireachd], promenading, walking; Norse [spa/zera], walk, Dan. [spadsere], Ger. [spazieren], from Ital. (13th Cent.), [spaziare]: all from Lat. [spatior], walk, promenade. , a shuttle, Ir. [spo/l]; from Norse [spo/la], a weaver's shuttle, M.Eng. [spo@-le], now [spool], Ger. [spule], bobbin, spool. Hence [spa\lag], pea pod. , thin plate of metal, spangle; from Norse [spo@'ng], g. [spangar], a spangle, M.Eng. [spang], now [spangle], Ag.S. [spange], a clasp, Ger. [spange], buckle. , sever, divide, wean (a child); from Sc. [spain], [spane], wean, prevent, confused with M.Eng. [spannen], stretch, span. , a hinge, hasp; from the Eng. [spang], a spangle, Ag.S. [spang], a hasp; or Ag.S. [spannan], to clasp, Norse [spenna], [spennir], grasper, Sc. [spenn], to button. , , wrap, swathe: [*svil], [*sveil], as in [till], etc. , a roost, from [spa\rr]. , a joist, beam, roost, Ir. [sparra], wedge, spear, E.Ir. [sparr], a beam, joist; from Norse [sparri], a spar, Swed., Dan. [sparre], O.H.G. [sparro], bar, balk, Ger. [sperren], a spar, Eng. [spar]. Hence G. , drive as a nail or sedge, thrust, Ir. [sparraim]; G. , a bridgle bit, "little bar". , a limb, a clumsy libm; cf. [spoll]. --page 338 , the dew-lap of a beast, Ir. [sparsan] (Lh., O'B); see [spursan]. , a wasp, , for , "wrangling or dog bee", from [beach], bee? The Ir. for "wasp" is [eircbheach]. [connspeach] is referred by Stokes (Dict. 302) to [*speka^], Gr. @G[sfc/x]; for phonetics cf. [padhadh], [piuthar], also [speir] and [speal]. , a blow, thrust, stitch in the side, Ir. [speach], a kick: , door step (Carm.). , a very small foot or leg (M`A.), , sheepshanked (M`A.), kicking (Badenoch, where means a cow's or sheep's kick); cf. M.Ir. [spedudhud], a musical instrument (?), Kuno Meyer's "King and Hermit". Root [sped-do-], [spend-]. , a scythe, Ir. [speal], scythe, reaping hook, M.Ir. [spel]: [*spela^], Gr. @G[yali/s], shears, root [spal], clip, pull, further Eng. [psalm] (so Stokes). , a splinter; from Sc. [spelk], a splint attached to a fracture, M.E. [spelke], a splinter, Norse [spjalk], [spelkur], splint, Du. [spalk]. , a splinter; from Teutonic - M.Eng. [spe/lde], now a [spill], M.H.G. [spelte], a splinter, Ger. [spalten]. , a cow-fetter, a fetter for wild goats; see [speireach]. , a spike, Ir. [spe/ice]; from Norse [spi/k], a spike, Eng. [spike], Ger. [speiche]. W. has [ysbig]. , cattle, herd, Ir. [speil], herd of cattle or swine; [*speli-], allied to Lat. [spolium] (Stokes). , slide, skate; from Sc. [speil], play, [bonspel], curling game, Ger. [spielen], play. , hoof or ham of cattle, claw talon, ankle and thereabouts of the human leg, Ir. [speirr], hough, ham: [*s-peri-]; compare W. [ffer], ankle, [ber], leg, shank: Cor. [fer], crus, E.Ir. [seir], heel, [di pherid]: [*speret-], Gr. @G[sfuro/n], ankle, heel; root [sper], Eng. [spur], [spurn], Lat. [sperno], etc. , , cow-fetter, foot fetter; from [speir] and [*rich], tie, for which last see [buarach]. , strength, force, courage; founded on Lat. [spi^ritus]. , sparrow-hawk; from M.Eng. [sper-hauk], Ag.S. [spear-hafoc], Norse [sparrhaukr], from [sparrow] and [hawk]. , esteem, liking, Ir. [spe/is], M.Ir. [sbe/is]; seemingly from M.Ir. [sbesailte], special, from Lat. [species], look (cf. Eng. [re-spect]). , , diverge, divaricate, tear asunder, branch; from Sc. [spaik], a spoke (in a wheel), Eng. [spoke], Ag.S. [spa/ca]. , spectacles, Ir. [speucla/ir], a glass, spectacles; from the Latin. --page 339 , the heaven, firmament, Ir. [speur], [spe/ir]; from the L.Lat. [spera], a hemisphere, circle (of each planet), celestial region, Lat. [sphaera], a sphere (whence the Eng.), from Gr. @G[sfai@npra], globe. Cf. Sc. [spere], sphere, circle, "the [speir] of the moon". , spite, Ir. [spi/d]; from the Eng. Hence or , a taunt. , speed, haste; from Eng. [speed]. , nightingale (, M.F.), Ir. [spideo/g], robin: , a delicate or slender creature (Arms. ); from Sc. [spit], a little, hot-tempered person, [spitten], a puny, mischievous person, Eng. [spit]. , a spital, hospital, Ir. [spideul], M.Ir. [spide/l]; from M.Eng. [spitel], from O.Fr. [ospital], from Lat. [hospitale]. , pinnacle; "[spidean] an tempuill": , a seedling, dwarfish person: , meanness, dastardliness, , mean: , a spigot, Ir. [spiocaid] (O'R.); from Eng. sources - M.Eng. [spigot], Eng. [spike]. , wheezing, Ir. [spiochan]; see [pi\ochan]. , nibble, peel, pluck, Ir. [spiolaim], [spialaim], snatch, pluck. See [piol]. , unhusk, shell; from the Sc. [spilk], [pilk], shell pease, etc., [spilkins], split pease. Cf. [spealg]. , pluck up, pull, tear, Ir. [spi/onaim], teaze, probe, pluck, examine; cf. M.Ir. [spi/n], a thorn, from Lat. [spi^na], thorn. , strength, Ir. [spionnadh], [spionnamhail], strong (Keat.): [*sphen] or [*sven]; see [faod]. , a currant, a particle in the throat, a maggot, a drop of rain or flake of snow, Ir. [spiona/n], a gooseberry, M.Ir. [spi/nan]; from Lat. [spi^na]. , a spirit, so Ir., O.Ir. [spiurt], [spirut]; from Lat. [spiritus], Eng. [spirit]. W. has [ysbryd], Corn. [speris], Br. [speret]. , spice, Ir. [spiosra]; from Eng. [spicery], O.Fr. [espicerie], spices, from Lat. [species]. , a hen-roost, hammock; from Norse [sperra], a spar, rafter, with a leaning on G. , roost. , pillar, support (Carm.): , a chip, spelk, small bit of wood, bite, Ir. [spiotho/g], a finger stone for throwing at an object (Con., Sh.), [spitheo/g], a flake of snow; a borrowed word belonging to the Eng. group [spike], [spigot], but likely taken from Norse [spi/k], sprig, spike. , a sparkle, flash, Ir. [splanc]: , a snot, mucus, Ir. [spleangaid] (O'R.); a side-form of [sglongaid]? --page 340 , a splay foot; from Eng. [splay]. , ostentation, romance, false flattery, Ir. [spleadh]; from M.Eng. [spleien], display, from [displeien], now [display]. , a sort of wooden paddle to dig up sand eels; see [pleadhag]. , , stare, squint, spread out by trampling: , fluke of an anchor (M`A.); founded on Eng. [fluke]. , , tobacco pouch, Ir. [spliucha/n], a pouch, bag, leather purse; hence Sc. [spleuchan]. Cf. W. [blwch], a box. , a snot, icicle, anything hanging down: [*s-cluig]? Cf. [cluigein]. , splay-footed: , a discontented countenance: , a lame hand or foot, splay foot; see [pliut]. , a spoke; from the Eng. , address one quickly and angrily, intimidate, affront, attack, Ir. [spochaim], provoke, affront, rob; cf. [spoth]. , , a claw, paw, Manx [spaag], Ir. [spa^g], W. [ysbach]: , a quarter (as of a sheep, M`A.), , a piece or joint of meat, Ir. [spo/dhla], [spo/lla], a piece of meat; from Sc. [spaul], limb, [spald], shoulder, from old Fr. [espaule], [espalle], L.Lat. [spatula], shoulder, whence Eng. [epaulet]. Ir. [spolla] is also hence. Cf. [spadag], [spathalt]. , mangle, slaughter, hew down in battle, also (Dial. Badenoch) splutter; from the English. Cf. M.Eng. [splatten], cut open, Sc. [sploit], squirt, spout. [spoltadh], drops flying out of a vessel when boiling or stirred carelessly. , sponge, tinder, Ir. [sponc], E.Ir. [sponge], W. [ysbwng], sponge, Corn. [spong], Br. [spone], [sponen@~k]; from Lat. [spongia], sponge, from Gr. @G[spoggia/], allied to Lat. [fungus]. , a spur, claw, talon, Ir. [spor], M.Ir. [sbor], a spur for a horse; from Norse [spori], a spur, [spor], foot trace, Dan. [spore], Swed. [sporre], Eng. [spur], Ag.S. [spora]; root [sper] of [speir], etc. Hence , inciting, scraping the earth (as a hen), Sc. [spur]. , tinder, flint, gun-flint; from Eng. [spar]. , a purse, Ir. [spara/n], [spora/n], [sbarra/n], M.Ir. [sboran], W. [ysbur]: [*s-burr-] from [*burs], from L.Lat. [bursa], a purse, whence Eng. [purse], bursary; originally from Gr. @G[bursc], a hide. , crumbs (M`F.): , sport, Ir. [spo/rt] (Fol.); from the Eng. , a spot; from the Eng. --page 341 , geld, castrate, Ir. [spothaim], M.Ir. [spochad] (n.), W. [dysbaddu], Br. [spaza]; from Lat. [spado], eunuch, whence Eng. [spay]. The M.Ir. [spochad] is thought by Stokes to be from Br. [spac'hein] (inf.). , strength, sprightliness, Ir. [spracadh]; from Eng. [sprack], lively, Norse [spraekr], lively, Swed. [spra@"ker]; from Norse also comes Eng. [spark] - Norse [sparkr]. , a sever reprimand; see [spreig]. , a loud blast, report of a gun; cf. Sc. [spraich], a cry, Norse [spraki], a report. , burst, sound loudly while bursting, kill, Ir. [spre/idhim], spread, burst ([spreighim], O'B.), E.Ir. [spre/daire], brush for sprinkling the holy water; from M.Eng. [spraeden], now [spread]. , a cloven stick for closing the wound of bled cattle; from Eng. [springe], twig, rod, snare with flexible rod. , cattle, Ir. [spre/(idh)], M.Ir. [spre/], [spreid], W. [praidd], flock, booty; from Lat. [praeda], booty. Hence Sc. [spreith], booty. , blame, reprove, incite, Ir. [spreagaim]; founded on M.Eng. [spraechen], now [speak], Ger. [sprechen]. , scatter, burst; see [spreadh]. , blubber lip: [*s-breill], from [breall]? , the remains of a wreck: , weakness, weak person; from [*s-breo\ch-], being the same in root as [breo\claid]? , (H.S.D.), a projecting beam, , a bow-sprit; from M.Eng. [spre@-ot], a sprit, now [sprit]; Ag.S. [spre/ot], M.Du. [spriet]. Hence , incite. , dejection, sadness, Ir. [sprochd]: [*s-broc], M.Ir. [broc], sorrow, anxiety (also [sbrog]). Cf. [murcach] for root; or [bro\n]? , , dewlap, bird's crop, Ir. [sprogaille], [sbrogaill], also [sgroban], [sgrogul], neck: [*s-broggo-]. See [bra\ghad]. , a crumb; from [pronn]. , single stick (Lewis): N. [sproti], stick. , brushwood, firewood, Ir. [sprua/n]: [*s-bruan], from [bruan]. M`A. has [sprudhan], fragments. , fingers, sprouts; from the Eng. [sprout]. , , crumbs, fragments, Ir. [spruille(ach)], crumb, fragment, [sprudhaille] (Lh.), M.Ir. [sbruileach]. Cf. [spruan]. M.Ir. has also [spuirech], fragmentum, W. [ysbwrial], sweepings, [ysborion], refuse of fodder. , spruce, neat, Ir. [spru/iseamhuil]; from the Eng. [spruce]. , claw (as of eagle): , crown of the head, a pinnacle, callosity, blister, Ir. [spuaic], a welt, callus, pinnacle: --page 342 , baling ladle (N.H.): cf. Eng. [spudge]. , spoil, plunder; from Sc. [spulye], lay waste, plunder, Eng. [spoil], Fr. [spolier], Lat. [spoliare]. W. has [ysbail], a spoil. , spoil, plunder, Ir. [spu/inim]; another form of [spu\ill], borrowed directly from Lat. [spoliare]? , spurge, milkweed, Ir. [spuirse]; from the Eng. [spurge], M.Eng. [sporge]. , nail of a cat, a clutch, , nailed, greedy (M`A.): , a gizzard, Ir. [spursa/n]; cf. [sparsan], dewlap. , a spout; from the Sc. [spoot], Eng. [spout]. , a straw; from the Eng.: , falling water (Carm.): , strife (Suth. R.D.): , tear, rend, rob, Ir. [sracaim]; G. has also : [*srakko-], for [rap-ko-], root [rap] of Lat. [rapio]? , a spark of fire, Ir. [srad]: [*sradda^], from [strad] or [str@.-d], root [ster], as in Eng. [star], Gr. @G[a@'stc/r]. M.Ir. has [srab-tine], lightning, from the same root. , a street, Ir. [sra/id], E.Ir. [sra/it]; from Lat. [stra^ta@-] ([via]), whence Eng. [street]. K.Meyer derives it from Norse [straeti], which itself comes from Lat. , the plant shepherd's purse, Ir. [sraidi/n] ([sra/idi/n], O'B.); cf [srad]. , the cartilage of the nose, sneeze (M`A.); cf. root of [sro\n]. , a jet of milk from the cow's udder, Ir. [sramh] ([sra/mh], O'R.); root [ster], [str@.], strew. , a snore, buzz, Ir. [srann], E.Ir. [srand], O.Ir. [srennim], sterto: [*stre-s-no-], root [ster], [pster] of Lat. [sterto], snore, [sternno], sneeze (see [sreothart] further). Stokes makes the Gadelic to be [*strenvo^], like Lat. [sternuo]. , stumble, make a false step, rush forward violently; cf. Ir. [sraoinim], defeat, overthrow, scatter, M.Ir. [sra/ined], dragging down, defeat, E.Ir. [sroenim], hurl, drag, defeat: [*sroino-], root [ster], strew, scatter (Eng. [strew], etc.). , a huff, snuffiness; M`A. has , a huff: from [sro\n], nose? , a valey, strath, Ir., M.Ir. [srath], meadow land or holm along banks of a river or loch, often swampy (Joyce), O.Ir. [israth], in gramine, W. [ystrad], strath, E.W. [strat], [istrat], planities: [*stratu-], root [ster], spread, scatter; Lat. [stra^tus], from [sterno], I strew; Gr. @G[strwto/s], spread, @G[store/nnumi], scatter; Eng. [strew], [strand] (?). , a pack-saddle, Ir., O.Ir. [srathar], W. [ystrodyr]; from Med.Lat. [stratura], from [stratum], [sterno], spread. --page 343 , rheum (M`A.), a wrinkle, , blear-eyed, Ir. [sra/m], eye rheum, [sra/mach], blear-eyed, [sremach] (F.M.). Stokes derives this from Ag.S. [strea/m], Eng. [stream]. , curbing or checking by the nose: , a string, Ir. [srang], [srang], E.Ir. [sreng]: [*srengo-], [strengo-], Gadelic root [streg]; immediately allied either to Eng. [string], Norse [strengr], Ger. [strang] (I.E. [stre@Gh], Gr. @G[stre/fw], turn), or to Lat. [stringo], bind, Ger. [strick], string (I.E. [stre@g]). The I.E. roots [stre@g] and [stre@gh] are allied ultimately. [sraing], lie, embroidery (Hend.). , a row, series, Ir. [sreath], O.Ir. [sreth]: [*srito-], [*sr@.-to-], root [ser], order, join; Lat. [series], row, [sors], lot. , filmy skin covering unborn calf (H.S.D., etc.). When dried, it was used for covering vessels: , a sneeze, Ir. [sraoth], [sraothfurtach], earlier [sreod], W. [trew], [ystrew], a sneeze, [ystrewi] (vb.), Br. [strefia], [strevia] (vb.), root [streu], [pstreu] (Stokes), further [ster], [pster], Lat. [sternuo], sneeze, Gr. @G[pta/rnumai] (do.) , a bridle, Ir. [srian], E.Ir. [sri/an], W. [ffrwyn]; from Lat. [fre^num] (through W.). , a drop, spark, , white streaked with dark: [*sriddi], root [sr@.d] of [srad]. , the strangles; founded on the English. , a torrent of quick words; founded on [sruth]. , a push (Sh.), small quantity of liquor (A.M`D.); see [sruab]. , a whip, so Ir., E.Ir. [sraigell], O.Ir. [srogill] (gen.), W. [ffrowyll]; from Lat. [flagellum]. , a streamer, banner, silk, Ir. [sro/l], satin, byssus; from Lat. [stragulus], coverlet, pall, whence Cor. [strail], tapestry, W. [ystraill], a mat. Stokes ([Lismore]) has suggested a form [*fro/l], [*flo/r], Fr. [velours], velvet, Br. [flour], velveted. , a nose, Ir., O.Ir. [sro/n], W. [ffroen], Br. [froan]: [*srogna^]; [*srokna^] (Stokes, Gr. @G[re/ghw], snore, snort, @G[re/gkw]), [*sprogna^] (Strachan), to which Lat. [spargo] has been compared. W. has also [trwyn] ([*trugno-] or [trogni-]), Cor. [trein]. , drink up with noise of the lips, pull hastily out of the water: [*sroubbo-], root [sreub]? Cf. [sru\b], and Lit. [sriaubiu], sup, lap up, Ch.Sl. [sru@ubati], swallow, Lat. [sorbeo], Eng. [absorb]. , shortbread cake having five corners (M`A. for Islay): , a spout; from the Sc. [stroup], spout, M.Eng. [stru@-pe], throat, Norse [strju/pi], the spouting trunk when the head is cut off, Swed. [strupe], throat. Hence , a cockle. --page 344 , a stream, Ir., O.Ir. [sruth], g. [srotha], W. [ffrwd], Cor. [frot], alveus, Br. [froud]: [*srutu-], root [sreu], flow; Gr. @G[r@`u/sis], a flowing, @G[r@`eu@nma], a stream, @G[r@`e/w], flow; Eng. [stream], Norse [straumr]; Lit. [sravju], flow. Some have referred the Celtic words to the root [spreut], [spreu], to well, Ger. [sprudel], a well, [spru@"hen], emit sparks, drizzle, further Eng. [spurt], [spout]. , rinsing, half-washing, Ir. [sruthlaighim]; from [sruth]. , advantage, use; from the Eng. - founded on [stay]? , wide, asunder, straddling, Ir. [stabhaighim], straddle: , a wry neck, a sullen attitude of the head (M`A.); see [stu\ichd]. Pronounced in Arg. , . , a stable, Ir. [stabla]; from Lat. [stabulum], through the English. , a precipice, steep hill, M.Ir. [stacc], a stack (F.M.), [stacc], a pile, piece; from Norse [stakkr], a stack (of hay), [stakka], a stump, Swed. [stack], a stack, Sc. (Shetland, etc.) [stack], a columnar isolated rock, Eng. [stack]. , a stop, Ir. [stad], E.Ir. [stad] (Cormac); founded on Lat. [status], position, [stat], stands (Hennessey, Stokes). Cf. Norse [sta@dha], a standing, a position. Ascoli compares O.Ir. [astaim], sisto (= [ad-sad-to-], root [sed] of [suidhe]). (better ), a stay, a certain rope in ship's rigging; from Norse [stag] (do.), Eng. [stay], Dan., Ger. [stag]. , state, condition, Ir. [sta/id], M.Ir. [stait]; from Lat. [statio] (K.Meyer). W. has [ysta^d], from Lat. [status]. Ir. [sta/id] may be from the Eng. See next word.>> , stately, Ir. [sta/ideamhuil]; from Eng. [state], [stately]. , a stair, Ir. [staighre], M.Ir. [staigre]; from the Eng., and Ag.S. [sta/eger]. The G. is possibly from Eng. [stair], just as [paidhir] and [faidhir] are from [pair] and [fair] (Dr Cameron). , a bandage, strap: , stubbornness, stop, stump, Ir. [stailc]; cf. [tailce]; cf. N. [stilkr], stalk. , steel; from Norse [sta/l], steel, [sta/lin] weapons (pl.), Ger. [stahl], Eng. [steel]. , a peg, small pointed rock; from Norse [sto@"ng], g. [stangar], a pole, Sc. and Eng. [stang]. , a well-built person or animal (M`A.), , obstinate boorish person, Ir. [stainc], incivility; from the above.>> , a stopple, Ir. [stapal] (O'R.); from the Sc. [stappil], Eng. [stopple]. , , a staple, bar; from Eng. [staple]. --page 345 , a path over a bog, stepping stones in a river. Dr Cameron has suggested connection with Du. [steiger], waterside stairs, Eng. [stair]. For [s-tar], from [*tar], cross (see [thar])? , a rattling, a rumbling noise; also , q.v. For [s-dairirich]. , a particle, small quantity (Perth); from Sc. [starn], particle, grain, star, from [star]. , noise (as the tread of horses), a violent push: [*s-tairn]; see [ta\irneanach] for root. Cf. Ir. [stathruim], clatter, din. , (Suth.), conceited, ostentations; from [sta\irn], noise: "creating a furore". Eng. [stern]? , , a threshold, Ir. [tairseach], E.Ir. [tairsech]: "cross beam or stone:; for root see [tarsuinn], transverse. , a considerable distance, trip (M`A.); from Eng. [start]? , a magistrate or great man, , great men; see [sta\t]. , a stallion, Ir. [stail]; from the English. , stiffen, , firm, strong; for [s-talc]; see [tailce]. M`A. gives as meaning "dash one's foot against (Islay), thread a hook, thump, stare." In the meaning of "stalk", the word is from the Eng. , an overhanging rock, craggy steep, precipice, , a peat bank; from Norse [stallr], any block or shelf on which another thing is placed, pedestal, step of a mast, stall, [stalli], an altar, Eng. [stall], Lit. [stalas], table. , stupidly deaf, heedless (Wh.): , dashing against, thumping (M`A.): , a stomach; from the Eng. , sea tangle, (Lewis), M. [stafr], staff. , reduce to order, subject, break in, drub (M`A.), , subject (Heb.); from N. [stafr], a stick, [staffa fyir], rule, [fyrir stafni], aim at, [stafn], stem? , stamp, trample, Ir. [stampa/il], a stamping, prancing; from Eng. [stamp]. ++, tin, Ir. [sta/n], W. [ystaen], Cor., Br. [stean]; from Lat. [stannum], tin (for [*stagnum]; cf. Ital. [stagno]). See [staoin]. , , below, down; Sutherland form of , on analogy of [a' s t-foghar], [a' s t-samhradh], etc.: , a ditch, pool; from Sc. [stank], O.Fr. [estang], now [e/tang], from Lat. [stagnum]. , sting, from Sc. [stang], sting (as a bee), a sting, Norse [stanga], prick, goad; further Eng. [sting]. , the fish stickleback; from [stang], sting. --page 346 , a vat, tub, Ir. [stanna], vat, barrel; from Eng. [tun], [ton], M.Eng. [tonne]. See [tunna]. , a standard, yard, limit; from the Eng. It also means "affected coyness". , a collop, steak, Ir. [staoig], M.Ir. [sta/ic]; from Norse [steik], Eng. [steak] (Stokes, K.Meyer). , pewter, tin; see [sta\n]. , juniper, : , laziness: , bent, awry, shallow (Hend.), Ir. [staon]: , bending of the body to a side; for [staon-um]. , a mixture of meal and cold water; from Sc. [stappack] (do.), [stap], mix, hash, Norse [stappa], bray in a mortar. , loud noise, noise of the sea: , a bar, bolt, staple; see [staipeal]. , cunning, deceitful (Suth.): , romping, blustering (M`A.): , a strong, robust fellow: , firm; from Norse [starkr], strong, Eng., Ger. [stark]. , shove, dash, , pushing violently, dashing against, a failing or freak, , a stumbling-block, obstruction, a ball on the end of a spear; cf. [starr-(shuileach)]. , a tusk or gag-tooth, Ir. [stairfhiacail]; from [starr] and [fiacail]. , having the eyes distorted, , a moon-eye (M`A.); cf. Norse [starblindr], blind with a cataract, O.H.G. [starablind], Ger. [starr], stiff, Eng. [stare], "fixed" look, Sc. [stare], stiff, [starr], sedge, [star], a speck on the eye. , pride, haughtiness, Ir. [sta/tamhuil], stately; from the Eng. [state], M.Eng. [sta/t], from Lat. [status]. Cf. [sta\ideil], [sta\ta]. , the state or Government; from the Eng. , (to) within, into, Ir. [steach], [a steach], M.Ir. [is tech], E.Ir. [isa tech]: [*in-san-tech], "into the house"; from [teach]. Cf. [stigh]. , firm, pointed or punctual in speech (M`A.); cf. Eng. [steady]. , a little staff or stick, Ir. [steafo/g]; from Eng. [staff]. , a blazing fire (Perth), "a drop in the e'e": , spout, cause to spout, pour out, Ir. [steallaim], squirt, sprinkle, [steallaire], a tap; from Lat. [stillo], I drop, Eng. [distill]. , a pole to kill birds with (Carm.): , a bittern, sea-bird, an inn-keeper's sign: , foundation; from Norse [stae@dha], establish, Ork. [steeth], foundation, [steethe], to found. --page 347 , a peg or pin for things hung; cf. Sc. [stell], a prop. (, M`F.), lusty, stout, ruddy; cf. , steady, solid, from [ste/idh]. , the itch, mange, Ir. [steinle] (Lh., etc.); from [teine], fire? , any person or thing standing (or sticking) upward, an attendant ( also); from Sc. [stog], [stug], [stook], stubble, stumpy horns, [stok], Eng. [stick]. , guide, direct, manage; from Norse [stjo/rna] (do.), [stjo/rn], steering, rule, Eng. [stern], [steer]. See [stiu\ir]. , a horse, steed, Ir. [stead] (O'R.), M.Ir. [ste/d]; from Ag.S. [ste/da], Ag.S. [ste/da], M.Eng. [stede], now [steed]. , a strip, stripe, streak, Ir. [sti/all], E.Ir. [sti/all], girdle, strap, board; cf. W. [astell], M.W. [ystyll], shingle, plank, Corn. [stil], rafter, O.Fr. [esteil], pole, Lat. [astella], splinter, or from O.H.G. [stihhil], pole, post. , a fault, blemish, pain; from Sc. [stick], a bungle or botch, Eng. [stick], [stich] (older [sticke]). , adhere, stick; from the Eng. , ghostly person, "imp" (Carm.); N. [stygr], shy. , peep, Manx [steetagh] to peep; see [di\d]. (, H.S.D.), a cat, the word by which a cat is called to one (also and , from Sc. [cheet], [cheety], puss, cat, Eng. [chit], cub, youngster; from [cat], like [kitten]). , a skulking or abject look or attitude; from Norse [stygr], shy. , , inside, Ir. ['stigh], E.Ir. [istig], [istaig], [isintig]; for [*in-san-tig], 'in the house", from [tigh], house. , the hinge of a box, hasp: , a steeple; from the Eng. , limping: "sticking"? From the Eng. anyway. , a strip in cloth (M`A.); from Sc. [steik], Eng. [stitch]. , , head-band, snood: , a stirrup, Ir. [stioro/ip]; from M.Eng. [stiro@-p], Ag.S. [stigra/p]. , stretch (at death, Arg.); from Eng. [stark]? , a thin, worn-out rag, an emaciated woman, , a thin person; [stiorlach], thin gruel (M`D.); [stirlean], thin gruel or watery stuff (Bad.): , sturgeon (M`A.), ; from Lat. , whence, through Fr., Eng. [sturgeon]. , a stipend; from the Eng. , a steward, Ir. [sti\obhard]; from the Eng. , steeer, guide, Ir. [sdiuirim], M.Ir. [stiurad] or [stiu/rad]; from Ag.S. [steo/ran], steer, now [steer], Norse [sty/ra], Got. [stiurjan]. , a long tail or train, a foolish person. In the latter sense, the G. is from Sc. [stupe], from Lat. [stupidus]. --page 348 , gruel; from the Sc. [stooram], [stooradrink], [stourreen], [sturoch], a warm drink, meal and water mixed, from [stoor], to stir, agitate. , thrust, stab, fix (as a stake), , a stake, stick, stob (Sc.), Ir. [stobaim], stab, thrust; from Sc. [stob], a side-form of Eng. [stab]. Cf. Norse [stobbi], a stump, Eng. [stub], M.Eng. [stob]. , a stove; from the Eng. , a stock, pillar, stump, Ir. [stoc]; from Eng. [stock]. , a trumpet, so Ir., M.Ir. [stocc], E.Ir. [stoc]; cf. Sc. [stock-horne], [stock-and-horn], a pipe formed of a sheep's thigh-bone inserted into the smaller end of a cut horn, with an oated reed, from Eng. [stock]. Gadelic is borrowed. , a stocking, Ir. [stoca]; from the Eng. , a particle, whit, faintest glimpse of anything (Dial.); from Sc. [styme]. , a storm, Ir. [stoirm]; from Eng., M.Eng. [storm], Norse [stormr], Ger. [sturm]. , prominet; cf. [sta\t] for origin. , a stool, settle, Ir. [sto/l], W. [ysto^l]; from Ag.S. [sto/l], now [stool], Norse [sto/ll], Ger. [stuhl]. Hence vb. , settle. , a wooden vessel for liquor, a stoup, Ir. [sto/pa], a "stoup" or wooden pail; from Sc. [stoup], M.Eng. [stope], now [stoup], Du. [stoop], a gallon, Norse [staup], a stoup. , stop, close up, Ir. [stopaim]; from the Eng. , a steep cliff, broken teeth; cf. [stu\rr], [starr]. Norse [sto/r]. , store, wealth, Ir. [sto/r], [sto/rus]; from M.Eng. [sto@-r]. , lop off, cut corn high: , hot steam, vapour; see [toth]. , a strumpet, Ir. [strabo/id]; from an early form of Eng. [strumpet], that is [*stropet], from O.Fr. [strupe], concubinage, [stupre], from Lat. [stuprum]. , a stroke, ship or boat plank; from Sc. [strake], Eng. [stroke]; from Sc. [straik], strait-edge for measuring corn, comes G. (do.). Similarly G. , mower's whetstone, is from [strake]; all are from the root of Eng. [stroke], strike. , troublesome fellow, gossip, wanderer; from Norse [stra/kr], a vagabond, etc. , pride, swelling with anger, Ir. [stra/ic]: , rattling, great noise, sparkles; root [sprag], [sparg], crackle, Eng. [spark], [sparkle], Lit. [sprageti], crackle. , carpet; from Lat. [stra^gulum], coverlet. , a lazy, quarrelsome fellow, Ir. [strangair]; cf. [dreangan]. , film, carpet (Carm.): , climb, strive against obstacles, Ir. [dreapaim]; cf. [dreimire]. , a little liquor (Skye): --page 349 , a row, line (Suth.); from Eng. [street]. , , strife, quarrel; from Lat. [strepitus]. , strife, contention; from Norse [stri/@dh], Ag.S. [stri/@dh], Ger. [streit]. , a badger: , a streak, line, Ir. [stri/oc]; from Eng. [streak]. , yield, Ir. [stri/ocaim], [stri\ocail], (inf.), fall, be humbled, submit: , prodigal (Rob.): , a prostitute, Ir. [stri/opach]; from O.Fr. [strupe], concubinage, from Lat. [stuprum], dishonour, violation. , prodigality, Ir. [stro/], [stro/gh]; seemingly (because of preserved [st] in all cases) borrowed from, rather than allied to, M.Eng. [strawen], strew, Ag.S. [stre/owian], Got. [straujan], I.E. [strou], [stru]. Hence G. , prodigality, squandering. (, Arm.), tear asunder, a long rag, strip torn off, Ir. [stroicim], [stro/icim], [sroic], a piece: [*srakki-], from [srac], confused with [stro/dh]? , mess (Glenmoriston): , wrinkled (H.S.D.): , prodigality; see [stro\dh]. , a baton, cudgel, Ir. [sroghall], whip, rod, O.Ir. [sraigell]; see [sroghall]. , a strumpet; from the Eng. , ostrich, Ir. [struth]; from Lat. [struthio], whence, through O.Fr. [ostruche] (= [avis struthio]), Eng. [ostrich]. , cake made on St. Michael's eve and eaten on his day (Carm.): , a wave, gable, pinnacle, scroll, Ir. [stuadh], gable, pinnacle, scroll, [stuaidh-nimhe], rainbow, M.Ir. [stuag-nime] (do.), [stuaid-le/im], leap of the waves, E.Ir. [stu/ag], arch: [*s-tuag], from O.Ir. [tuag], bow, belonging to the same root as [tuagh], axe. (M`A., Arm.), (H.S.D.), a little hill, round promontory, Ir. [stuaic]: [*s-tuag-c], from [stuadh] above. M`A. has the meaning "wry-neck" and sullen countenance, extreme boorishness", which is usually represented by [stu\ic]. Stokes gives the Celtic as [*stoukki-], Br. [stuchyaff], to feather, Lit. [stu/gti], set on high, Eng. [steep]. , modesty, Ir. [stuaim], device, mien, modesty: [*s-tuamm-], [*tous-men], root [tus], [teus] of [tosd], silence. , , a little hill jutting out from a greater, a horn, Ir. [stuca/n],a small conical hill, [stucach], horned; from Teutonic - N. [stu/ka], wing of a building; Sc., Eng. [stook], M.Eng. [stouke], a shock of corn (12 sheaves), [stooks], small horns, Low Ger. [stu@-ke] (properly a projection), a bundle, bunch. But cf. [stuaic]. --page 350 , , a projecting crag, an angry or threatening aspect; from above. , studious, steady, glum, Ir. [stuideurach], [stuideur], a study. , incite, spur on dogs; from Eng. [stick]. , huffiness, pride, Ir. [stuirteamhlachd] (Con.); from M.Eng. [sturte], impetuosity, [sturten], impetuous, quarrelsome, Sc. [sturt], vexation, anger, a side form of [start]. , vertigo, a disease in sheep caused by water in the head, drunkenness; from Sc. [sturdy], from O.F. [estourdi], dizzy-headed, now [e^tourdi], giddy-headed; from Lat. [extorpidire]. From Fr. comes Eng. [sturdy]. , dust; from Sc. [stour], M.Eng. [stour], tumult. , the rugged point of a rock or hill, , rugged: [*s-tu\rr], from [turr] = [to\rr], q.v.? Cf. N. [staurr]. , stuff, metal; founded on the Eng. [stuff]. , dress with starch, starch (vb. and n.); from Sc. [stiffing], starch, Eng. [stiff]. Perthshire has . , a sweeping blow (Suth. R.D.): , a pot (M`F.), earthen furnace (Arm.), a basket hung in the chimney containing wood to dry (Dial.), anything wrought together awkwardly, as clay (M`A.), Ir. [suachgan] (Lh.), an earthen pot; from [suath]? , a bundle of straw or hay twisted together, a deformed person; see [su\gan]. , ensign, escutcheon, Ir. [suaitheantas], a streamer, standard, escutcheon, [su-aichintus], ensigns, colours (K.Meyer), O.Ir. [suaichnid], clear, demonstratio, for [su-aithne], "easily known", from [aithne], knowledge. , small, inconsiderable (M`F.), Ir. [suaill], E.Ir. [suail], a trifle: , genial, secure, Ir. [suaimhneach], peaceful, gentle, peaceable: [*su-menmnach]? See [meamna]. , sleep, Ir. [suan], E.Ir., O.Ir. [su/an], W. [hun], Br. [hun]: [*supno-s], developing into [*sofno-], [*sovno], [*souno-]; I.E. root [svop], [svep], sleep; Lat. [sopor], sleep; Skr. [sva/pnas]. , twisting, rope-twisting anything, a line for twisting round anything, E.Ir., O.Ir. [su/anem], g. [suaneman], funis: [*sognemon-], root [sug], [soug], Br. [sug], trace, W. [syg], chain, trace; Romance [soga], rope, Ital. [soga], rope, leather band, Sp. [soga], a linear measure, Port. [soga], rush rope, Churw@"lwsch [saga]. Stokes finally refers [su/anem] to a stem-root [*sogno-] beside [segno-] (whence E.Ir. [se/n], a net for catching birds, gin, root [segh], hold, Eng. [sail]), Lit. [segu\], fasten, [saga], sledge. --page 351 This divorces [suaineadh] from G. [suaicean] and [su\gan], q.v. Cf. W. [hwynyn], [hoenyn], a hair from a horse's tail, gin. , a faint resemblance; from Sc. [swaup], [swap], cast or lineaments of the countenance, Norse [svipr], likeness, look, a swoop or flash. , exchange, swop; from the Sc. [swap], Eng. [swop]. , civil, meek, so Ir., E.Ir. [suarc(c)]; opposed to [duairc]: [*su-arci-]: , wagging (tails) (Suth.); from [suath]? , a hide, skin, fleece, coarse garment, "plough rein" (Suth.); cf. Ir. [sunach], a kind of plaid: , insignificant, careless, Ir. [suarach]: [*svogro-], root [sveg], [sug], Ger. [schwach], weak, [siech], sick, Eng. [sick]. Cf. Eng. [sour], Ger. [sauer], [*su^ra]. , up, upwards, Ir. [suas], O.Ir. [su/as]: [*s-uas], from [uas], as in [uasal], and the prefix [s-], allied to the final [s] of Lat. [abs], [ex], Gr. @G[e@'/x], @G[pro/s], etc., and the initial [s] of Lat. [sub], [super]; possibly for [*ens], Gr. @G[ei@'s], from [en], and meaning "into", "to" (Rhys' [M. Pray.]@+[2] 156). , rub, mix, knead, Ir. [suathaim], knead, mix, M.Ir. [su/athaim] (do.), E.Ir. [suata], polished down, root [sout], [sut], mix; cf. Eng. [seethe], Norse [sjo/@dha], cook, seethe, Got. [suaths], a burnt offering. , supple; from the Eng. , ( or , Dial.) a raspberry, , fruit generally (Arg.), Ir. [suibh], a strawberry, [sughog], raspberry (Fol.), O.Ir. [subi], fragae, W. [syfi], strawberry, Br. [sivi]; a side form to root [su@g] as in [su\gh]. Cf. Gr. @G[u@`/fear], a kind of mistletoe. , merry, so Ir., E.Ir. [subach], O.Ir. [sube], joy; opposite of [dubhach]: [*so-bv-io-], "well-being", from root [bu], be (see [bu], etc.). , virtue, Ir. [subhailce] ([su/bhailc], Con.), O.Ir. [sualig], virtus, [sualchi] (pl.): [*su-alich] (Asc., Zim.@+[1] 54), root [al] of [altram] (Dr Cameron). , sake, account (M`A.): (Dial. ), yon, Ir. [su/d], E.Ir. [su/t], [siut], illud, illic, W. [hwnt] ([h-wnt]), other, yonder, Br. [hont]; from the root of [so]; [sud] = [s-u/t] (Rhys). Also [ud]. , a seam between the planks of a ship; from Norse [su/@dh], a suture (only used for the clinching of a ship's boards), from [sy/ja], sow, Eng. [sew], [suture]. , , mirth, Ir. [su/gadh], [su/gradh], E.Ir. [sucach]: , suck, imbibe; from Sc. [souk], [sook], Eng. [suck], Ag.S. [su/can]. See [su\gh]. --page 352 , , the reflection of rays of light from any moving luminous body from the roof or wall of a house: , a rope of twisted straw, Ir. [su/ga/n], [suagan], straw or hay rope, [suag], a rope (O'R.): [*souggo-], root [soug] of [suaineadh], q.v. Hence , a cirle of straw ropes in which grain is kept in a barn. , juice, sap, also (as vb.) drain, suck up, Ir. [su/gh], [su/ghaim], E.Ir. [su/gim]: [*su^go^], suck, [*su^go-], juice; Lat. [su^go^], suck; Ag.S. [su^can], Eng. [suck], [soak]. W. has [sug], juice, [sugno], suck. [su/g], [su/ch], W. [sug], from Lat. [sucus] (Stokes). , a wave (A.M`D.), motion of the waves (H.S.D.); root [sup], swing, Lit. [su\pti], swing, Lat. [dissipo], scatter? , a gag for a calf; founded on [su\g], Sc. [sook]. , sit, , a seat, sitting, Ir. [suidhim], E.Ir. [suidim], [sudim], O.Ir. [suidigur], [suide], a seat: [*sodeio^], [*sodio-n], root [sed], sod, W. [seddu], [sedd], Br. [azeza], sit; Lat. [sedeo]; Gr. @G[e@`/zomai], @G[e@`/dos], a seat; Eng. [sit], [seat]; Lit. [se@?de@?ti]; Skr. [sa/dati], [sa@-/dati], sit, set. , eye, Ir., O.Ir. [su/il]: [*su^li-s], allied to [*sa^vali-s], sun, W. [haul], [heul], sun, Cor. [heuul], Br. [heaul]; Lat. [so^l], sun; Gr. @G[c@`lios], (= [sa@-ve/lios]), sun; Got. [sauil], sun; Lit. [sa/ule] (do.). , cheer, hospitality, geniality: [*su-lubi-], root [lubh], please, love, Lat. [libet], Eng. [love]. It influences the meaning of , originally "eloquent". , cheerful, so Ir., M.Ir. [suilbir], O.Ir. [sulbir], eloquence, E.W. [helabar], now [hylafar], eloquence: from [su-] or [so-] and [labhair], speak: "easy-spoken". , a sum, Ir. [suim], W. [sum], M.Eng. [summe]; from Lat. [summa], sum, chief. , attention, respect, Ir. [suim]; a metaphoric use of [suim], sum (Dr Cameron). , a supper, Ir. [suipe/ir]; from the Eng. , a maid, nymph, Ir. [su/ire] (O'Cl.), a siren ([suire], O'B., Lh., etc., mermaids); from Lat. [siren], with leaning on [suirghe], courtship? Teh word is doubtful Gaelic; H.S.D. finds only an Ossian Ballad to quote. , a courting, (better or , M`A.), a wooer, so Ir., also [surighim], I woo, M.Ir. [suirge], wooing, [suirgech], procus: [*su-reg-], root [reg], direct, etc.? , a flail, Ir. [suist(e)], M.Ir. [sust], [suiste], W. [ffust], N. [thust], [sust], flail; from Lat. [fustis], club. , soot, Ir. [su/ithche], M.Ir. [suithe], O.Ir. [suidi], fuligine, W. [huddugl] (cf. [hudd], dark), Br. [huzel] (Fr. [suie]): [*sodio-], root [sed], sit, settle; Eng. [soot], Ag.S. [so/t], Norse [so/t]. Doubtful. --page 353 , the gannet; from Norse [su/la], [su/lan], the gannet, whence Eng. [solan-goose]. , cheerful, affable; side-form of [suilbhir]? , fat, fatness, joy, Ir. [sult], E.Ir. [sult]: [*sultu-], root [svel]; Ag.S. [swellan], Eng. [swell]; Lat. [salum], sea; Gr. @G[sa/los], tossing. , cloth below a pack-saddle; ultimately from L.Lat. [sauma], pack-saddle, whence Fr. [sommier], mattress, Eng. [sumpter]. , give the due number (as of cattle for pasture); from Sc. [soum]. , a billow, Ir. [sumaid] (O'R. and M`L., ); seemingly from Eng. [summit]. The G. also means "external senses" (H.S.D.). , summon, a summons; from the Eng. , a surge, billow; see [sumaid]. , the drone of a bagpipe: , close-packed, tidy; opposite of [do\mhail], q.v. , lovage - a plant, Ir. [sunais]; also : , , good humour, cheerfulness, Ir. [sonntach], merry (O'Cl., O'B.), [sonnda], bold, [su/ntaidh], active, E.Ir. [suntich], (O'Cl., O'B.), [sonnda], bold, [su/ntaidh], active, E.Ir. [suntich], spirited: [*sondeto-], Eng. [sound]? , an easy-chair of twisted straw: , supple (M`A.); from the Eng. , alacrity, cheerfulness; cf. W. [chwardd], laughter, Corn. [wherzin], ridere; root [sver], sing, speak; Eng. [swear], Lat. [susurrus], whisper, etc. M.Ir. [sord], bright ([*surdo-]), is referred by Stokes to the same origin as Lat. [serenus]. , vent of a kiln; cf. [so\rn]. , a sound sleep; [surram], snoring noise as of one asleep: , substance, Ir. [substaint]; from Lat. [substantia]. , a bustling, pother, affected shyness: , anything (Dial.), Ir., E.Ir. [suth], weather; root [su], produce, E.Ir. [suth], milk; Gr. @G[u@`/ei], it rains; as in [su\gh], q.v. Further allied is root [su], beget, O.Ir. [suth], offspring, Eng. [sun]. , eternal, Ir. [suthain], O.Ir. [suthain], [suthin]; from [su], [so-] and [tan], time, q.v.; [su/-tan-i\s] (Stokes [see]). , , is, Ir. [ta/], E.Ir. [ta/], is, [ta/im], I am, O.Ir. [ta/u], [to/], sum, [ta/], [ta/a], est, especially [atta/a] (at the beginning of a sentence), est (= [ad-ta^t], Lat. [adsto]) and [ita/], [ita/a], "in which is": [*ta^jo^], [*ta^jet], root [sta^], stand; Lat. [sto^], [stat], stand, Fr. [e/te/], having been; Ch.Sl. [stoja@?], I stand; further Eng. [stand], Gr. @G[i@`/stcmi] (for @G[si/-sta@-mi]), set, Lat. [sisto]. See [seas] further. --page 354 , fight, brawl; Br. has [tabut] of like force; see [sabaid]. Cf. Sc. [debate]. , a tabor, Ir. [taba/r]; from the Eng. , teh sea, ocean; from Norse [haf], Swed. [haf], Dan. [hav], the open sea, Ag.S. [haef]. From Norse also comes the Sc. (Shet.) [haaf], open sea. , a spoon-net; from Norse [ha/fr], a pock-net. , a sudden eruption, a forcing, a pull, Ir. [tabhach], sudden eruption, compulsion, [tobhachaim], I compel, E.Ir. [tobach], levying, distraint, from [dobongaim]: for root see [buain]. , substantiality, effectiveness, Ir. [ta/bhachd], M.ir. [tabhuchta] (Meyer): , give, so Ir., E.Ir. [tabraim], O.Ir. [tabur], do, post-particle form of [dobiur], now G. , q.v.: inf. , so Ir. See [thoir]. , a sling, Ir. [tabhall], E.Ir. [taball], W. [rafl], a cast, [taflu], jacere, Cor. [toula], Br. [taol], a cast, blow: [*taballo-], root [tab], to fire, sling; cf. Eng. [stab]. , an inn, tavern, Ir. [tabhairne]; from Lat. [taberna], Eng. [tavern]. , noisy (Suth.): , barking, Ir. [tathfan]: [*to-sven-], root [sven], sound (see [seinn]). , tedious nonsense: , a lease, tack; from Sc. [tack]. , a tack, tacket, Ir. [taca]; from the Eng. , a while, short time; from [tac]. , (, H.S.D.), provision, plenty, support, Ir. [tacar], a collection, gleaning, contrivance. Cf. N. [taka], income. , meet, happen, Manx [taghyrt], to happen, an accident, Ir. [tachair], he arrived at; from [to-] and [car], turn. , a ghost, yelling of a ghost, an orphan, Ir. [tachara/n]: , itching, scratching, Ir. [tochas]: , choke, Ir. [tachdaim], O.Ir. [tachtad], angens. Stokes gives the root as [tak] and refers to it also W. [tagu] (and [ystagu]), choke, Cor., Br. [taga]. Brugmann and Ascoli analyse [tachd] into [to-acht], root [angh], Lat. [ango], choke, Gr. @G[a@'ghw], Eng. [anger]. Root [tak] as in Lat. [tacere] (Prellwitz). , winding yarn, Ir. [tocharais], [tochardadh], M.Ir. [tochartagh]: [*to-cert-], root [qert], wind, as in [ceirtle]. , (Dial.), support, substance; cf. [taic]. , a ledge, layer; cf. [spadh]. , frequenting, visiting, Ir. [tadhall], O.Ir. [tadal], dat. [tadi/ll], inf. of [taidlim], [doaidlibem], visitabimus, [adall], diverticulum: --page 355 [*to-ad-ell], form [*elno^] (Stokes), go, M.W. [elwyfi], iero, Corn. [yllyf], eam, root [ela], Lat. [ambulare], walk, Gr. @G[e@'lau/nw], drive, proceed; likely also Fr. [aller], go. , goal, hail; from Eng. [hail]. , plead, Ir. [tagair] (imper.), [tagraim], E.Ir. [tacraim], O.Ir. [tacre], argumentum: [*to-ad-gar-], root [gar], as in [goir], [agair]. , choose, Ir. [toghaim], O.Ir. [togu], eligo, electio: [*to-guso^], root [gus], choose, taste; Lat. [gusto], taste; Gr. @G[geu/w], taste; Eng. [choose]. , noise, echo, a mode of divination by listening to the noise of water cascades, Ir. [toghairm], summons, petition, O.Ir. [togairm], invocatio; from [to-] and [gairm]. , the marten: , ghost (Suth. R.D.): , , an apparition, ghost, Ir. [taibhse], vision, ghost, M.Ir. [tadhbais], phantasma, O.Ir. [taidbse], demonstratio, [tadbat], demonstrat, [*tad-bat] or [*to-ad-bat], root [bat], show, see, speak, I.E. [bha^], [bhan] as in [ba\n], q.v. Gr. @G[fa/ntasma], Eng. [phantasm], and [phantom] are closely allied to the G. , a taunt; see [teabaid]. , propriety of speech: "precision", E.Ir. [tepe], cutting; see [teabaid]. , support, proximity, Ir. [taca], prop, surety, fastening, [toice], prop, wealth, [tacamhuil], firm, [aice], support, food, near, M.Ir. [aicc], a bond, E.Ir. [aicce], relationship: [*akki-], [*pakki-], root [pak], bind; Lat. [paciscor], agree, [pax], peace; Eng. [fang], Got. [fahan], seize: Zend [pac@,], bind. The root is a triplet -- [pak], [pag], [pagh] (Gr. @G[pc/gnumi], make fast, Lat. [pango], Eng. [page], etc.). Zimmer refers E.Ir. [aicce] to the root of [agus], [aig]. , attention, heed, Ir. [uidh], O.Ir. [oid], [o/id], [con-o/i], servat: [*audi-], root [av], watch, Lat. [aveo], desire, [audeo], dare, Skr. [av], favour (see [a\ill] further). The [t] of G. is due to the phrase "Thoir taidhe" (= [thoir do aidhe]) - Take thy heed: a phrase to which the word is practically restricted, and which accounts for the short vowel of the G. and Ir., the sentence accent being on the verb. , meaning, import; see [oidheam]. , a bow-string: , attachment, custom; cf. [aig], at. , haggis; from Sc. [haggis], O.Fr. [hachis], Eng. [hash], from [hack]. , chattels (Heb.); a side form of [teaghlach]. , substance, wages, , wages, Ir. [ta/ille], wages, M.Ir. [taile], salarium, W. [ta^l], payment, Cor., O.Br. [tal], solvit, root --page 356 [tal], [tel], take, hold; Gr. @G[ta/lanton], a talent, Eng. [talent], @G[telos], toll; Lat. [tollo], lift, Eng. [thole], etc. , strength, Ir. [talca/nta], strong, E.Ir. [talce], [tailce]: [*t-alkia^], root [alk], strong, Gr. @G[a@'lkc/], strength, @G[a@'le/xw], defend. , contempt; cf. [tarcuis]. , backgammon, chess, Ir. [ta/ibhleis], backgammon table, back-gammon, M.Ir. [taiflis], draught-board, tables, W. [tawl-fwrdd], draught-board; from M.Eng. [tables], backgammon, from [table], Norse [tafl], game, chess. , halberd; from the Eng. The Ir., M.Ir. is [halabard], which Stokes regards as derived from the Fr. [hallebard]. , wages; see [tail]. , prophecy; for [tairgneachd], q.v. , apprentice fee, premium (M`A., who has ); see [tail]. , (M`A.), consequence, , on account of; cf. M.Ir. [a haithle], after, [as a haithle sin], thereafter, O.G. [as a/ a/thle], thereafter (B.of Deer), [aithle], remnant. , a tailor, Ir. [tailiur], W. [teiliwr]; from the Eng., M.Eng. [tailor], [taylor], from Fr. [tailleur]. , a tool, sling, noose, Ir. [tailmh], a sling, E.Ir. [tailm] (do.), W. [telm], laqueus, Br. [talm], sling: [*talksmi] (Stokes); Ch.Sl. [tlu@uka@?], strike. , bustle, noise; for [*tairmrith], E.Ir. [tairmrith], transcursus, from [tairm-], cross, trans (see [thar]), and [ruith], run. , a bundle, bunch (Sh., O'R.): , death, mortality, Ir. [ta/imh], E.Ir. [ta/m], plague: [*ta^mo-], death; cf. Skr. [ta/myati], choke, Ch.Sl. [tomiti], vexare. Cf., however, [ta\mh], rest. , traduce (Carm.): , cattle, drove, Ir. [ta/in], cattle, spoil, E.Ir. [ta/in]: [*to-ag-ni], root [ag], drive, Lat. [ago], etc. , thanks; from the Eng. [thank]. , thaw (Arran), Manx [tennue], Ir. [tionadh], O.Ir. [tinaid], evanescit, root [ten] as in [tana]. See [aiteamh]. , a mass, Ir. [taip]; see [tap]. , contempt, Ir. [ta/ir], E.Ir. [ta/r]; for [*to-sha/r]; see [sa/r]. , get, obtain, come, Ir. [tair], come thou, E.Ir. [tair] (do.), [tair], venies; from [tairicim], I arrive at, come, catch, for [*to-air-ic], root [ic] of [thig], q.v. , an isthmus, peninsula: [*tar-berta^], from [tar] (see [thar], cross) and [ber] of [beir]: "cross-bringing, portage". , profit, so Ir., O.Ir. [torbe]: [*to-for-be], where [-be] comes from [*bv-ia^], root [bu], be (see [bu]). --page 357 , profitable, so Ir., E.Ir. [tairbert], yielding, giving up: [*to-air-ber-], from the berb [beir], bring. , surfeit, bloody flux (Carm.): , offer, , an offer, Ir. [tairgim], [tairgsin], E.Ir. [tairgim], [tharscin] (dat.): [*to-air-ges-], root [ges], carry (Lat. [gero], as in [agus]? Ascoli compares O.Ir. [taircim], affero, [tairciud], oblatio, tribuere, from [to-ad-ro-ic], root [ic] of [thig]. , , , prophecy, Ir. [tairrgire], [tairgire], prophecy, promise, O.Ir. [tairngire], promissio: [*to-air-ind-gar-ia^], root [gar] as in [goir]. , a saw; see [tuireasg]. , the dairymaid's cry to calm a cow: cf. O.Ir. [tairissim], sto, [*to-air-sess], from [sess] as in [seas], q.v. , kind, loving, Ir. [tairis], loyal, E.Ir. [tairisse], true, loyal: "stable", from [to-air-sess], from [sess], stop, stand, as in [seas], q.v. , peat-spade; see [toirsgian]. , , cupboard or aumrie (Perth): Sc. [tirless], lattice, wicket, Fr. [trellis]. , necromancy (Sh., O.R.); see [taghairm]. , thunder, Ir. [to/irneach], [to/irn]; see [torrunn] for root, etc. , , a nail, Ir., E.Ir. [tairnge]; from [tarruing]? , soft, Ir. [tais], E.Ir. [taise], [tasse], weakness: [*taxi-], soft (Gaul. [Taxi-magulus]?), root [tak], weak, melting, Gr. @G[takero/s] (do.), @G[tc/kw], melt; further Lat. [tabes], Eng. [thaw]. Bezzenberger suggests Gr. @G[ta/gcnon], a melting pot, saucepan. , reveal, Ir. [taisbeanaim], E.Ir. [taispenim], [taissfenim], O.Ir. [asfenimm], testificor, [doairfenus], exploravi; the old Gaelic root is [fen], [ben], which may be cognate to Gr. @G[fai/nw] (see [taibhse]). Zeuss regarded the [s] as put before the [b] by metathesis, the word being of the same origin as [taibhse]. , a journey, [taisdil] (Cars.), journey (v.imp.) Ir. [taisdiol]: [*to-asdel], [*ad-sod-], root [sod-], as in [astar]. , (M`E.), saints' relics, E.Ir. [taisse]: , deposit, store away, , depository, Ir. [taisgim], E.Ir. [taiscim], [doroisecht-sa], id deposui: [*to-ad-sec-], root [seq], follow, beside, as in [seach], past; the idea of the verb being "put past". (Ernault Zeit. Celt.@+[2] 384. [segh]). , finding of anything, , a spy, Ir. [taiscealladh], spying, betraying, M.Ir. [taiscelad], O.Ir. [taiscelaid], explorator, pl. [taisceltai], [do-sce/ulaim], experior; from [to-sce/l-], from [sgeul], story (Windisch). Hence , news. , a repartee, Ir. [taitheasg], [aitheasg] (O'Br., etc.), O.Ir. [taithesc], answer, [aithesc], admonitio, W. [ateb], a reply: [*ati-seq], root [seq], say, as in [sgeul]. --page 358 , pleasing, Ir. [taithneamhach], M.Ir. [taitnemach], bright, shining, E.Ir. [taitnim], I shine, [taitnemach], shining, O.Ir. [taitnem], lucina, light: [*taith-tennim], [to-aith-tenn], root [ten] of [teine], fire (Windisch). Stokes ([Bez.Beit.]@+[18], 112), divides [taitnem] into [tait-] and [nem], Pictish [namet], albus. , adze, Ir., O.Ir. [ta/l]: [*to-aglo-] (rather [t-aglo-]?), Got. [aqisi], axe, Eng. [axe] (Strachan). Stokes gives a pre-Gaelic [*ta^kslo], root [tek], Ch.Sl. [tesla], axe, Lat. [gelum] (= [tex-lum]), weapon, Gr. @G[te/ktwn], carpenter; but [tek] does not appear to have a side form [ta^k], and [ta^kslo-] would produce [ta/ll] ([to^kslo], Foy). But cf. Lat. [pa^la], spade, for root, and for phonetics G. [torc] and Lat. [porcus]. , complaining, Ir. [talach], dispraise, reproach: , enticing, hushing, caressing; from Norse [ta/l], allurement, bait, trap, Ag.S. [ta/l], calumny, root [da^l], [del], Lat. [dolus], guile, @G[dcle/omai], hurt (Dor. [da@-le/omai]). , a partition or dividing wall; from Sc. [halland], [hallon]. Dial. G. has also . , earth, so Ir., O.Ir. [talam], g. [talman]: [*talmon-], for [tl@.-mon], root [tel]; Lat. [tellus], earth (for [te@-lo@-/s]), [*te^l], flat; Gr. @G[tcli/a], a board; Ag.S. [thelu], board (root [te@-l]); Skr. [talas], level ground; Ch.Sl. [ti@ulo], pavement (root [tl@.]). Stokes joins here Celtic [talo-s], brow, Gaul. [Dubno-talos], [Argio-talos] (Pictish [Talorgan]), W. [ta^l], brow, Cor. [ta^l], Br. [tal]. , feats of arms, chivalry, Ir. [talan] (O'B., Sh., etc.); see [ta\lann] for origin. , a talent, Ir. [tallann], O.Ir. [talland]; from Lat. [talentum], Eng. [talent]. , a hoe; from [ta\l] and [fonn]. , a hall, Ir. [alla], M.Ir. [all]; from Norse [hall], [ho@"ll], Eng. [hall]: allied to G. [ceall], q.v. , honour (Carm.): , an insult, offence, Ir. [ta/mailt], Br. [tamall], reproach, root [stemb], abuse, I.E. [sten@go], stamp, Gr. @G[ste/mbw], shake, misuse, abuse, @G[sto/bew], scold, Eng. [stamp] (Stokes, Jubainville [Rev.Celt.] @+[16], 365). , rest, Ir. [ta/mh], E.Ir. [ta/m]: [*ta^mo-], root [sta^m], [sta], stand, Eng. [stand], [station], [stamina]; see [seas]. Usually [ta\mh], rest, and [ta\imh], death, are referred to the same root. , blockhead, brownie; see [amhas]. For termination, cf. [u\ruisg], [tannasg]. , a gulping movement (M`D.): , a while, space of time, Ir. [tamall]: [*to-ad-melno-], from [melno-], linger, Gr. @G[me/llw], linger (Stokes). See [mall]. --page 359 , time, , when, Ir. [tan], [an tan], O.Ir. [tan], [intain], [intan], quum, quando: [*tana^], time; Skr. [tan], duration, [tana^], continually. root [tan], [ten], extend, as in [tana], q.v. , thin, Ir., O.Ir. [tana], Cor. [tanow], Br. [tanaw], but W. [teneu]: [*tanavo-], thin; Lat. [tenuis], thin, [tendo], stretch; Gr. @G[tanao/s] @G[tanu-], long, stretched, @G[tei/nw], stretch; Eng. [thin], Ger. [du@"nn]; Ch.Sl. [ti@unu@uku@u]; Skr. [tanu/]. , next heir, tanist, anything second, Ir. [ta/naiste], lieutenant, second in command, heir apparent, O.Ir. [ta/naise], secundus, [imthanu], alternation, [innimtha/na], talionem: [*to-atn-], root [at] of [ath], "re", Skr. [at], also [*at-s-men], of [a\m], time, q.v. (Strachan). Rhys ([Celt.Br.]@+[2], 308) suggests connection with W. [tan], till, Lat. [tenus], root [ten] (no root [ta^n]?). , a tankard, Ir. [tanca/rd]; from Eng. , , an apparition, ghost; from the root of [tana]? , a side, Ir. [taobh], E.Ir. [to/eb], [ta/ib], O.Ir. [to/ib], W., Cor., Br. [tu]: [*toibos], root [steibh], [sti], stiff, standing; Lat. [ti^bia], shin-bone (pl.); Lit. [staibis], post, shin-bone (pl.), [staibus], strong; Gr. @G[stifo/s], strong; further Eng. [stiff], Lat. [stipes], log. , a halter, cable, hair-rope, Ir. [te/ad], a rope; see [teud]. , an apostate, Ir. [taodhaire] (Lh., O'B.): , frequenting; see [tadhal]. , the grave: , a fit of passion (Sh., O'R.): , dough, Ir. [taos], E.Ir. [toes], O.Ir. [ta/is], massam, W. [toes], Br. [taos]: [*taisto-], [*stejesto-], root [staj], concrescere; Gr. @G[stai/s] (g. @G[staito/s]), dough, @G[ste/ar] (g. [ste/a@-tos] for [*sta@-jatos], [*sta@-jn@.tos]); Lat. [sti^ria], a drop. , oversman, tutor (Sutherland, etc.); from Lat. [tutor], Eng. [tutor]. See [saoitear]. , pour out, empty (vb.), a jet, torrent (n.), , bilge-water, Ir. [taomaim] ([taodhmaim]), [taodhm] (n.), E.Ir. [to/em], a jet, [taeim], sentina, O.Ir. [tuismiud], delivery, [*to-fo-ess-sem]: [*to-ad-sm-men], root [sem], let go, from [se^], Lit. [semiu\], draw (as water), Lat. [simpulum], ladle (Stokes). Cf. O.Ir. [teissmim], I pour out (= [to-ess-sem-im]). Borrowing from Norse [to/mr], empty, Eng. [toom], is not to be thought of. , a fit of rage, Ir. [taom] (O'B., etc.), M.Ir. [taem]: , a pour, rush, exact full of a liquid measure, Ir. [taosgaim], I drain, pour out, E.Ir. [to/esca], spilling, [taescaire], a baler, pumper: [*to-ad-sem-sko-], root [sem] as in [taom]? , horseplay (R.D.): , tow or wool on the distaff, forelock, "busk a hook", (Arg.), Ir. [tap], [tapa/n]; from M.Eng. [top], tuft of hair or flax, top, Sc. [tap]. --page 360 , clever, active, so Ir., E.Ir. [tapad], suddenness, alertness, [top], sudden; from the same root as [obann] (Stokes). , tattooo (R.D.). , a wallet, repository, Ir. [taplaigh]; for [tap-lach], from [tap], tow, etc. , augur, so Ir.; for [tarathar]. See [tora]. , truncheon or staff of authority (Hend.): , the ghost of an unbaptised infant (Sh., O'R.); for [tacharan]? , a bull, Ir. [tarbh], E.Ir. [tarbh], W. [tarw], Corn. [tarow], Br. [taro], [tarv], Gaul. [tarvos]: [*tarvos]; Lat. [taurus]; Gr. @G[gau@nros] (= @G[ta/rfos]); Pruss. [tauris], buffalo, Ch.Sl. [turu@u], auroch. Prellwitz thinks the Celtic not allied to Gr. @G[tau@nros], etc., which he refers to the root [tau], [tu] ([stu^] gives Eng. [steer]). , also , contempt. Ir., M.Ir. [tarcuisne], E.Ir. [tarcusul]: , ruling, governing, assembly (Lh., etc.), Ir. [targadh]: , a target, Ir. [targa/id]; from Eng. , foretell, Ir. [tairrghirim]; see [tairgneachd]. , it happened; see [tha\rladh]. , a slave, thrall; from Eng. [varlet]? , producing, originating, source, dwelling, Ir. [to/rmach], an increasing, a growing ripe for bearing, magnifying, O.Ir. [to/rmach], an increase: [*to-for-mach], root [mag], power (Eng. [may], [might], etc.). , a ptarmigan, Ir. [tarmochan]; Eng. [ptarmigan] is hence (Skeat). Also [tarman], from [tarm], murmur (Carm.): , white butterfly (Carm.): , dislike of food: [*to-air-meas]; see [meas]. , thunder-clap; see [ta/irneanach]. , inn-keeper; from L.Lat. [tabernator], tavern-keeper, Lat. [taberna], Eng. [tabern]. , a clod, lump (Sh., O'B., etc.), Ir. [tarp], [tarpa/n]; from Norse [torf], a turf, sod, Eng. [turf]. , lower part of the belly, tail, breast, Ir. [ta/rr], belly, lower part of the belly, E.Ir. [tarr], W. [tor], Br. [tor], O.Br. [tar]: [*tarsa^], [tarmsa^]; Sc. [thairm], belly, gut, Eng. [tharm], Ger. [darm], bowels; Gr. @G[tra/mis], tail, entrail, hip joint. Stokes gives the Celtic [*targsa^], allied to Lat. [terbus], back. , a nail; see [ta\irng]. , pull, draw, so Ir., E.Ir. [tairrngim]: [*to-air-rengim], from E.Ir. [ringim], hang, tear, from [reng], a nasalised form of [reg], stretch (see [ruighe]). , also , sheriff officer, tipstaff (Dial.); see [earraid]. --page 361 , transverse, across, Ir. [tarsna], [tarsa], [trasna], M.Ir., E.Ir. [tarsnu], across; from [tar], across (see [thar]), and [sainn] of [ursainn], q.v. , thirst, Ir., O.Ir. [tart]: [*tar(s)to-]; Eng. [thurst], Ger. [durst], Gr. @G[te/rsomai], become dry; Lat. [torreo], burn, [tostum] ([*torstum]), Eng. [toast]; Skr. [tarsh], thirst, Zd. [taresh]; I.E. [ters], dry. , tartan; from Eng., Sc. [tartan], from Fr. [tiretain], linsie-wolsie. , noise; reduplication of root [tar], [tor] in [to\irneanach]. , tedious discourse or scolding, Ir. [tasanach], tedious, slow (Lh. marks it obsolete and queries meaning): , a shilling; from Sc. [testan], [testoon], a silver coin of the 16th century with Mary's head ([teste]) on it, the "inglis testane" being worth 8 shillings Scots, Eng. [tester], worth 6d; originally so called from the coins of Louse XII. (1500) with his head ([teste], Fr. [te^te], head) on them. , depository, a treasure: "A thasgaidh" - Thou treasure; see [taisg]. , attract, attach one to oneself, (inf.), (Perth), tame: [*tad-dam], root [dam] of [aidich]. , cement, join (M`F., Lh.), Ir. [ta/thaim], [ta/th], solder or glue, W. [todi], construc, join: [*ta/to-], [*sta^to-], constitute, root [sta], stand? , visit, frequent, tendency to vomit (Hend.)< Ir. [tathuighim], M.Ir. [aithigim]; formed form the prep. [aith], back, rather than a compound of [tiagaim] as in [imthich], our [imich] (that is, [*ati-tig-], go back again). Stokes prefers root [at], go, formerly discussed under [ta\naiste]. , barking; see [tabhunn]. , a woman, femal, she, Ir. [an ti/], she who, [an te/], he who (O'Donovan says either means "he or she who" or "person who"), O.Ir. [inti/] is(qui), [indi/] ea(quae), [ani/] id(quod): the article and the enclitic particle [-i/], for which see [ni\], and cf. [ti\], he who. , , insipid, slightly fermented; from root of [teas]; cf. [tepid]. , a taunt, repartee (Dial.), , a flippant person's mout (M`A.), , smart: "cutting", E.Ir. [tepe] ([to-aith-be], Stokes), a cutting, O.Ir. [taipe], concisio, brevitas: [*tad-be] (= [to-ad-be]), reduced root [be], cut, [imdibe], circumcisio, etc., root [bi], [bin], as in [bean], touch, q.v. , a house, Ir. [teach], O.Ir. [tech], [teg], g. [tige], W. [ty], Cor. [ti], O.Br. [teg], [tig], [ti], now [ti]: [*tegos], g. [teges-os]; Gr. @G[te/gos], roof, @G[ste/gw], cover; Lat. [tego], cover, [tectum], house; Eng. [thatch], --page 362 Ger. [dach]; Lit. [ste@"/giu], cover; Skr. [sthagati], cover. See [tigh] for usual nom. case. , coming, arrival, Ir. [teachd], O.Ir. [techt], aditus, itio, W. [taith], iter, Br. [tiz], diligence, haste: [*tikta^], root [stig], [teig], as in [tighinn], q.v. Some derive it from [thig] or [tig], q.v. Hence , messenger. , legal, lawful, M.Ir. [teachta], [te/chta], O.Ir. [te/chte], fitting, legalis, lex: [*tenctio-], root, [tenq], become, chance, produce, Eng. [thing], Lit. [tenku\], chance, befaull, Lat. [tempus]. Dial. form , , q.v. , , silly boasting (Arg.). , slow, dilatory: , a tether; from Sc., Eng. [tether], [tedder], Norse [tjo/@dhr], [tjor], Swed. [tjuder]. , collect, provide, shelter, Ir. [teagar], provision, shelter, [teagarach], warm, snug, [teagairim], store, provide; cf. [eagar]. , doubt, suspense; see [theagamh]. , teaching, so Ir., E.Ir. [tecosc]: [*to-aith-cosc-], for which see [caisg]. , family, household, so Ir., O.Ir. [teglach], W. [teulu], O.W. [telu], Corn. [teilu], familia: [*tego-slougo-], from the stems of [tigh] and [sluagh]. The terminations [-lach] from [*slougo-s] makes abstract collective nouns, which are used for single objects or persons; as [o\glach], young man, really "youth", or "young-people", just as "youth" is also used in Eng. as a concrete noun - "a youth". , hearth, forge, Ir. [teallach], E.Ir. [tenlach], [tellach]: [*tene-lach], from [teine], fire, and terminal [-lach] (see [teaghlach]). , a lust or bunchu woman (M`F.): , pleasant, Ir. [teamhair], pleasant, Tara, E.Ir. [temair], delightful, omnis locus conspicuus: [*stem-ri-]? , time (Suth.): Lat.? , slight swoon or stun, Ir. [teimheal], darkness, O.Ir. [temel] (do.), Skr. [ta/mas], Lit. [tamsa], Lat. [tenebrae], [temere], rashly. , temple, church, Ir. [teampoll], O.Ir. [tempul], W. [teml], Corn. [tempel]; from Lat. [templum]. , deliverance, succour, , healing: [*tind-ioc], from [i\oc], heal. , pincers, smith's thongs, Ir. [teanchoir], tongs, pincers, O.Ir. [tenchor], forceps: [*ten-cor], "fire-putter", from the stem of [teine], fire, and [cor], seen in [cuir], put. , , a tongue, Ir. [teanga], O.Ir. [tenge], gen. [tengad]: [*tengot-], from [sten@gh], sting (Eng. [sting], Ger. [stengal], stalk), --page 363 which is from [zdn@.@gh], from [dn@.@gh], whence Lat. [dingua], Eng. [tongue]? Stokes ([Academy], Oct 1891) has compared Lat. [tango] (so Windisch, [Scot.Celt.Rev.], 34). Rhys has considered the probabilities of alliance with W. [tafod], Corn. [tavot], Br. [toed], older [teaut] ([*teba^to-]) in [Manx Pray.]@+[2], 136-7. , tight, tense, near to, Ir. [teann], O.Ir. [tend], W. [tyn], tight, stretched: [*tendo-]; Lat. [tendo], I stretch, [tentus], stretched (Stokes, [Rev.Celt.]@+[13], 12f); in any case from root [ten] of [tana]. Foy gives [sten]; N. [stinnr], rough, hard. Cf. Gr. @G[steno/s]. , separate, Ir. [tearbadh] (O'Cl.), severance, M.Ir. [terpu/d], E.Ir. [terbaim], [terbud]: [*ter-be-], Gadelic reduced root [be], cut, for which see [teabaid]? , scarce, rare, Ir. [tearc], E.Ir. [terc]: [*ter(s)qo-s], rare, root [ters], dry (as in [tart]); Lat. [tesqua] (= [tersquo-s]), deserts. , a sanctuary, protection, so Ir., M.Ir. [termain], [termonn], W. [terfyn]; from Lat. [termo(n)], [terminus], end, "end of race for life by reaching church lands" or [Termon landes] (Ducange). , tar, Ir. [tearr]; from M.Eng. [terve], Norse [tjara]. , save, escape, (inf.), Ir. [tearnaim], E.Ir. [te/rnaim], [ternam], an escape, [e/rnaim], I escape: [*es-rn-], root [r@.n], Eng. [run]? , heat, Ir. [teas], O.Ir. [tess], g. [tesa], W., Corn. [tes], Br. [tez]: [*testu-], for [*tepstu-], root [tep], burn, heat; Lat. [tepeo], be warm, Eng. [tepid]; Ch.Sl. [teplo], hotly; Skr. [tap], be hot, Zd. [tap], burn. See, also from [tep], , . Hence , fever. , save, deliver, Ir. [teasargaim], O.Ir. [tessurc], servo, [dumesurcsa], defendo me: [*to-ess-arc], root [ark], defend: Lat. [arceo], ward off; Gr. @G[a@'rke/w] (do.). See [adharc]. , die, Ir. [teasdaighim], die, fail, M.Ir., O.Ir. [testa], deest, fails; [*to-ess-ta/], from [ta/], I am. Cf., for force, Lat. [desum]. , I preserve, help (Carm.): , cut, cut off, Ir. [teasgaim], E.Ir. [tescaim]: [*to-ess-sc], root [sec], cut, Lat. [seco], Eng. [saw]. , irresolute: "halting, failing"; cf. Ir. [tebim], disappoint, fail, for which see [theab]. , flee, Ir. [teithim], E.Ir. [techim], O.Ir. [teichthech], vitabundus, W. [techu], skulk, M.Br. [techet], flee: [*teko^], [*tekko^], flee, I.E. root [teq-], flow, run; Ch.Sl. [teku], a run, Lit. [teku\], flow; Skr. [taki], runs, Zd. [taka-], course. , wild, fierce (H.S.D.), wild fire (M`A.): , a fishing line: "a cast", from [tilg], cast, Ir. [teilgean], casting? , msical instrument, , a chord (Carm.), W. [telu] or [telyn], harp. Cf. [seillean]. , a blub-cheeked fellow (Dial.); cf. [meilleach]. --page 364 , fire, Ir. [teine], O.Ir. [tene], g. [tened], pl. [tenti], W. [ta^n], Cor., Br. [tan] (in proper names also [tanet]): [*tenet-], [*tenos], Celtic root [te], from [tep], hot, as in [teas], q.v. Not for [*te(p)ne-], as usually said, which would give [te/ine] now, nor [*tepsne-], which would produce [tenne] now; [teine-sionnachain], phosphorescence, [teine-fionn], will o' the wisp (Suth.). , calamity, strait; an abstract nounn from [teann]. , fail, be spent, die, (inf.), Ir. [teiricim] (O'B.), E.Ir. [tarnic], it ended, from [*tar-ic], transire ([tar], across, and [ic] or [nic] of [thig], [thanig]). Atkinson joins it with [tairicim], arrive (= [to-air-ic-]), as in [ta\ir], but the meanings scarcely suit. , hake, herring hake (Carm.): , , descend, Ir. [tearnaim], [tu/rnaim], E.Ir. [tairnim], O.Ir. [tairnnud], dejectio (= [to-air-innud]), from [*endo^], go, root [end], [ed], I.E. [ped], go (Eng. [foot], Lat. [pes], etc., G. [uidhe], q.v.). ! the dairymaid's cry to calm a cow; see [tairis]. , a term, Ir. [tearma], earlier, [te/rma] (F.M.); from M.Eng. [terme], from Lat. [terminus] through Fr. , , a mistake, mischance; cf. [eirmis]. Here [te] may be for [de], on the analogy of [to], [do]. , a musical air; see [se/ist] for derivation. , last will and testament; from Lat. [testamentum]. , the exact or very middle; [teis] = [to-ess], as in [teasairg]. , testimony, Ir. [teisd], [teist], O.Ir. [teist], W. [tyst], Br. [test]; from Lat. [testis], Eng. [test], etc. , , make warm; from [teo\-], q.v. The Ir. verb is [teighim], inf. [te/aghadh]. , warm, , warm-hearted; [*tepu-], Skr. [tapus], hot, root [tep] as in [teth]. Cf. Keating's ([Three Shafts], 282), [teo/-ghra/dhuigheas], qui ardentius amat, where Atkinson considers [teo/] a comparative. , a doel (Carm.): , skilful, expert, , cunning (Carm.): , hot, Ir. [teith], comp. (G. and Ir.), M.Ir. [te], comp. [teou]: [*teps] (?), root [tep], hot, as in [teas]. The O.Ir. is [tee], [te/], fervidus, pl. [te/it], from [*tepents], g. [*tepentos], Lat. [tepens]. , congeal, be parched, Ir. [teuchdaim], curdle, coagulate, M.Ir. [te/chtaige], frozen, O.Ir. [coiteichtea], concretionis: [*tenkto-], from I.E. [tenq], firm, fast; Eng. [tight], Ger. [dicht], close. , a string, Ir. [teud], [te/ad], O.Ir. [te/t], fidis, W. [tant]: [tn@.ta^], chord; Skr. [ta^ntu], [ta/nti], cord: root [ten], stretch, thin, as in [tana]. , battle, contest, disease, Ir. [teagmha/il], a meeting, retribution: [*to-ex-com-dha/il], see [comhdhail]. In the sense of "disease", see [eugail]. --page 365 , a bite, sudden snatch, wound, E.Ir. [temm], W. [tam], a bite Corn. [tam[, pl. [tymmyn], Br. [tamm]: [*tendmen], root [tend], cut; Lat. [tondeo], shear, [tineo], a worm; Gr. @G[te/ndw], gnaw; Ch.Sl. [te@?ti], caedere. , is; see [ta\]. The aspiration is due to the use of [ta\] in relative sentences, where the [t] is intervocalic. , came, Ir. [tha/naic], [tha/inig], ve@-nit, O.Ir. [ta/nic], [ra/nic], ve@-nit, [ta^nac], ve@-ni: [*ananka], I have come - a reduplicated perfect; Skr. [a^namca], has reached; Gr. @G[c@'/negke], brought: root [enk], [nak] ([nank]), attain, bring, for which see [thig]. The aspiration is due to the analogy of other perfects which follow [do]. , over, across, Ir. [tairis], E.Ir. [tairis], over it, him; from [tar] ([thar]) and [se/] or [e/], he, it. The aspiration is, due to a suppressed, or supposed suppressed, [do] or [a]. , over, beyond, Ir. [thall], O.Ir. [thall], [tall]: [*t-all], O.Ir. [ol], quam, [indoll], [altarach], ultra, [al], ultra; root [ol], [el], [ol], Lat. [ille] (= [olle]), [alius]. Also , other, which see. The form stands for [thall-ud]. , come, come along, "age", (pl.), E.Ir. [tallaim], take away, [*talno^], root [tel], bear (see [tla\th], [tail], etc.). Also interjection: well! well! , across, Ir. [tar], O.Ir. [tar], [dar], W. [tra-], over, [trach], beyond, root [ter], through, past, Lat. [trans], [terminus]; Skr. [tar-], pass; I.E. [ter], pass through, bore. See [tora], [troimh]. , accidit, Ir. [tarla], E.Ir. [dorala], [dorla], O.Ir. [tarla]: [*to-ro-la], the [la] being the remains of root [plu], as in [dol] (Ascoli). , nearly did (with inf.), Ir. [do theib se/], he failed (O'B.): "grazed" it, from [*tebb], graze, cut, as in [teabaid]? , mayhap, perhaps, O.Ir. [tecmaing], accidit, [tecmang], eventus, [do-e/-cm-aingim], accido, for [*to-ex-com-ang], root [ang], near, as in [cumhang], q.v. Meyer takes O.Ir. [ecmaing] from [ad-com-bangim], [bang] root of [buain]. It has also been referred to root [mang], [mag], Eng. [may], etc. , will go, Ir. [te/id], goes, O.Ir. [te/it], venit, it: [*to-e/it], [*ento^], [*pento^], go, reach, root [pet], [pent], go, fly, fall; Lat. [pet], seek, "fall on"; Gr. @G[pi/ptw], fall; Got. [fin@than], Eng. [find]. , will say; see [deir]. , will come, Ir. [tigim], come, E.Ir. [tic], [ticc], venit, O.Ir. [ticfa], veniet: [*to/-icc], from [icc], [*enko^], come, reach, root [enk], [nak], [nank], attain, bring; Gr. @G[c@'/negka], brought (= G. ), a reduplicated perf. from @G[egk]; Skr. [a@-namc@,a], attained; further [nank] of [adhlac] and Lat. [nanciscor]. --page 366 , give, G., Ir. , give thou, q.v. The G. is for [toir], a crushed form of [tabhair], and this is aspirated on the analogy of [bheir], [gheibh], and especially of [thug], its past tense. , an interjection of dislike or impatience: Sc. [hoot], hoot-hoot, Swed. [hut], whence Eng. [hoot]. The G. is borrowed. , bave, brought, Ir. [thug], [thugas] (1st pers.), E.Ir. [tuc], [tucas], [do-fuc], from [uc], [ucc], [*ud-ge], from [s-] aorist [*e-ges-s-t], [*e-ges-s-m], root [ges], carry, Lat. [gero], [gessi] (Zimmer, [Zeit.]@+[30] 156-7); whence also W. [dug], he bore, Cor. [duk], Br. [dougas]. , , , etc., to thee, to you, to him; for [chugad], etc., q.v. Similarly is for , , , q.v with gen. is for [chum]. , any one, person, Ir. [ti/], person, [an ti/], [an te/]; see [te/], [ni\]. , intention, Ir., E.Ir. [ti/]; [ar ti] = intends (Glenmassan MS.): , perverse, ill-disposed, sick, a dwarf, Ir. [tiachair], perverse (O'Cl., Lh., O'B.), M.Ir. [tiachair], troublesome, E.Ir. [tiachaire], affliction, peevishness: , a little hill, small stone, Ir. [ti/adhan], a stone, testicle: , gloomy, lonesome, Ir. [tiamdha], dark (O'Cl.), E.Ir. [tiamda], dark, afraid: , prudent; cf. [ti\orail]. , fountains (Uist; Hend.); see [tiobart]. , time; from Icel. [ti/@dh], Sc., Eng. [tide], Ag.S. [ti/d], Ger. [zeit]. (for ), a house, Ir. [tigh], O.Ir. [teg], [tech]; see [teach]. , , lord, master, Ir. [tighearna], O.Ir. [tigerne], W. [teyrn], O.W. [-tigern], Cor. [teern], O.British [tigernus]: [*tegerno-s], [tegernio-s], root [teg] of [tigh], q.v. , call when passing (M`A.); the [t] being as in [tigh], the word seems a variant of [tadhal]. , coming, Ir. [tighim], I come, E.Ir. [tiagaim], O.Ir. [tiagu], [ti/chtu] ([ti/chtin]), adventus: [*tigo^], [*teigo^], from root [stei@gh], [sti@gh], go; Gr. @G[stei/hw], walk; Got. [steigan], ascend, Ger. [steigen], Eng. [stair]: Skr. [stighnute], stride. , cast, cast out, vomit, Ir. [teilgim], O.Ir. [teilcim]: [to-es-leic], "let out", from the original of G. , let, q.v. , , return, Ir. [tillim] (Keating), [fillim], [pillim] (O'B.) (Ulster has [till]): [*svelni-], turn round, W. [chwylo], turn, revolve, [chwyl], a turn, course, while (for which see G. ). Cf. [fill]. , time; from the Eng. , around, a circuit, so Ir., O.Ir. [timchell]: [*to-imm-cell], from I.E. [qel], move, go; Lat. [colo], tend, [celer], swift; Gr. @G[pelomai], go, be, @G[a@'mfi/polos], attendant; Skr. [ca/ra^mi], move, go. See [buachaill]. --page 367 , sick, Ir. [tinn], E.Ir. [tind]: [*tenni-], root [ten] of [tana], [teann], [teinn]. Cf. O.Ir. [tinaim], evanesco, Lat. [attenuo], Eng. [attenuate]. , a chain, link, piece of a column, M.Ir. [tinne], flitch, E.Ir. [tinde], ring, link, bar, O.Ir. [tinne], chalybs; from the root [ten] of [tana]. Cf. Norse [@thind], diaphragm. , a heap (Arg.); from Eng. [heap] or G. [iob]? ++, a well, O.G. [tiprat] (gen., B.of Deer), Ir. [tiobar], [tiobrad], E.Ir. [tipra], d. [tiprait], [*to-aith-brevant-], Celtic verb [*bervo^], seethe, boil; Gr. @G[fre/ar], @G[fre/atos], a well; Ger. [brunnen], Eng. [burn]. See [tobar]. , a gift, Ir. [tiodhlacadh], E.Ir. [tidnacul], O.Ir. [tindnacul], traditio, [do-ind-naich], distribuit: [to-ind-nank-], root [nank], bring, get, Lat. [nanciscor], obtain; also root [enk] as in [thig], q.v. Hence also , bury, and , q.v. , a short space, a snatch: , snatch, grasp eagerly, Ir. [tiolpaim]: , soft, timid, G. [tioma], tenderness, Ir. [time], fear, E.Ir. [tim], soft, timid, [timme], fear: [*temmi-], root [tem], faint, Lat. [timeo], fear, Eng. [timid]; Skr. [tam], to faint, Zd. [tam], perish. , a will or testament, Ir. [tiomna], O.Ir. [timne]: [*to-imm-ne], the [n] of [ne] being the remains of [-a^n-], mandare, mittere (Ascoli); cf. O.Ir. [adroni], deposuit, [immera/ni], delegavit, G. , command, q.v. , a musical instrument - a cymbal, Ir. [tiompa/n], tabor, cymbal, drum, E.Ir. [tiompan], a small stringed instrument; from Lat. [tympanum], a timbrel, drum (Windisch). The difference of meaning between E.Ir. and Lat. has caused some to doubt the connection; and Stokes gives the Celtic root as [temppu-], a chord or string, Lit. [tempiu\], stretch, Ch.Sl. [te@?etiva], chorda. , collecting, bringing together, Ir. [tiomsughadh], E.Ir. [timmsugud]: [*to-imm-sag-], root [sag] as in [tionnsuidh], q.v. , gather, Ir. [tiono/laim], O.Ir. [tino/laim], [tinolaim], [do-in-ola], applicat: [*to-in-o@-la-im], where [o@-la] is referred by Stokes to [*oklo-], [*polko-], joining, uniting, Ger [fu@"gen], to fit, [fu@"ge], joint; Lat. [paciscor], bargain, bind; Skr. [pa@-/c@,as], a knot, Zd. [pac@,], bind. Ascoli regards it as [*to-in-od-lu], root [lu], [plu] of [dol], but [*od-lu-] would rather mean "go out", "go off". W. [cynull], gathering, Corn. [cuntell], O.Br. [contullet], are, according to Ernault, borrowed from Lat. [contuli]. , likeness of any person or thing: [*t-ionnail], from [ionnan], like. , turning, Ir. [tiontodh], O.Ir. [tintuith], g. [tintuda] [tintathigh], interpretes: [*to-ind-sout-], root [su] of [iompaidh], q.v. --page 368 , a beginning, devising, , ingenuity, Ir. [tionnscnadh], a beginning, device, plotting, [tionsgiodal], managing, industry, O.Ir. [tinscnaim] (= [to-ind-scannaim]), I begin, [tindscetal], a beginning, root [sqend], start, spring, Lat. [scando], ascend, Skr. [skandati], hurry, spring. The W. has [cy-chwyn], ortus ([*sqeno^]). The form [-scetal] is for [sqen-t-] (?). , pilfer (M`A.); cf. [tiolp]. , dry (as corn), kiln-dry, Ir. [tiortha], kiln-dried (Con.), M.Ir. [ti/rad], kiln-drying, E.Ir. [ti/r], to dry; from the root of [tioram] (O.Ir. [ti/rim]). , warm, cosy, sheltered, Ir. [ti/oramhuil], cosy; W. [tirion], pleasant, a familiar abject; cf. Ir. [ti/oramhuil], [ti/orthamhuil], homely, national, from [ti/r]. Dr Cameron regarded it as taken from the root of [tioram], which is ultimatley the same as that of [ti\r]. Borrowing from Eng. [cheerful] is unlikely. , dry, Ir. [tirim], M.Ir. [tirimm], O.Ir. [ti/rim], [ti/r] (vb.): [*tersmi-], root [ters], dry, as in , q.v. See also [ti\r] for phonetics. , save, deliver from peril: [*t-erc-], [*to-arki-], root [ark] of [teasairg], q.v. , an accident: , water-gruel; from Eng. [ptisan], Lat. [ptisana], barley water, from Gr. @G[ptisa/nc]. , , , a moment, while; cf. Ir. [giota], something small, jot, appendage, from Lat. [iota], whence Eng. [jot]. Gaelic is [t-iot]. , land, earth, Ir., O.Ir. [ti/r], W., Corn., Br. [tir], tellus, la terre: [*te^ros] ([*te^res-]); Lat. [terra] ([*tersa^]), Oscan [teerum], territorium. The further root is [ters], be dry, as in [tart]; the idea of [ti/r], [terra^], is "dry land" opposed to sea. , an interjection expressive of wet being perceived suddenly (H.S.D.): Eng. [chut]? , come, let us go; from deaspirated [thugainn], "to us", for [chugainn], q.v. , thick, Ir. [tiugh], E.Ir. [tiug], W. [tew], O.W. [teu], obtuso, Corn. [tew], Br. [teu]: [*tegu-], thick; Eng. [thick], Norse [@thykkr], Ger. [dick]; Gr. @G[stegno/s], fast, tight. , a beach out of reach of the sea; for [an t-iurr], from Norse [eyrr], a gravelly bank by a river or a promontory, Swed [o@"r], Dan. [o@"rr]. , mark of sea on shor, tear, stamp (Carm.). , pleasure, so Ir., M.Ir. [tlacht]: [tl@.-ko-], "willing", from [toil], will, q.v. O.Ir. [todlugud], petitio, [tothlaigim], I desire, is from [*tloq-], of [altach]. --page 369 , teaze (wool), handful of wool. Strachan and Stokes give the stem as [*tlagm] (read [tla^g-s-m-]) allied to Ger. [flocke], flock of wool, Eng. [flock]. , mild, smooth, Ir. [tlaith] ([tla/ith], O'B.), [tlath], E.Ir. [tlaith], W. [tlawd]: [*tla^ti-], "long-suffering", from [tel], bear, endure; Gr. @G[tlcto/s], [tla/w], endure; Lat. [tollo], raise, [tuli], [la^tus] (for [*tla^tus]), borne; Eng., Sc. [thole]. , liquid, spume: [t-lighe]? , pity, tenderness, M.Ir. [tlusach], wealthy, W. [tlws], jewel (Stokes), E.Ir. [tlus] (S.n.R.); from root [tl@.], [tel] of [tla\th], q.v. , envy, Ir., E.Ir. [tnu/th]; from the root [ten], stretch: "grasping"? , , verbal prefix = to, ad, Ir., O.Ir. [to-], [do-]. Stokes compares Gothic [du-] to, from [@thu] (?). W. has [du-], [dy-], [y], Cor. [dhi], Br. [do], [da]. , flux, diarrh@oea spasms: [to-fo-od-ber-t], root [ber] of [beir]. , wreath of wool or flax on a distaff; from Sc. [tappin]. , a well, Ir. [tobar], O.Ir. [topur], fons: [*to-od-bur], root [bhur], [bhru], to well, boil; Gr. @G[fu/rw], mix; Lat. [ferveo], well, Eng. [fervid]; Skr. [bhur], move quickly: further see root [bhru] in , and [bhrev] in . Some have referred to the root [ber] of [inbhir], [abar] ([obair]). , a rope, from Sc. [tow], rope, Eng. [tow], pull, Norse [tog], rope, Lat. [duco]. , , turf, roofless walls, knoll; from Norse [toft], [topt], a clearing, a space enclosed by roofless walls, Eng. [toft], [tuft], and [top]. , , a rower's bend; from Norse [@thopta]. , hough or thigh of an animal: [*t-hoch], from the Sc. [hough]. , dig, Ir. [tochuilim], [tochlaim]: [*to-cladh]; see [cladh]. , , dowry, ir. [tochar], M.Ir. [tocra], (acc.); cf. O.Ir. [tochur], placing, from [cuir], put. The idea is "something assigned to one". Hence Sc. [tocher]. , , an unpleasant smell, or , dense volume of smoke (Arg.); root [stou], as in [toth]. , a disease of the eye in cattle; cf. Sc. [hock] (H.S.D.). ++, a wooing, so Ir., O.Ir. [tochmarc]: [*to-com-arc]; see for root [iomchorc]. , a hogshead; from the Eng. , small tuft of wool (Lewis); N. [toddi], a tod of wool. So Badenoch. , manure, a bleaching, seaweed for manure, Ir. [tuar], a bleach-green, [tuarachan], a bleacher: , mastiff, better [tobhlair]: --page 370 , raise, , liftin, Ir. [to/gaim], [to/gbhail], E.Ir. [to/cbaim]: [*to-od-gab-im-], from [gab], , take, q.v. , desire, Ir. [togairim], please, choose, G. inf. , Ir. [togra]: [*to-od-gar], root [gar] of [goir]. , attention, care (H.S.D.); a variant of [taidhe]. , exhalation (M`A.); cf. [to\ch]. , reproach, blasphemy, Ir. [toibhe/im], blemish, reproach, E.Ir. [toibeim]: [*to-be/im], from [be/im], that is, [beum], q.v. , wealth, riches, Ir. [toice]; cf. [taic]. , a swelling, a puffed up state of the face: , purse-proud; from [to\ic]. , arrogance (Sh., O'B.); see [tostal]. , agreeable, cordi (mihi est), , preferable, , I prefer, O.Ir. [toich], acceptus, [tochu], acceptior: [*to-gus-], root [gus], choose, as inn [tagh]. It has also been analysed as [*do-] [sech], or [*do-fech], roots [seq], [veq]? Stokes derives this from [*togi-s], root [tag], take, Lat. [tango], etc. , will, Ir. [toil], O.Ir. [tol]: [*tola^], root [tel], take, lift, endure; Lat. [tollo], [tolero]; Eng. [thole], [tolerate], etc. See [tlachd], [tla\th]. , deserve, Ir. [tuillim], O.Ir. [tuillim], [atroilli], [asroille], meruit, later [do-sli], meruit, from [sli] (Thur., Strachan). , a riddle, Ir. [toimseacha/n], a riddle, measure; from [tomhas], q.v. , good sense, , sensible (Suth.); from [tomhas]. , understanding: , twist; from Norse [tvinna], twinne, twist thread, Eng. [twine]. , the miller's share of meal for grinding (S. Argyle): , , pursuit, Ir., E.Ir. [to/ir], Ir. [to/ruigheachd], [to/ireacht]: [*to-fo-racht], root [reg] of [e/irich]. Rhys agrees. Cf. O.Ir. [toracht], successus, processus (= [to-racht]), [ti/armo/racht], pursuit ([*to-iarm-fo-racht]). From Ir. [to/ruighe], pursuer, comes Eng. [Tory]. , efficiency, bounty, Ir. [toirbheart], gift, munificence; see [tairbheartach] for the roots. , a mighty leap; cf. E.Ir. [tairlingim], jump out of, jump off, alight, [turlaim] (inf.): [*to-air-ling-], for which see [leum]. Hence , alight (M`A.). , a noise, Ir. [toirm], [torma/n], E.Ir. [toirm], [tairm]: [*tor-s-men], root [tor] of [torrunn]. Cf. W. [twrf], [tyrfan], tumult, Lit. [tarme@?], declaration. Cf. [seirm], [foirm]. , forbid, so Ir., M.Ir. [tairmiscim], prohibit, hinder: [*tarmi-sc], from [tarmi], the composition form of [tar], across, and [sc] or [sec], say, as in [caisg]. , , a great noise, sound, Ir. [to/irn]; root [tor] of [torrunn]. --page 371 , foetid, "high" (Wh.): , a sod (M`A.); from Norse [torf], Eng. [turf]. , conception (Bible): , a peat-cutting spade, (M`A.); a hybrid from Norse [torf], turf, peat, and G. [sgian]. Cf. Norse [torf-skeri], peat-cutter. , respect, value, taste, Ir. [toirt], quantity, value: , giving; for [tabhairt]. See [tabhair], [thoir]. , the beginning, front, Ir. [tosach], O.Ir. [tossach], initium. See the next word.>> , a beginning, a chief, Ir. [toiseach], a captain, O.Ir. [to/isech], praestans, leader, W. [tywysog], dux, princeps, Welsh Ogmic [tofisac] and [tovisaci] (Lat.): [*to-vessiko-s], root [ved], lead, bring; Lit. [wedu\], lead, Ch.Sl. [veda@?], duco; Zd. [va/dhayeiti], bring, lead. O.Ir. has also [do-fedim], I lead. , an occasion, opportunity, Ir. [toisg], circumstances, state, journey, business, M.Ir. [toisc], business, O.Ir. [toisc], necessity: [*to-sech], root [seq], follow, as in [seach]. , the left, unlucky: , reward for finding a lost thing; see [taisgeal]. , smoke, fume, Ir. [to/it], M.Ir. [tutt], smoke: [*tutto-], root [tu], [stu], Eng. [steam]? See [toth]. , a little heap; from Eng. [tuft]. In the sense of "piece of flesh", Ir. [to/itea/n], this is from , roast, smoke (see [toit]), scarcely to be derived from Fr. [to^t], hastily roasted, from Lat. [tostus]. , , a hollow in metal, dent, Ir. [tolc], hole, crevice, E.Ir. [tolc], W. [tolc]. Rhys says W. is borrowed. , a hole, Ir., E.Ir. [toll], W. [twll], Br. [toull]: [*tukslo-], root [tuk], pierce, punch; Gr. @G[tu/kos], hammer; Ch.Slav. root [tuk], pierce, [is-tu@uknati], effodere, [tu@ukalo], cuspis. , tollbooth, a gaol; from the Eng. , a hillock of round form; from Norse [ho/lmr], a holm, islet, "inch", Sc. [holm], Eng. [holm], Ag.S. [holm], mound, billow, Ger. [holm], hill. , a hillock, Ir. [tom], M.Ir. [tomm], W. [tom], Br. [das-tum], to heap: [*tumbo-], hillock; Gr. @G[tu/mbos], cairn, mound, Eng. [tomb]; Skr. [tunga], high, hight; further Lat. [tumulus]. W. [tom] has been regarded as from the Eng. [tomb]. But [stom], Skr. [stamba], "busch". , , bulk; see [somalta]. , offer, threaten, M.Ir. [tomaithim], O.Ir. [tomad], g. [tomtho], minationes: [*to-mat-], root [mat], throw, Lit. [metu\], throw. --page 372 , measure, so Ir., O.Ir. [tomus]: [*to-mus], where [mus] ([*messu-]) comes from root [met], [me^], measure; Lat. [me^tior], [mensus], Eng. [measure]; Gr. @G[me/tron], a measure. Allied is G. [meas], q.v. , bulk; also . Cf. , large, bulky: , anus, Ir., E.Ir. [to/n], W. [tin]: [*tukna^], [tu^kno-] (Welsh), root [teuk], Ag.S. [@theo/h], Eng. [thigh], Teut. [*theuha-] (Strachan, ATokes); from root [tu], swell. , a wave, Ir., E.Ir. [tond], O.Ir. [tonn], W., Corn. [ton], Br. [tonn]: [*tunna^], root [tu], swell; Lit. [tvanas], a flood, [tvinti], swell; further Lat. [tumeo], swell, Eng. [thumb]. Stokes gives the Celtic as [*tunda^], Ag.S. [@theo/tan], howl, Norse [@thjo/ta], whistle (as the wind, etc.). Some have correlated it with Lat. [tundo], beat, root [tund], [tud], Skr. [tud-], push. ++, ++, skin, Ir. [tonn], hide, skin, E.Ir. [tonn], skin, surface, W. [tonn], cutis, Br. [tonnenn], rind, surface, hair of the head: [tunna^], skin, hide, whence possibly Low Lat. (9th cent.) [tunna], a cask, "wine-skin", now Eng. [ton]. , a wonam's shawl or plaid; from Lat. [tunica]. Cf. M.Ir. [tonach], tunic. , augur, Ir. [tarachair], E.Ir. [tarathar], O.Cor. [tarater], W. [taradr], Br. [tarazr], [tarar]: [*taratro-]; Gr. @G[te/retron]; Lat. [terebra]: root [ter], through, as in [thar]. , produce, fruit, so Ir., O.Ir. [torad]: [*to-rad], from [*rato-], root [rat], [ra], give, as in [rath], q.v. , grub-worm, Ir. [torain], corn maggots (O'B.), [tora/n] (Con., etc.); from [tor], bore, as in [tora]? , a boar, Ir., O.Ir. [torc], W. [twrch], cor. [torch], Br. [tourc'h], O.Br. [turch]: [*t-orko-s], from [*orko-], in , q.v.: I.E. [porko-s], swine, Lat. [porcus], Lit. [parsza-s], Eng. [farrow]. Stokes gives Celtic as [*torko-s], Jubainvill as [*turco-s]. , a cleft, notch (Carm.): , species of bere, biforked corrot, Ir. [turcan]? (Carm.): , a fall, killing, (vb.), Ir. [torchair], fell, O.Ir. [torchar], I fell, [doro-chair], cecidit, [ara-chrinim], difficiscor, root [ker], Skr. [c@,ar], break to pieces, [c@,r@.na@-/mi], break; see [cri\on]. , a purling sound; from [tor] of [torrunn]. , a hill of conic form, heap, castle, Ir. [tor], tower, castle, crest, E.Ir. [tor], [tuir], d. [turid], a tower, W. [twr], Cor. [tur], Br. [tour]: [*turi-], [*turet-], I.E. root [tver], hold, enclose, Lat. [turris], Gr. @G[tu/rsis], tower. Some hold that the Celtic is borrowed from Lat. G. , with [rr], is possibly for [torth] (cf. [*turet-]). It also means "crowd" in G. and E.Ir., and "heap" also in W. --page 373 , pregnant, Ir. [torrach], pregnant, fruitful, E.Ir. [torrach]: [*torth-aco-], from [*torato-], , fruit, q.v. W. [torwy] big-bellied, has been compared, from [tor], belly, G. [ta\rr]. (, H.S.D.), burial, funeral solemnities, Ir. [to/rradh], watching or waking of the dead, E.Ir. [torroma], attending, watching: , thunder, Ir. [toran], a great noise, E.Ir. [torand], thunder, W. [tarann], Cor. [taran], tonitruum: [*toranno-s]; Gr. @G[to/ros], sound; Lit. [ta\rti], say. Gaul. [Taranis], the Gaulish Jove or Thor, and G. [ta\irneanach] show an [a] grade of the root. , silence, so Ir., O.Ir. [tost]: [*tusto-], root [tus], [teus], whence E.Ir. [to/], [tua], silent; O.Pruss. [tussi^se], silet, Ch.Slav. [tichu], silent; Skr. [tush], silere, [tushni^m], silently. , calm = clos (Hend.). , a tusk; from the Eng. , a hack, gash, dent (Wh.): , a peat-cutter (Dial.); from Sc. [tusk] in [tusk-spawd] (Banff), [tuskar] (Ork. and Sh.), [tusk], cut peats. Cf. Shet. [tushker], from N. [torfskeri], turf-cutter. , an ambassador or post, Ir. [toisg], a journey, business. See [toisg]. , arrogance, Ir. [to/sdal], [toichiosdal] (O'B.), O.Ir. [tochossol], violation: [*to-con-sal], from [sal], leap (see [tuisleadh])? Also . , rower's bench, turf; see [tobhta]. , a foul blast of vapour, also , q.v.; see [toit] for root. (, M`F.), rubbish cast ashore, the grass fiorin; from [tra\igh]? Cf., however, [drabhas]. [tra\ibheanach], bedraggled fellow (R.D.). Cf. Sc. [drab]. , mill-hopper (M`A.); possibly from Lat. [trabula]. , negotiation, proposal, so Ir.; from Lat. [tracto], treat. , fatique; from Sc. [trachle], draggle, fatiguing exertion. ---KPD: Related to Co. Clare Anglo-Irish [tra/lach], pain in wrist from ---KPD: overwork? , a lance, fishing spear, Ir. [tradh], lance, [treagh], spear; from the root [tar], [tra] (see [thar]), through, Lat. [tra^gula], a dart. , the shore, Ir. [tra/igh], E.Ir. [tra/ig]: [*tra^gi-]; see [traogh]. , a slave, Ir. [traill] (O'B.), M.Ir. [tra/ill] (not well known to glossographers); from Norse [@thraell], Eng. [thrall]. , the fish tusk: , , a poultice, cataplasm, rag, Ir. [treata] ([tre/ata], Con.), plaster: , a whim (M`A.): , busy; from Sc. [thrang], Eng. [throng]. , one wasting away with sickness (Hend.); cf. Ir. (Keat. [traothaim], wear out, am weary. --page 374 , ebb, Ir. [tra/ighim], [traoghaim], E.Ir. [tra/gim], W. [treio], ebb, [trai], ebb-tide, [traeth], shore: [*tra^go^], from [tra^g], I.E. [tragh], draw, Lat. [traho], etc.; see [troidh] for root. , the corncrake, Ir. [traona]; see [tre\an-ri-tre\an]. , a cluster, Ir. [trapa/n]: , across, , cross beam, crozier, O.Ir. [trost], trabs, from [tar], [tra] of [thar]. Cf. W. [trawst], rafter, which Stokes and Loth think to be borrowed from Lat. [transtrum], as also O.Ir. [trost] mentioned above. Sc. has [trast] or [trest], beam, from early Fr. [traste], Lat. [transtrum]. , a fast, Ir. [trosgadh], O.Ir. [troscud]: [*trusko^], [*trud-sko^], root [trud], distress, burden, Lat. [tru^do], push, Eng. [threaten]. See [trod], [trom]. , time, season, Ir., E.Ir. [tra/th]: [*tra^tu-], root [tra], [tar], through (see [thar]). Cf. W. [tro], turn, time, Br. [tro], occasion, round; Eng. [turn]. , through, Ir. [tre/], [tre], E.Ir. [tre/], [tria], [tri], O.Ir. [tri], [tri/], [tre], O.W. [troi], now [trwy], Cor., Br. [dre], O.Br. [tre], [dre]: [*trei], [*tri], root [ter], pass over, through; Lat. [trans], across; Skr. [tira/s], through, over, Zd. [taro^] (do.). See the root in [thar], [tora], [troimh]; also in Eng. [through]. , plough, till, Ir. [treabhaim], E.Ir. [trebaim], inhabit, cultivate, [treb], a dwelling, W. [tref], homestead, O.W., O.Br. [treb]: [*trebo-], a house; Lat. [tribus], [trebus], a tribe, Eng. [tribe]; Eng. [thorp]; Lit. [troba\], dwelling, building. Hence , houses, , prudent. , a thrave; from Norse [@threfi], Eng. [thrave]. , dig, (1) digging (2) fatiguing: [*tre-clad]; for (1) see [cladh] and cf. [tochail]; from (2) cf. Sc. [trachle]. , a darting pain, stitch, Ir. [treagh(d)aim], I pierce through, M.Ir. [treghat], pangs, smart, [treaglad], transpiercing; Ir. [treagh], a spear: "piercing". See [tradh]. , lumber, trash, Ir. [trealamh], lumber, apparel, instruments, E.Ir. [trelam], weapons, furniture, apparel: [*tre-lam]; for [lam], see [ullamh]. , the spleen (M`F.): , indisposition (M`F.): , adult, grown-up (M`A. for Islay): , , a short space or time, Ir. [treall], M.Ir. [trell], root [ter], through, Eng. [thrill], pierce. , corn-crake, Ir. [traona]: , cut (Carm.): , third, Ir. [treas], O.Ir. [tress]: [*tristo-], from [tris], thrice, Gr. @G[tri/s], Skr. [tris], root [tri] of [tri], three. W. [trydydd], third, is for [*tritijo-s]. --page 375 ++, battle, skirmish, Ir. [treas], E.Ir. [tress]. For root, cf. the next word.>> W. has [tri^n], battle, bustle, [treis], violence. , stronger, Ir. [treas], strong, [treise], stronger, O.Ir. [tressa], W. [trech], fortior, Br. [trec'h]: [*treksjo^s], fortior, root [treg], [streg], [sterg], strong, Eng. [stark], Lit. [stre@?gti], stiffen, Pers. [suturg] ([*str@.g]), strong. Stokes refers it to the root [treg], [trag], draw, leap, as in [troigh], [traogh]. See [treun] further; [treasa] is its comparative really. , thorough-paced (of a horse); cf. Ir. [trosda/n], a pace, jump; root [treg], draw, walk, as in [troigh]. , refuse of brewed malt, groats, Ir. [treasu/mha], dross, copper dross, [treascach], draffy, M.Ir. [tresc], refuse, offal: [*tre-sco]? treibhireach> (, Dictionaries), prudent, upright, O.Ir. [trebar], prudent, M.Ir. [trebaire], prudence; from [treb] of [treabh], q.v. , forsake, Ir. [tre/igim], E.Ir. [tre/cim], W. [trancu], perish: [*trankjo^], abandon, root [trak], push, press, as in (Stokes). , a while, space, also greis, Ir. [treibhse], [dreibhse] (O'B.), [treimhse] (Con.); see [greis]. , a while, space, also , Ir. [treibhse], [dreibhse] (O'B.), [treimhse] (Con.); see [greis]. , , weaver's paste, trash (M`A., Arg.), Ir. [treisgin] (con., etc.), [dreislinn] (Monaghan); cf. Sc. [dressing]. , a smith's nail mould, Ir. [treo/ir], [treoir]; from [tre], [trem], through? , strength, Ir. [treo/ir], conduct, strength, M.Ir. [treorach], strong, E.Ir. [treo/ir], vigour: [*treg-ri-], root [treg] of [treasa]. , guide, Ir. [treo/ruighim], M.Ir. [treoraigim]: [*trag-ri-], root [trag] of [troigh]? , a tribe; from Lat. [tri@ubus], a tribe. See [treabh]. , valorous, strenuous, , bravery; for [*treuntas], from which [treubhach] is deduced. M`Kinnon ([Gael.Soc.Tr.]@+[13], 341) refers it to [treubh], tribe. , flock, herd, Ir. [tre/ad], [treud], E.Ir. [tre/t]: [*trento-], root [trem], Lat. [turma], troop, Ag.S. [@thruma], heap, company (Strachan, Stokes). Windisch has compared Gr. @G[strato/s] ([*strn@.tos]) to [treud]. , brave, Ir. [treun], O.Ir. [tre/n], fortis, W. [tren], strenuous, force: [*tregno-], root [treg] of [treasa], q.v. Stokes gives the Celtic as [*treksno-], which would produce [*tresno-], modern [treann]. , three, Ir., O.Ir. [trei/], W. [tri], Cor. [try], Br. [tri]: [*treis]; Lat. [tre^s] ([*trei-es]); Gr. @G[trei@ns]; Got. [@threis], Eng. [three]; Lit. [try/s]; Skr. [tra/yas]. , going, journey, Ir. [tri/all], E.Ir. [triall]: [*tri-all], "go-through", root [ell] of [tadhal]? --page 376 , third part, a third, Ir., E.Ir. [tri/an], W. [traian]: [*treisano-]; see [treas], [tri]. , lord, chief, E.Ir. [tri/ath]: [*treito-s]. Stokes compares Lat. [tri^tavus], [stri^tavus], ancestor in the 6th degree. , frequent, often, Ir. [tric], E.Ir. [trice]: [*trekki-], root [treg] of [troigh] (Stokes, Strachan). , , through, by, Ir. [tri/d], E.Ir. [tri/t], per eum, id: [*trei-t], from root [trei] of [tre], through; the final [-t] is the demonstrative pron. [to] (Eng. [that], Gr. @G[to]); a pron. [*em-ti], [*en-ti] (Stokes). , rag, clout, stitch; "Cha'n 'eil tri\d air": , thrilling, quavering; cf. E.Ir. [tri/lech], song, O.Ir. [tri/rech], song of birds. Cf. Eng. [trill], Ital. [trillare], Sp. [trinar]: an initiative word, Eng. [thrill] is from the root [tre], [ter] (see [tora]), "piercing", which may also be the ultimate origin of the G. words. ++, locks of hair, Ir. [trilis] (obs.), E.Ir. [triliss]; cf. Eng. [tress], from Lat. [tricia], [trica], plait, Gr. @G[tri/ha], in three parts, root [tri], three. , sand plover (Heb., Miss Freer): , (, M`A.), the pied oyster-catcher, sea-piet: (, M`A.), lantern, rush-light, a glimmer, Ir. [trilisea/n], torch, lantern, earlier [trilsen], facula, [trillsech], sparkling: "piercing", from [tre], [ter], as in [trileanta]? , a plate, trencher, Ir. [trinsiur]; from Eng. [trencher]. , trouble, tribulation, Ir. [trioblo/id], E.Ir. [tre/blait]; from Lat. [tribulatio], Eng. [tribulation]. , vibrate, quiver; from Eng. [tremble]? , a trinity, Ir. [tri/ono/id], [tri/onoid], E.Ir. [tri/no/it], O.Ir. [trindo/it]; from Lat. [trinita^t-], [trinitas], a trinity, from [tres], three. The Gadelic is developed from [*trin(i)ta^ti-]. , trews, trousers, Ir. [triu/s], M.Ir. [tribus], O.Ir. [trebus], breeches, L.Lat. [tubrucus] (Isidor), [tribuces] (Du Cange), "thigh breeches" (D' Arbois); from Sc. [trews], Eng. [trooze], [trouses], now [trousers], trunkhose. , a rascal; from Sc. [truker], [trukier], a deceitful person, from O.Fr. [tricher], to trick, allied to Eng. [trick]. , a stripe of distinguishing colours in tartan: , (M`F.), hooping cough, (M`A.), a fit of laughing or coughing, Ir. [triuch], [trioch]: root [pster] of [sreothart]? , come thou hither to me; opposite of : [*to-ro'-ad], [*to-romh-t], "to before you"? --page 377 , mercy, Ir., O.Ir. [tro/caire], W. [trugaredd], Cor. [tregereth], M.Br. [trugarez], O.W. [trucarauc], merciful: [*trougo-karja], "loving of the wretched", from the roots of [truagh] and [car], love. , a quarrel, scolding, Ir. [troid], M.Ir. [trot], quarrel, combat, [trottach], quarrelsome: [*truddo-], root [trud], distress, bother; Eng. [threat], Norse [@thrjo/ta], fail, lack; Lat. [tru^do], push, Eng. [obtrude]; Ch.Sl. [trudu@u], difficulty. , raise, , raising, Manx [troggal], earlier [trogell]: [to-ro-od-gab], that is to say, with the prep. [ro] inserted. See [tog]. Rhys ([Manx Pray.]@+[2], 138) compares E.Ir. [turcba/l], a rising (as of the sun): [*to-for-gab-]. , trash (Dial.), busy dealing, , busy dealing, from Sc. [troke], to bargain, barter, [trog], old clothes, [troggin], pedlar's wares, Eng. [truck], from Fr. [troquer], barter, truck. , grumbling (M`A.), , quarrel (Nich., [trogbhail], Arm., Sh., O'R.): , a dwarf; see [droich]. , cataplasm, rags, shapeless worn shoe (Skye); see [trait]. , misspelt , a foot, Ir. [troigh], O.Ir. [traig], g. [traiged], W. [traed], O.Cor. [truit], pes, M.Br. [troat]: [*traget-] ([*troget-]?), foot, root [trag], leap, draw, Gaul. [vertragos], greyhound; I.E. [tragh]; Got. @G[@thragjan], run, Ag.S. [@thrah], course; Lat. [traho], draw. , any trifling thing; founded on Eng. [trifles]? , through, O.Ir. [tremi-], trans-, super-: [*trimo-], from [tri] of [tre]. For the [mi] or [mh], cf. [roimh], [comh-]. , heavy, Ir. [trom], O.Ir. [tromm], W. [trwm], Cor. [trom], Br. [troum]: [trud-s-mo-s], "oppressive", from [trud], oppress, distress; Got. [us-@thriutan], oppress, Eng. [threat]; Lat. [tru^do], push. See [trod] further. For other views, see Rhys' [Lect.]@+[2], 114, Zimmer [Zeit.]@+[24], 208. , dwarf, elder, Ir. [troma/n], O.ir. [tromm], g. [truimm]; also G. (M`A.): , the Jew's harp; from Sc. [trump] (do.), Eng. [trump], from Fr. [trompe]. , a trumpet, Ir. [trompa], L.M.Ir. [trompadh]; from the Eng. , a spire, steeple (M`F.); founded on Eng. [turret]. , dull, seriously inclined, Ir. [trosdamhuil], serious, confident. , a crutch, support, Ir. [trosta/n], crutch, pilgrim's staff, W. [trostan], long slender pole. See [trasd] for root. --page 378 , a codfish, Ir. [trosg]; from Norse [@throskr], Dan. [torsk], Ger. [dorsch]. , trot, , trotting; from the Eng. , compassion, Ir. [truaca/nta] (O'B.): [*troug-can-], "expressing pity", from [truagh] and [can], say. , wretched, pitiful, so Ir., E.Ir. [tru/ag], O.Ir. [tro/g], W. [tru], Corn. [troc], miser, Br. [tru], Gaul. [Tro^gos]: [*trougo-], miser, root [streug], rub, wear; Gr. @G[streu/gomai], am worn out, distressed; Ch.Sl. [strugati], scratch, distress, Lit. [strugas], carving instrument; Norse [strju/ka], to stroke, Ger. [straucheln], stumble (Windisch, Prellwitz). Stokes refers it to the root of Norse [@thru/ga], press, [@thru/gan], compulsion, O.H.G. [dru^h], compes. From Celtic comes Eng. [truant]. , a sheath, so Ir., E.Ir. [tru/aill]: [*troud-s-li-], root [treud], [trud], push; Eng. [thrust], Lat. [tru^do]. See further [trod], [trom]. , pollute, violate, Ir. [tru/aillim], E.Ir. [tru/alnim], O.Ir. [drua/ilnithe], corruptus, [@oellned], inquinatio, illuvies, [e/lnithid], violator, from [e/ln-], O.Ir. [as-lenaimm], pollue, G. root [len] ([le@-n], Ascoli), f@oedare (Lat. [lino], smear, as in [lean]?). Ascoli analyses [truaill] into [der-uad-le@-n] ([der-] intensive), while Thurneysen refers the [tru-], [dru-] to the root of Lat. [trux], [trucis]. [dru-es-le/n] (Stokes). E.Ir. [tru/], wretched, Eng. [throe] (Stokes). , a stammerer, a dirty or obscene person, Ir. [trudaire], a stammerer (Lh., O'B., Con.). In the first sense, the word is Ir.; in the second sense, it is G. only, and likely of the same origin as [trusdar]. Norse [@thrjo/tr], knave, bad debtor, has been adduced as its origin. , a dirty or base person, filthy food: [*trus-lic-], root [trus] as in [trusdar]? Or from Sc. [trolie], a person of slovenly habits, [trollop]? , tear, snatch, truss; from Sc. [truss], to eat in a slovenly, scattering fashion (Ork.), Icel. [tros], Eng. [trash]. In the sense of "truss", the G. is from Eng. [truss]. Hence the cry to dogs to get out - , a troop; from the Eng. , truss or bundle, collect, Ir. [trusdalaim], truss up, girdle, W. [trwsa], a truss; from Eng. [truss], O.Fr. [trusser], from L.Lat. [tortiare], [tortus], twisted. See also [triubhas]. , a filthy fellow, filth; cf. Ir., E.Ir. [trist], curse, profligacy, L.Lat. [tristus], improbus. , clothes, apparel, Ir. [trusca/n], [trosga/n], clothes, furniture; founded on . Cf. Eng. [trousseau] from the same origin. , a traitor, villain; from Sc. [trucker], deceiver, trickster? Or from Eng. [traitor]? Cf. [trudair]. --page 379 , , thou, Ir., O.Ir. [tu/], W. [ti], Corn. [ty], [te], Br. [te]: [*tu^]; Lat. [tu^]; Gr. [su/]; Eng. [thou]; Pruss. [tou]; Zd. [tu^]. , axe, so Ir., M.Ir. [tuag], E.ir. [tu/agach], hitting: [*touga^] root [teu@gh], [tuq], hit, strie; Gr. @G[teu/hw], fashion, @G[tu/kos], hammer, @G[tuka/nc], flail; Ch.Sl. [tu@ualo], cuspis. Stokes prefers comparison with Skr. [tuj], hit ([*tug]). , dizziness, (Sh.), winding, eddying, moving against the sun, left-about: [*to-fo-cell] (for [cell], see [timchioll], Ir. [tuachail], going, confused with [*tuath-cell], "left (north) going"? Cf. [tuaineal]. , reproach, scandal, so Ir. (Lh., O'B., etc.): [*to-fo-less]; from [*lisso-], blame, discussed under [leas-]? , , a towel; Ir. [tudhoille]; from the Eng. , unloose (Dial.); see [tualaig]. , dizziness, stupor, Ir. [toine/all], swoon, trance (Dineen): [*to-fo-in-el], root [ell] of [tadhal]? Or [*to-fo-neul]? , a guess, aim, vicinity, Ir. [tuairim]; also : [*to-for-med-], root [med] fo [meas]. , turbulence: , confusion, sedition, Ir. [tuarga/n], noise, discontent: , description, report, Ir. [tuarasgbha/il], M.Ir. [tu/arascbal], description, O.Ir. [tua/rascbaim], for [to-for-as-gab-], root [gab] of [gabh]. , hit on, discover: [*do-fo-air-mess]; see [eirmis]. , anything round, a boss, tidy female, , a mallet, beetle, Ir. [tuairni/n], mallet; cf. next word.>> , a turner, Ir. [tu/rno/ir]; from the Eng. , a dolt, sloven, , unseemly: , wrong, left-wise, Ir. [tuaithbhil], E.Ir. [tuathbil]; from [tuath] and [seal]: see [deiseil] for latter root and form. Ir. has [tuathal], the left hand, awkward. , loose (Arm.), have flux, ([n] elided, Perth), , , a tomb, Ir. [tuama]; from Lat. [tumba], Eng. [tomb]. , food, O.Ir. [tuare]: [*taurio-], root [staur], place, store, Eng. [store], Skr. [stha/vara], fixed: root [sta]. , hue, appearance; cf. Ir., M.Ir. [tuar], an omen, presage: [*to-vor-], root [ver], [vor], of [fhuair]? , wages, so Ir., M.Ir. [tuarustul], [tuarastal]: [*to-fo-ar-as-tal], root [tal], [tel], take, lift, M.Ir. [taile], salarium, W. [ta^l], payment, Cor., Br. [tal], solvit; I.E. [tel]; Gr. @G[te/los], tax, @G[ta/lanton], talent; Lat. [tollo]; Eng. [thole]. See [tail], [tla\th]. , a quarrel, fight, Ir. [fuasaoid], animosity, spite, E.Ir. [fu/asait], "entwickelung", development: [to-fo-ad-sedd-], G. --page 380 root [sedd] from [sizd], [si-sed], set, "set-to" being the idea? Root [sed] of [suidhe]. But cf. [faosaid]. , loose, untie, Ir. [tuaslagadh], releasing, E.Ir. [tuaslaicim]: [*to-fo-as-le/c-im], from [le@-c] of [leig], let, q.v. , people, tenantry, so Ir., O.Ir. [tu/ath], populus, W. [tud], country, nation, Cor. [tus], Br. [tud], Gaul. [Tout-], [Teuto-]: [*touta^], people; Lat. Umbr. [toto], state, Oscan [tu/vtu/], populus, Lat. [to^tus], all; Got. [@thiuda], people, {Teutonic], [Deutsch], German, [Dutch]; Lettic [ta/uta], people, O.Pruss. [tauto], land. , north, Ir. [tuath], [tuaith], O.Ir. [tu/ath], left, north: [*touta^], [*touto-s] (adj.), left hand, left, "good", Got. [@thiu@th], good; cf. Gr. @G[eu@'w/numos], left hand, "good-omened". Rhys ([Manx Pray.] @+[2], 62) suggests that the root is [su], turn (see [iompaidh]): [*do-hu@-th] ([*to-su-]), "turning to"; W. [aswy] or [aseu], left hand, being also hence - [*ad-sou-i-]. , a tub; from the Eng. , mischance, M.G. [tubbiste] (D.of L.), Arran G. [tiompaiste], Ir. [tubaiste]: ---KPD: also Ir. [timpiste]. , tuft of wool on the distaff; see [toban]. , smother, become hoarse, , hoarseness: [*t-u/ch]; cf. W. [ig], sob, hiccup. , a small heap or stack (, M`A.): , brought; see [thug]. , witticisms (Dial., H.S.D.): , thatch, covering, (vb.), Ir. [tuighe] (n.), [tuighim] (vb.), E.Ir. [tuga], [tugim], W. [to], a cover, thatch, [toi], tegere, cor. [to], [tectum], Br. [to], [tenn]: [*togio-], [*togo-], root [to@g], [ste@g], as in [tigh], [teach]. , a patch: , understand, Ir. [tuigim], O.Ir. [tuiccim], [tuiccim], [tuccim]: [*to-od-ges-] root [ges] of [tug]. some have given the stem as [*to-od-cesi], root [qes] of [chi\]; but this would give G. [tuic]. O.Ir. [tuicse], electus: [*to-od-gus-], root [gus], taste, Eng. [gusto]. , a flood, Ir., O.Ir. [tuile]: [*tulia^], root [tu], swell; Gr. @G[tu/los], knob, weal; Skr. [tu^la], tuft, Eng. [thumb], [tumid], etc. (See [tulach]). So Stokes [Zeit.]@+[31], 235. The O.Ir. root [o@-l], to flood, abound, gives [to/lam], a flood, [imro/l], [foro/il], abundance, etc. The root [pol], [pel] has also been suggested, as in [iol-]. , overloading stomach (Carm.): , , more (n.), Ir. [tuille], [tuilleadh], addition, [tuilleamh], wages, addition, E.Ir. [tuilled], [tuillem], addition, inf. to [tuillim], enhance, deserve, as in G. . Two words are mixed: [to-eln-], deserve, and [to-oln], much, more, E.Ir. [oll], great, [huilliu], plus, [*olnio^s], root [pol], [pel], many, Gr. @G[polu/s], Lat. [plus] --page 381 etc. (see [iol]). Stokes equates the O.Ir. [uilliu], [oll], with Lat. [pollere], which is from [*pol-no-], root [pol] as above (Wharton). The G. syntax of [tuille] shows its comparative force in [tuille na] (more than) as well as [tuille agus], Ir. [tuilleadh agus] (addition and). , beating, thumping, , a blow ([Gael.Soc.Tr.]@+[15], 260), M.Ir. [tuinsim], calco, [tuinsem], bruising, [*to-ud-nessim] (Str.); founded on Lat. [tundo], beat. Stokes queries if cognate. , an abode, possession, Ir. [tuinidhe], possession (O'Cl.), E.Ir. [tunide]; also (Ir. and G.): [*to-nes-], root [nes] as in [comhnuidh], q.v. , deathful, Ir. [tuinneamh], [tuineamh], death: , firm hard, Ir. [tuinnidhe] (O'B., Sh.), immovable, [clocha tuinnidhe]; from [tuineadh], the idea being "settled, fixed". , relate, , relating, Ir. [tuirtheachda], relation, rehearsal, E.Ir. [turthiud], pl. [tuirtheta], tale, from [ret], run (as in [ruith]). Cf. [aithris], E.I. [tuirem], reciting, is from [*to-ri/m], root [ri@-m], number (as in [a\ireamh]). , a dirge, lamentation, Ir. [tuireamh], dirge, elegy; for root see [tuirse]. , a spark of fire from an anvil, Ir. [tuireann] (O'B., etc.), E.Ir. [turend] (?): [*to-rind]? For rind, see [reannag]. , a saw, Ir. [tuiriosg], E.Ir. [turesc]: [*tar-thesc], from [teasg], cut, q.v. , , descend, Ir. [tuirlingim], E.Ir. [tairlingim], O.Ir. [doarblaing], desilit [*to-air-ling-]; for [ling], jump, see [leum]. , sadness, Ir. [tuirse], M.Ir. [tor], sad, E.Ir. [toirsi], [torsi], O.Ir. [toris], [toirsech], tristis; root [tor], [ter], [tre], Lat. [tristis], sad. , incense, Ir., M.Ir., E.Ir. [tu/is]; from Lat. [tu@-s], Gr. @G[qu/os]. , a stumbling, fall, so Ir., O.Ir. [tuisled], prolapsio, [tuisel], casus, [dofuislim], labo: [*to-fo-ess-sal-im], root [sal], spring; Lat. [salio], leap, dance, Eng. [insult]; Gr. @G[a@`/llomai], leap; cf. Lit. [sele@?/ti], glide, creep. Ascoli analyses it into [*to-fo-isl-], where [isl] is what remains of [i/sel] or [i\osal], low. , fall, Ir. [tuitim], O.Ir. [tuitim], inf. [tutimm], acc.pl. [totman], also [tothimm], [*tod-tim], Gadelic root [-tim-], W. [codwm], a fall (cf. Ir. [cudaim]), [codymu], cadere, Cor. [codha]; cf. Eng. [tumble], Gr. [tomber], fall. Usually explained as [*to-fo-the/t-], from [the/id], which would naturally be [tuid] in G., even granting that the crasis of [-ofothe/-] simply landed in [-ui-], not to mention the inf. in preserved [m] (). Root [tud] (Thur.); [to-ud] = [think]. , entirely, Ir. [tul] (i.e. [tuile], O'Cl.), increase, flood: an adverbial use of the root form of [tuil], flood? Cf. Ir. [tola], superfluity. , fire, hearth, heap (Carm.): --page 382 , a hillock, Ir., E.Ir. [tulach]; root [tu], swell; Gr. @G[tu/los], knob, @G[tu\lc] ([u] long), swelling, weal; Lat. [tumor], [tu@-ber], a swelling; Eng. [thumb]. , the fish whiting, Ir. [tullo/g], the pollock; cf. [pollag]. , , a gable, posterior, Ir. [tulcha/n], hillock; from [tulach]? , plucky (Hend.): , dip, , dipping, so Ir., E.Ir. [tummim]: [*tumbo^]; Lat. [tinguo], [tingo], wet, Eng. [tinge], [tincture]; O.H.G. [dunco^n], dip, ger. [tunken], dip, steep. , a tun, ton, Ir., E.Ir. [tunna]; Ag.S. [tunne], M.Eng. [tonne], Norse [tunna], Ger. [tonne]; all from Lat. [tunna], a cask. Stokes ([Bez.Beit.]@+[18]), suggests borrowing from the Norse; Kluge regards the words as of Celtic origin. On this see ++. , beating, dashing; see [tuimhseadh]. , a duck, Ir. [tonno/g]? , upheaval (R.D.): , , entirely, Ir. [tura], plenty ([tura namhad], plenty of enemies), E.Ir. [tor], a crowd (dat. [tur]); see [to\rr]. , a tower, Ir. [tu/r]; from M.Eng. [tour], [tu@-r], from O.Fr. [tur], Lat. [turris]. , understanding; cf. M.Ir. [tu/r], research, examination, O.Ir. [tu/irim], [rotuirset], scrutati sunt, for [to-fo-shirim], from [sir], search. , dry weather, , dry (without condiment), so Ir., E.Ir. [turud], [terad], adj. [tur], dry, [tair]: root [tor], [ter] of [tioram]? , a trifling illness (as of a child) - Arg.: , rocking, nodding; see [turraban]. , tweezers (M`A.), pincers; see [durcaisd]. , destruction (H.S.D. from MSS.), M.Ir. [tuarcain], smiting, E.Ir. [tuarcaim] (dat.), hitting: [*to-fo-argim], root [org], O.Ir. [orgun], [orcun], occisio, O.Br. [orgiat], C@aesar's Gaul. [Orgeto-rix]: [*urg-], root [vr@.g], [verg], press, Lat. [urgeo]. Stokes suggests connection with Gr. @G[e@'re/hqw], tear; Bezzenberger gives Zend [areza], battle, fight; Brugmann compares Skr. [r@.gha@-yati], raves, rages, O.H.G. [arg], what is vile or bad. , a large fire: [*t-ur-lach], from Ir. [ur], [u/r], fire, Gr. @G[pu@nr], Eng. [fire]. , a bulky, squat person; see [to\rr], [turadh]. Cf. W. [twrllach], a rounnd lump. , small cupboard (Perth); see [tairleas]. , a lake that dries in summer, Ir. [turloch]; from [tur] and [loch]. ,a turn, job; from the Eng. --page 383 , , rocking of the body, nodding, grief (, Sh.). Hence , a slumbering drowsiness, "nodding sleep": , an accident: , a surprise, taking unnawares (Skye): , , at stool (M`A.): , a soft sound, murmur; onnomatopoetic. But cf. [toirm], [torrunn]. , a turtle, so Ir., W. [turtur]; from Lat. [turtur]. , a journey, Ir., E.Ir. [turus], O.Ir. [tururas], incursus, [aururas], properatio: [*to-reth-s-tu], root [ret], run (see [ruith]). , the beginning, Ir. [tu/s], O.Ir. [tu/us], [tu/s], W. [tywys], leading; see [to\iseach]. , interjection of cold or impatience; from Eng. [tut]. See [thud]. , a quiet breaking of wind, stench, Ir. [tu/t], M.Ir. [tu/tt], stench: allied to [toit], q.v. Cf. Keating's [tu/tmhar], smoky. , a slut (Arm., M`L.), Ir. [tu/than]; from the root of the above word. , , from, Ir. [ua], [o/], O.Ir. [ua], [hua], [o/]: [*ava], ab; Skr. [a/va], ab, off; Lat. [au-] ([au-fero]), away; Ch.Sl. [u-], ab, away. See [o]. , expulsion: [*od-bert-], prefixed by [ua]? from the root [ber] (in [beir]). , pride, so Ir., O.Ir. [u/abar], vainglory, W. [ofer], waste, vain (Ascoli): [*oubro-], root [eu@g], rise, Gr. @G[u@`/bris], insolence (see [uasal]). It has also been analysed into [*ua-ber] like [uabairt] = "e-latio", elation. , surface, summit, so Ir., O.ir. [uachtar], [ochtar]: [*ouktero-], root [eu@g], [ve@g], rise, be vigorous, as in [uasal], q.v. Cf. W. [uthr], admirandus. in , monster, , terror; see [uath] below. , a grave, Ir. [uaigh], M.Ir. [uag], E.Ir. [uag], [*auga^], allied to Got. [augo], eye, Eng. [eye]. See for force [dearc]. So Stokes, and rightly. , secret, lonesome, so Ir., M.Ir. [uagnech]: [*uath-gen-], "lonesome-kind", from [uath], lonesome, single; Norse [au@dhr], empty, Got. [au@ths], waste, desert; Lat. [o^tium], rest. , p[ride, Ir. [uaill], E.Ir. [u/aill], O.Ir. [uall]: [*ouksla^], root [eu@g], [ve@g] of [uasal]. , a cave, den, Ir. [uaimh], g. [uamha], M.Ir. [uaim], g. [uama], O.Ir. [huam], specus (also [hua/d], specu): [*ouma^]. Bezzenberger suggests [*pouma^], allied to Gr. @G[pw@nma], a lid (@G[*pwuma]); Strachan --page 384 compares Gr. @G[eu@'nc/], bed (Ger. [wohnen], dwell). W. [ogof], cave, den is correlated by Ascoli. , green, Ir. [uainne], [uaithne], E.Ir. [u/ane]. Strachan suggets the possibility of a Gadelic [*ugnio-], root [ve@g], be wet, Gr. [u@`gro/s], wet (see [feur]). , bustle, wallowing, Ir. [u/nfuirt], wallowing, tumbling; also G. , : , an hour, Ir. [uair], O.Ir. [huar], [uar], g. [ho/re], W. [awr], Cor. [our], O.Br. [aor], Br. [eur], [heur]; from Lat. [hora], Eng. [hour]. Hence , a watch, time-piece, Ir. [uaireado/ir] ([*horatorium]?). , pride, nobility, so Ir.; from [uasal], q.v. , a burden, Ir. [ualach]: [*podl-]; O.H.G. [fazza], a bundle, Ger. [fassen], hold (Strachan). Also G. , q.v. , gay, proud, so Ir.; from [uaill]. , sheep-louse: , dreadful, Ir. [uathmhar], E.Ir. [u/athmar]; from [uath], fear, q.v. Used adverbially, like Eng. [awfully], to denote excess. Dial. . , dread, horror, , Ir. [uathbha/s], E.Ir. [u/athbha/s]: [*uath-ba/s], "dread death"; see [uath] and [ba\s]. , horror, Ir. [uamhan], awe, horror, E.Ir. [uamun], [ho/man], O.Ir. [omun], [homon], rarely, [o/mun], fear, W. [ofn], fear, awe, Cor. [own], Br. [aoun], Gaul. [-obnos], [Ex-obnus], Fearless: [*obno-s], fear. Bez. cfs. Got. [bi-abrjan], be astounded (but [abrs] means "powerful"), and Gr. @G[a@'/fnw], suddenly. , a lamb, Ir., M.Ir. [uan], W. [oen], pl. [wyn], Cor. [oin], Br. [oan]: [*ogno-s]; Lat. [agnus]; Gr. @G[a/mno/s] (for @G[a@'bno/s]); Ch.Sl. [jagne]; Also Ag.S. [e/anian], to yean or lamb ([*auno@-n]). , waterfall, heavy shower, confluence (Sutherland Dial.), Ir., E.Ir. [u/ara/n], fresh spring; see [fuaran]. Arm. has , fresh water. , hourly, temporary (H.S.D.), homely (M`L.); from [uair]. , noble, proud, Ir., O.Ir. [uasal], W. [uchel], Br. [uhel], [huel], Gaul. [uxello-]: [*oukselo-], high, root [eu@g], [ve@g], rise, increase; Gr. @G[u@`yclo/s], high, @G[au@'xw], increase; Lat. [augeo], increase, [vigeo], be strong; Eng. [up], Ger. [auf]; Lit. [a/uksztas], high. ++, dread, Ir. [uath], O.Ir. [u/ath], Cor. [uth], Br. [eus], [heuz], horror; [*pouto-], root [pu], foul; Lat. [putris], Eng. [putrid], [foul]? interjection of contempt or aversion, O.Ir. [upp]. , , a charm, Ir. [uptha], [upadh], sorcerer, O.Ir. [upta], fascinatio, [uptha], Manx [obbee], sorcery: [*od-ba-t-], from [ba], speak (see [ob], refuse). Zimmer refers it to root [ben] of [bean], hurt, touch. , rummaging amoung heavy articles, bustle (Dial.); see [u\braid]. --page 385 interjection of disgust or amazement; cf. Eng. [phew]. , an egg, Ir. [ubh], [ugh], O.Ir. [og], [ub] (?), W. [wy], pl. [wyan], Cor. [uy], [oy], Br. [u], [vi]: [*ogos]; Gr. [w@'/beon], egg, further [w@'o/n], Lat. [ovum], Eng. [egg]. The phonetics as between Celtic and the other languages is somewhat difficult; but the connection is indisputable. , apple, Ir. [ubhall], E.Ir. [uball], [ubull], O.Ir. [aball], W. [afal], Cor. [auallen], Br. [avallen]: [*aballo-], [*aballo^n]; Eng. [apple], Ger. [apfel]; Lit. [obu@olys]. Stokes now queries Ger. [obst], fruit, O.H.G. [obaz], Ag.S. [ofet], fruit. , a fine, penalty: , confusion, dispute, also : [*ud-bert-], from [ber] of [beir]. , , coal-fish, stenlock: , the breast, so Ir., O.Ir. [ucht]: [*poktu-]; Let. [pectus]? Stokes and Bezzenberger give [*puptu-], Lettic [pups], woman's breast, Lit. [pa/pas], breast (Eng. [pap] from Lat. [pappa]). St. now gives [poktus], allied to [pectus]. See [iochd]. , yon, yonder, Ir. [u/d], E.Ir. [u/t]; for [sud] ([su/t]), q.v. For loss of [s], cf. the article. , outhouse, porch, back-house (, Uist); from Norse [u/ti-bak], "out-back"? , cause to shake, waver, remove, Ir. [udmhall], quick, stirring (O'Cl.), O.Ir. [utmall], unsteady, [utmaille], instability: [u/t] of [sud] + [tamall] (Rhys). , inhospitable, churlish, , gloomy; cf. Norse [u/tlagi], an outlaw, [u/tlag@dh], outlawry. , a swivel, Ir. [udala/n] (Fol., O'R.); from [udail]. Cf. [ludnan]. , a boil, ulcer; also , q.v. , a stag, old hart (Arm.): , , free egress and regress to common pasture; from the Norse - cf. [u/trei@dh], an expedition, "out-road". , the upper part of the breast, Ir. [uga/n], craw of a fowl, [ugannn], fish gill (Heb.): , author, Ir. [u/ghdar], E.Ir. [ugtar], O.Ir. [augtor]; from Lat. [auctor]. , coal-fish; see [ucas]. , a mass, lump (as of dough), ; cf. [faob]: [*ud-bio-], "out-being". But cf. Lat. [offa], ball. , a number, quantity, Ir. [uibhir], [uimhir], E.Ir. [numir], number; from Lat. [numerus], Eng. [number]. (), care, heed, Ir. [uidh] (obs.), O.Ir. [oid]; see [taidhe]. , a ford, that part of a stream leaving a lake before breaking into a current; also an isthmus (M`Kinnon), [uidh], [aoi]); from --page 386 Norse [ei@dh], an isthmus, neck of land. Hence [Eye] or [Ui] near Stornoway, older [Ey], [Huy], [Eie]. , , a journey, distance, Ir. [uidhe], E.Ir. [ude], O.Ir. [huide], profectio: [*odio-n], root [pod], [ped], go; Lat. [pes], [pedis], foot; Gr. @G[pou/s], @G[podo/s], foot; Eng. [foot]; Skr. [padya^], footstep. , accoutrements, apparatus, Ir. [ughaim], harness, trappings, O.Ir. [aidmi], armamenta, W. [iau], jugum, O.Cor. [iou], Br. [geo], [ieo], [*yougo-], yoke; Eng. [yoke], Ger. [joch]; Gr. @G[zugo/n]; Lat. [jugum]; Lit. [jungas]. The Gadelic requires a form [*ad-jung-mi]. Cf. O.Ir. [adim], instrumentum, pl.n. [admi]. , a nook, cove; from Norse [vi/k], bay, creek, Eng. [wick], [-wich]. Hence the place name [Uig] (Skye, Lewis). Hence , a fugitive, wanderer. , pleasant, careful; from [aoigh] in the first meaning and from [u\idh] in the second. , all, the whole, Ir. [uile, O.Ir. [uile], [huile]: [*polio-s], root [pol], [pel], full, many, Gr. @G[pollo/s] (= @G[polios]), much, many; see [iol-]. Stokes and most philologists refer it to [*oljo-s], Eng. [all], Ger. [all], Got. [alls] ([*olno/-s], Mayhew). Some have derived it from [*soli-], Lat. [sollus], whole, Gr. @G[o@`los], whence Stokes deduces the Brittonic words - W. [oll], all, Corn. [hol], Br. [holl], [oll] (see [sla\n]). , elbow, Ir. [uille], g. [uilleann], M.Ir. [uille], pl.acc. [uillinn], O.Ir. [uilin] (acc.), W., Cor. [elin], Br. [ilin], [elin]: [*ole^n-]; Gr. @G[w@'lc/n], @G[w@'le/nc]; Lat. [ulna]; Ag.S. [eln], Eng. [ell], [elbow]. , enough, etc.; see [fuilear]. ([u\ill, H.S.D.), oil thou, , oil (n.); see [ola]. , honeysuckle, so Ir. (O'B.), M.Ir. [feithlend], woodbine; see under [feith]. , coffer (Carm.): , circum, Ir. [uim-], O.Ir. [imm-]; a composition form of [mu], q.v. Hence , about him, it, Ir. [uime], O.Ir. [uimbi]; , about her (= [imb-si\] or [imb-shi]). , , time, Ir. [uain], time, opportunity, E.Ir. [u/ine], O.Ir. [u/ain], leisure, time: [*ut-nio-], root [ut], [vet] of [feith], wait. Strachan gives [*ucn-] as a reduced form, from [euq], Skr. [o/kas], comfort, @G[eu@'/kclos], free from care, at ease. , bustle, tumultus; see [uainnneart]. , lambskin (Carm.); for [uainicionn]. , a window, M.G. [fuinneo/g], M.Ir. [fuindeog], [fuindeoc]; from Norse [windauga], Sc. [winnock], Eng. [window] (= [wind-eye]). From Ag.S. [windae/ge] (Stokes, [Lis.]). , an onion, Ir. [uinniun], M.Ir. [uinneamain], [uindiun], W. [wynwynyn]; from Lat. [union-em], O.Fr. [oignon], Eng. [onion], from [unus], one. --page 387 , ankle: , ash, Ir. [uinseann], M.Ir. [fuindseog], ash-tree, O.Ir. [ind-huinnius], W. [on], [onen], earlier [onn], [onnen], Br. [ounnenn]. Cor. [onnen]: [*osna^], [*osnestu-]; Lat. [ornus] ([*osinos]); Lit. [u@osis], ahs, Russ. [jaseni@u]. Cf. Eng. [ash]. , unhandy craftsman, bungler: , a treasure, hoard; cf. [uibe]. , mould, dust, earth, Ir., M.Ir. [u/ir], E.Ir. [u/r], g. [u/ire]: [*u^ra^]; Norse [aurr], loam, wet clay, mud, Ag.S. [ea/r], humus. Stokes hesitates between [*u^ra^] and [*ugra^], Gr. [u@`gro/s], wet. , a young pig, Ir. [uirci/n], M.Ir. [orca/n], porcellus, [oircni/n] (do.), [orc], porcus; [*porko-s]; Lat. [porcus]; Eng. [farrow], [pork]; Lit. [pa\rszas], boar. , as much, amount, Ir. [oiread], O.Ir. [erat], [airet], length of time, distance, [cia eret], quamdiu: [*are-vet-to-], root [vet] of [feith]. , below, down; see [ioras]. , need, poverty, so Ir., M.Ir. [auresbadh]; from [air] and [easbhuidh], q.v. , faculty of speech, speech, Ir. [uirghi/ol], a command (O'B.), [uraghall], [uradhall], speech (Keat.), E.Ir. [uirgill], for [ur-fhuigell], M.Ir. [urfhoighill]: , , last year, Ir. [annuraidh], E.Ir. [inn uraid], O.Ir. [urid]: [*peruti]; Skr. [parut], last year; Gr. @G[pe/rusi], Dor. @G[pe/ruti]; root [vet] of [feith]. , a couch, bed: [*air-sed-], root [sed] of [suidhe]? , a precipice (H.S.D. from MSS.): [*air-ailech], from [ail], rocck, q.v. , offspring of fairy and mortal (M`F.); see [u\ruisg]. , a walled garden, Ir. [uirlios] (O'B., etc.); from [air] and [lios]. , a furnace, Ir. [uirne/is], [fu/irne/is] (O'B.), M.Ir. [forneis]; from Eng. and O.Fr. [fornaise], Lat. [fornacem], [fornax], oven. , tools, implements, Ir. [u/irne/is] (Fol., O'R.), [u/irlis] (Con.); see [airneis]. , a spreading (as of dung or hay to dry); from [air] and [sgoil]. , a fable, romance, so Ir.; from [air] and [sgeul]. , use, utility; from the Eng. [use], Lat. [u^sus]. , a lark, Ir. [uiseo/g], [fuiseo/g], W. [uchedydd], Br. [ec'houedez], also W. [ucheda], to soar; from [*ux], up, as in [uas], [uasal]? , , water, Ir. [uisge], O.Ir. [uisce], [usce]: [*ud-s-kio], root [ud], [ved]; Gr. @G[u@`/dwr], @G[u@`dos]; Eng. [water], etc.; Skr. [uda/n]; further Lat. [unda], wave. Stokes suggests the possibility of [uisge] being for [*uskio-], and allied to Eng. [wash]. --page 388 , disturbance, fury: , sport, diversion, Ir. [uslainn] (Lh., etc.): , hist! whist! Lat. [st!] Eng. [hist!] , (pl.), beard, Ir., E.Ir. [ulcha], g. [ulchain]: [*ulukon-]; [*pulu-], beard; Skr. [pula], [pulaka], horripilation; Gr. @G[pu/ligges], hair of chairs (Hes.). Hence [Ulaid], Ulster. It may be root [ul], [vel], cover (see [olann]). , block, pulley, "sonwball" (Wh.); from Eng. [pulley], L.Lat. [polanus]? , oatmeal and water mixed: , a treasure, Ir. [uladh], charnel-house, E.Ir. [ulud], stone tomb; root [ul], [vel], cover? A Gadelic [*alvet0], allied to Lat. [alvus], a belly, [alveus], channel, has been suggested. , you brute! (Sutherland); from Norse [u/lfr], wolf. (), ashes, W. [ulw], pl. [ulwyn]: [*polviko-], [*po^lven-]; Lat. [pulvis], dust, [pollen], pollen. , , howling; from [*ul], bark (Gr. @G[u@`la/w], bark, Lat. [ulula], owl, etc.), and [art] of [comhart], q.v. , preparation, preparing, Ir. [ullmhuighim], I prepare; from [ullamh], ready. , a mouthful of meal (Sh.); cf. [ulag]. , ready, Ir. [ullamh], for [urlamh], E.Ir. [erlam], paratus; from [air] and [lam], the latter being from [la\mh], hand: "to hand, handy". Usually referred to root [las], desire, Lat. [lascivus], Eng. [lascivious]. , a lapful, armful, Ir. [ullthach] (O'B.), M.Ir. [utlach], lapful, [urtlach], lap: [*ar-tl@.-ac-]; root [tol], [tel], lift (see [toil], [tla\th]). G. [ulathach], burden in one's arms = [ultach] (Wh.). , dolt, blockhead; see [umpaidh]. , copper, brass, Ir. [umha], O.Ir. [hum@ae], [ume], copper, brass, [umaide], [humide], aeneus, W. [efydd], O.W. [emid], aere; [*uma^jo-] (Stokes), [*omja] (Ascoli), [*um-ajo-], [-ajo-] = [aes] (Bez.). , heed, attention, Ir. [umhail], [u/mhail] (O'B., Con.); cf. next word.>> , obedient (, Dial.), Ir. [umhal], E.Ir., O.Ir. [umal], W. [ufyll], Corn. [huvel], Br. [vuel]; from Lat. [humilis], Eng. [humble]. , a fine, (Arg.); from Sc. [unlaw], [unlach], a fine, transgression, [un-law]. , a boor, clown, idiot (Sh., O'R.); see [u\maidh]. , anoint, Ir. [ungaim], O.Ir. [ongim]; from Lat. [ungue]. W. has [enenio] from [*o@+[i]nj-]. , an ounce, Ir. [u/nsa], W. [wns]; from Eng. The O.Ir. is [unga], from Lat. [uncia]. --page 389 , adversity (Campbell's Tales, II. Mac-a-rusgaich); a form of [an-rath]? , push, , a push; cf. W. [hwp], a push, effort. Cf. [pu\c]. Onomatopoetic. , fresh, new, Ir., E.Ir. [u/r], O.Ir. [hu/rde], vividarium, W. [ir], fresh, green: [*u^ro-s], [*pu^ro-s]; Lat. [pu^ros], Eng. [pure]. Usually referred to [*ugro-s], Gr. [u@`gro/s], wet, Lat. [uvidus], moist, root [ve@g]. , thole pin (N.Lochaber). Cf. [a\rcan], a cork. , a shot, cast, Ir. [urchur], E.Ir. [urchur], [aurchor], [erchor], W. [ergyr], O.B. [ercor], ictum: [*are-koru-], a cast; from [cuir], send, q.v. , fetters, shackles, so Ir. (Lh., etc.): [*are-col-], root [col], [cel] of [timchioll]? , physic, antidote, Ir. [urchosg], preservative, antidote: [*air-chosg], from [cosg], [casg], stop, q.v. , hurt, mischief, Ir. [urcho/id], O.Ir. [erchoit]: [*are-kkonti-], Gr. @G[kente/w], stick, prick, @G[kai/nw], kill. Stokes prefers [*skonti-], as stem, allied to Eng. [scathe]. , face, hair, breast, Ir. [urla], lock of hair, long hair of the head, E.Ir. [urla], [irla]: [*air-la-], where [la] is for [vla], root [vel] of [falt]? , eloquence, Ir. [urlabhair], elocution, E.Ir. [erlabra]: [*air-labhair]; see [labhair]. , stag (R.D.): , turn from in disgust (Arg.): , readiness (M`F.), Ir. [u/rlamh], ready; see . Hence also , expert, O.Ir. [erlam], [irlam]. , possession, Ir. [u/rla/mhus], [forlamhus]; from [for], super, and [la\mh], hand: "upper-handed-ness". , a staff, Ir. [u/rlann], a staff, spear staff, M.Ir. [urlannn], staff of a spear: [*air-lann], from [lann]: also E.Ir. [irlond], hinder end of a spear or ship. , a floor, lowest part, Ir. [urla/r]: [*air-la/r], from [la\r], floor, q.v. [irnigde], [irnichte]: [*are-nako^], I strive for, root [nak], [enk], as in [thig]? Zimmer gives the root [i@gh], desire, Gr. @G[i@'hana@nn], desire, Lit. [igiju], strive after, Skr. [i^h], long for, dividing it into [*air-con-ig] ([*air-in-ig]?). O.?Ir. [arnigim]: [ig] = Gr. @G[i@'har]; [arn] = [*paran], Gr. [para/] (St.Zeit. 36). , a person, infant; cf. next word.>> , , authority, guarantee, author, Ir. [urra(dh)], surety, author, defendant, [urrain], stay, prop, M.Ir. [errudus], responsibility; from [ra\th], [ra\than], surety. [Urradha] were a chief's "gentlemen" paying rent or servic (Sil.Gad.). --page 390 , power, , can; Ir. [urra], power, [urrain], stay. See above word.>> , forward, bold, , Ir. [urra/nta], bold, confident in one's might; from [urradh]. , honour, respect, Ir. [urram], [urraim], honour, deference, submission, M.Ir. [urraim], homage: [*air-re/im]? , surety, guarantee, Ir. [urru/dhas], [urru/s]; from [urradh]. , a door-post, Ir. [ursa], g. [ursann], E.Ir. [ursa], [aursa], [irsa], d. [ursaind], W. [gorsin]: [*are-stan-], root [sta], stand. , a Brownie; from [uisge], [air]+[uisg]. , impudence (M`A.): , easier, Ir. [usa], O.Ir. [assu], facilius, [asse], facilis; cf. W. [haws], from [hawdd], easy; further Fr. [aise/], Eng. [easy], Got. [azets], easy. , querulousness (M`A. and Wh.): , a jewel, bell on liquor: , holy, sacred (Carm.): , a push, pang, Ir. [uspo/g]; cf. [ospag]. , an ugly or lumpish fellow, Ir. [uspa/n], a shapeless lump, chaos, clumsy fellow. See [uspan]. , strife, Ir. [uspairneachd]: [*ud-spairn], from [spa\irn]. , a shapeless mass, Ir. [uspa/n]: also (); cf. [uibe], [*uibs-]? interjection of disapprobation, Eng. [tut], [hoot], W. [hwt], etc. , (Arg.), strife, confusion; also "push, jostle", , push. Cf. [put], [putag]. , a knuckle (Sh., O'R.), better [utan]: , an udder, E.Ir. [uth]. Stokes gives the stem as [*(p)utu-], Lit. [suputimas], a swelling, [putlu\s], swollen. Lat. [u^ber], Gr. @G[ou@'@nqar], Eng. [udder] have been compared, but the Gadelic lacks the terminal [-er], and the consonant is [t] rather than [d] or [dh]. Cf. Lat. [uter], skin-bag. , above, on high, Ir. [o/s], [a/rd]. Gaelic is for [*for-ard], "on high"; see [air] and [a\rd]. , district road (Carm.); see [udrathad]. , a confused mass of anything, a fidgeting.